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Chronicle of Events
1949
January
31 The name Beiping (北平) was reverted toPeking (北京 adopted to Beijing in 1958)after the People’s Liberation Army (PLA)conquered the city.
February
15 The government took over the NationalPeking Art College.
April
The Exhibition of New Guohua, featured morethan eighty artists, was held in Zhongshan Park,Beijing.
May
25 Shanghai was taken over by the PLA.
June
6 Shanghai prepared to establish the ShanghaiArtists Association.
July
Congress of Chinese Writers and Artists(renamed to The China Federation of Literaryand Art Circles) held the First National Exhibi-tion of Fine Arts at National Peking Art College.
2–19 The First National Congress of Litera-ture and Art Workers met in Beijing. Atotal of six-hundred-fifty delegatesparticipated the congress, includingeighty-eight art workers. The China Fed-eration of Literary and Art Circles(CFLAC) was founded.
21 China Artists Association (CAA) wasfounded in Zhongshan Park, Peking.
October
1 The People’s Republic of China wasfounded.
November
23 National Peking Art College combined withthe art department of North China Univer-sity, establishing the Central Academy ofFine Arts (CAFA) in 1950.
# Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020Y. Zhou, A History of Contemporary Chinese Art, Chinese Contemporary Art Series,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1141-7
459
1950
CAA published four issues of the art journalRenmin Meishu (People’s Fine Arts).
January
17 The Art of the Revolutionary History Com-mittee was founded in Nanjing, to preparefor the opening of the National Museum ofthe Chinese Revolution.
February
16 CAA and Xinhua Bookstore co-hosted the1950 National New Year Prints Exhibitionin Zhongshan Park, Beijing.
April
1 CAFA held its inauguration ceremony. XuBeihong was appointed to be the firstpresident.
May
5 CAFA completed the Ministry of Culture’smission of revolutionary history paintings,painted by Xu Beihong, Wang Shikuo, LiHua, Feng Fasi, Dong Xiwen, Ai Zhongxin,Xia Tongguang, Jiang Zhaohe, ZhouLingzhao.
August
2 China Art Exhibition opened at the ForbiddenCity, featuring twelve hundred artworksfrom ancient and modern times.
October
1 China Art Exhibition opened at the StateTretyakov Gallery in the Soviet Union.
November
7 National Hangzhou Arts College wasrenamed to CAFA East China Campus(renamed to the Zhejiang Fine Arts Academyin 1958, and then to the China Academy ofArt in 1993).
1951
March
1 The National New Year Prints Exhibitionwasheld by CAA in Beijing, showing four hun-dred forty artworks.
June
16 The Cultural Relics Bureau of the Ministryof Culture drafted a three-year reconstruc-tion plan of the city of Dunhuang.
August
People’s Fine Arts Publishing House wasfounded in Beijing.
1952
July
The Committee of New Year Prints Prize Jurywas founded, selecting the finalists amongst onehundred artworks.
The research department of CAFA East ChinaCampus established the Ethnic Art HeritageResearch Committee. Pan Tianshou and Wu Xiwere named directors.
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August
The project of relief on the Monument of People’sHeroes in Tiananmen Square started andcompleted in May 1958.
1953
February
28 The Ministry of Culture approved the estab-lishment of the Chinese Painting ResearchDepartment (renamed Ethnic Art ResearchDepartment). Huang Binghong wasappointed to be director, and WangZhaowen worked as deputy director.
September
9.16–10.10 CAA hosted the First NationalGuohua Exhibition, featuringover two hundred artists.
9.26 Xu Beihong, CAFA President,CAA Chairman, died of a strokeat age fifty-eight.
November
4 CAA hosted Soviet Union Prints and Draw-ing Exhibition.
1954
January
20 CAA began to publish its journal Meishu(Fine Arts), three years after Renmin Meishu(People’s Fine Arts) was published.
September
CAA hosted the First National Graphic Art Exhi-bition in Beijing, including three hundred worksby eighty-six artists from nineteen provinces andcities.
October
10 Xu Beihong Memorial Hall opened inBeijing.
1955
February
19 Konstantin Maksimov, a Soviet oil painter,arrived in Beijing and opened theMaksimov Workshop to teach socialist real-ist painting at CAFA.
March
25 Painter Huang Binhong died at age ninety-two in Hangzhou.
27 The Second National Art Exhibition,co-hosted by the Ministry of Culture andthe CAFA opened at the Beijing ExhibitionCenter, which was open in October 1954.
May
8 Works of Käthe Kollwitz Exhibition opened atZhongshan Park, Beijing, including her metaland stone works, wood prints, sketches, anddrafts.
Chronicle of Events 461
June
14 Qi Baishi, Chen Banding, He Xiangning,Yu Feian and fourteen other ink artistscollaborated on a large-scale artwork“Song of Peace,” as a gift to the WorldPeace Council in Helsinki, Finland.
October
9 Dunhuang Historical Relics Research Centercollaborated with Palace Museum in hostingArts of Dunhuang Exhibition, opening at thePalace Museum.
1956
The Second National Guohua Exhibition openedin Beijing.
June
1 The State Council passed the resolution offostering Chinese painters and artists byestablishing two painting academies(non-educational institutions) in Beijing andShanghai.
August
7 Works by Adolph Von Menzel, nineteenthcentury German painter, were exhibited inBeijing. The show travelled to Shanghai inNovember.
10 Shanghai Art Museum opened on NanjingRoad, Shanghai.
Mexican painter David Alfaro Siqueiros vis-ited China and gave a lecture.
November
1 Central Academy of Arts and Crafts(CAAC) was established in Beijing. DengJie was named director, Pang Xunqin andLei Guiyuan were deputy directors.
12 The Modern French Art Exhibition openedin Beijing.
1957
January
15 Meishu Yanjiu (Art Research) began publi-cation in CAFA.
March
16 The National Youth Art Exhibition openedat Working People’s Cultural Palace, featur-ing 900 artworks by 845 young artists.
July
The Anti-Rightist Campaign began and 550,000intellectuals were labeled rightists andpersecuted. Jiang Feng, president of CAFA andvice chairman of CAA, was identified as the headof an anti-party group, and then labeled as arightist.
16 Chinese People’s Association for Friend-ship with Foreign Countries hosted Exhibi-tion of Graphic Art of German MasterAlbrecht Dürer.
August
4–21 Soviet artist Vera Mukhina, VladimirFavorski, and ten other Soviet artists
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held an exhibition at the Shanghai Exhi-bition Center.
1958
Three Red Flags Movement, consisting of theGeneral Line for socialist construction, the GreatLeap Forward and the people’s communes, waslaunched.
Northeast Art Academy was renamed toLuxun Academy of Fine Arts.
August
18 Jiangsu’s Pi county began its mass mural artcreation activity as part of Three Red FlagMovement. People’s Daily reported that allthe public and private walls of the thirty-four villages of Pi county were covered inmurals.
October
4 Frans Masereel Art Exhibition opened atZhongshan Park, Beijing, featuring369 works.
1959
The Ten Great Buildings were built in Beijing tocommemorate the tenth anniversary of the estab-lishment of the PRC. They are the Great Hall ofthe People, the China Revolutionary HistoryMuseum, the Cultural Palace of Nationalities,the Chinese People’s Revolutionary MilitaryMuseum, the National Agriculture ExhibitionCenter, the Beijing Railway Station, the WorkersStadium, the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse, theMinzu Hotel, the Overseas Chinese Hotel. Thefirst five, in addition to the Beijing ExhibitionCenter (built in 1954) and the National Art
Museum of China (built in 1958–1962), havebeen used, wholly or partially, as space to exhibitartwork.
Southwest Art Academy was renamed asSichuan Fine Arts Institute (SFAI).
Zhao Wenliang and Yang Yushu, leadingfigures of the No Name Group, met at XihuaFine Arts Continuation School, Beijing. Thiswas the beginning of grouping of China’s mod-ernist artists in the nation.
January
23 French-China Association for Friendshiphosted the Chinese Art in the Last OneHundred Years Exhibition at the MuséeRodin, Paris. La Maison des Artistesorganized a public symposium, introducingthe development of art in modern China,especially highlighting artist Qi Baishi.
March
3 Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts(GAFA) was established. Hu Yichuan wasthe first president.
September
26 Tiananmen Square’s expansion project wascompleted and became the largest publicsquare in the world with an area of400,000 square meters, able to hold400,000 people.
December
23 The Exhibition of Propaganda Posters ofTen Years, co-hosted by CAA and People’sFine Arts Publishing House, opened.
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1960
January
20 New Year Prints Exhibition, hosted byCAA, opened at Zhongshan Park in Beijing,featuring one hundred seventy-nine piecesof artwork.
March
16 Museum of Jiangsu Traditional ChinesePainting Institute opened. Fu Baoshibecame the director, Qian Songyan becamethe deputy director.
June
6 People’s Liberation Army Academy of Artwas established. The fine arts department wasadded in 1978.
July
22 The Third Congress of China Federation ofLiterary and Art Circles opened in Beijing.
1961
February
12 Exhibition of the Famous Norwegian ArtistEdvard Munch opened at Zhongshan Parkin Beijing, featuring Munch’s one hundredand four pieces of works from 1894 to 1943.
July
1 The National Museum of the Chinese Revo-lution opened in Beijing.
1962
February
5 Dunhuang Art Exhibition opened inShanghai.
March
11–25 CAA hosted the Exhibition of TibetLife Drawing in Beijing, featuring onehundred twenty-four works by artistsDong Xiwen, Wu Guanzhong, ShaoJinkun, Xiao Xiao, Zhao Youping,among others.
April
The construction of the National Art Museum ofChina (NAMOC), with 6000 square meters ofexhibition space, was completed. Liu Kaiqu, asculptor, was appointed to be the first director.
May
5.22–7.1
The Ministry of Culture and CAAco-hosted The Third National Art Exhi-bition at the NAMOC, exhibiting 1115paintings and sculptures, 355 craft artpieces, 535 copy of art publications.This exhibition was to commemoratethe twentieth year of Mao Zedong’s“Talks at the Yan-an Forum on Litera-ture and Art.”
1963
July
28 CAA and CAFA co-hosted The Exhibitionof the Graduating Works of CAFA’s Oil
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Painting and Sculpture Workshops at theNAMOC. The two four-year workshopsopened in 1959, with a total of thirty-two students.
September
9 The Relocation and reconstruction project ofthe Yongle Taoist Temple in Shanxicompleted.
1964
May
8–21
China • Japan Graphic Arts ExchangeExhibition opened in Beijing and Tokyo.
September
26 The Ministry of Culture and CAA co-hostedthe National Art Exhibition on Celebratingthe Fifteenth Anniversary of the Foundingof the People’s Republic of China (TheFourth National Art Exhibition). The exhi-bition traveled from Beijing to Shanghaiand Chongqing.
1965
July–October
SFAI Sculpture Professor Zhao Shutong andWang Guanyi, along with five graduates and tenfolk artisans, created a large group life-size sculp-ture “Rent Collection Courtyard” at Museum ofDayi Landlord Manor, Dayi, Sichuan.
December
19 CAA, Sichuan Bureau of Culture, CAASichuan branch, and Dayi Manor Exhibition
Hall co-hosted Rent Collection Courtyard—Sichuan Dayi Manor Clay Sculpture Exhi-bition at the NAMOC.
1966
The Cultural Revolution began. Meishu stoppedpublication.
February
2–20
Lin Biao entrusted Jiang Qing to host aForum on Literature and Art in the PLA.The forum set up Eight RevolutionaryModel Plays, including Peking Operas“The Legend of the Red Lantern,”“Shajiabang,” “Taking Tiger MountainBy Strategy,” “Raid on the White TigerRegiment,” and “On the Docks,” ballets“Red Detachment of Women” and “TheWhite-Haired Girl,” and symphony“Shajiabang.”
August
18 Mao Zedong inspected the hundred thou-sand of Red Guards from across the countryat Tiananmen Square. Lin Biao called uponthe destruction of “Four Old” (old ideas, oldculture, old customs, and old habits).Starting from August 19, the Red GuardMovement swept through Beijing, Shang-hai, and Tianjin, then through the nation.
24 The Red Guards of Beijing Normal Univer-sity came to CAFA. Together with CAFA’sRed Guards, they burned old teaching aidsand broke the plaster models. The tor-ture and persecution of artists and facultymembers quickly spread to all artacademies.
Chronicle of Events 465
November
28 More than twenty thousand Art Red Guardsfrom across the country gathered and hadthe Rally of Artistic Proletariat’s CulturalRevolution at the Great Hall of the People inBeijing.
1967
At the Ministry of Culture, Qi Benyu announcedthe founding of literature and arts sub-group inthe Central Cultural Revolution Group. JiangQing was in charge of the group.
May
The statue of Mao Zedong was completed andplaced at Tsinghua University. The base wasinscribed with Lin Biao’s calligraphy, “Longlive the great mentor, the great leader, the greatcommander in chief, and the great pilot ChairmanMao. Long Live! Long Live!” Mao Zedongstatues were quickly erected all over the nation.
October
Art Exhibition of Mao Zedong Thought LightingUp Anyuan Workers’ Movement opened at theNational Museum of the Chinese Revolution,and the featured oil painting, “Chairman MaoGoing to Anyuan,” by Liu Chunhua of theCAAC, became an icon in the god-building cam-paign during the Cultural Revolution.
1 Long Live the Victory of Chairman Mao’sRevolutionary Route Art Exhibition openedat the NAMOC, featuring 1600 works.
1968
January
1 Organized by thirty-four revolutionaryorganizations, Red Sun Art Exhibition openedin Shanghai. The total of three hundred workswas mostly made by workers, peasants,soldiers, and the Red Guards.
1969
September
27 All CAA’s cadres and workers weredecentralized and sent to labor incountryside.
1970
May
9 CAFA faculty members and administratorswere sent to labor at the army farm, Cicounty, Hebei.
1971
Premier Zhou Enlai proposed that traditional inkpainting should be used to decorate hotels andother venues that international visitors stayed,and tens of celebrated ink painters were sum-moned to create such painting in Beijing, Shang-hai, Xi’an, Nanjing, Jinan, and Guangzhou. Thisled to the incident of “Black Painting” later.
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September
5 Artist Pan Tianshou, president of ZhejiangAcademy of Fine Arts, died.
1972
May
5.23–7.23 The Cultural Unit of the StateCouncil hosted the National ArtExhibition in the Thirtieth Anniver-sary of Chairman Mao’s “Talks onthe Yan’an Art and LiteratureForum” at the NAMOC, featuringmore than two hundred sev-enty works of art.
1973
January
8 Dong Xiwen, an artist and CAFAprofessor, died.
October
1 The Ministry of Culture and the CentralCouncil co-host National Exhibition ofLianhuanhua (serial picture stories) andChinese Painting at the NAMOC.
10 Journal Lianhuanhua (serial picture stories)resumed publication.
November
Central May-Seventh Arts University wasestablished, including former CAFA, CentralConservatory of Music, Central Academy ofDrama, Beijing Film Academy, Beijing DanceAcademy, National Academy of Chinese TheaterArts, all in Beijing. Jiang Qing became the hon-orary president, and Yu Huiyong was the presi-dent. Disintegrated in 1977.
1974
The Exhibition of Black Painting was held inBeijing and Shanghai, as part of a campaigncastigating “Black Painting.”
Jiangsu Pictorial, a monthly, startedpublication.
October
10.1–11.30 The Cultural Unit of State Councilhosted the National Art Exhibitionin the Twenty-fifth Anniversary ofPRC at the NAMOC, featuringmore than four hundredthirty works.
1975
September
15 Artist Feng Zikai died.9.19–11.2 Huxian Peasant Painting Exhibi-
tion opened at the Ninth ParisBiennale, featuring eighty artworks.
1976
Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, and Mao Zedongdied successively.
March
25 Meishu resumed publication.
April
4–5
The April Fifth Movement took place andwas shut down in Tiananmen Square,Beijing.
Chronicle of Events 467
July
28 The Great Tangshan Earthquake occurred,242,419 people were killed, and 154,581people were severely injured.
November
23 Art Exhibition to Warmly Celebrate Com-rade Hua Guofeng as the Chairman of theCentral Committee of the Communist Partyof China and the Chairman of the CentralMilitary Commission; Warmly Celebratethe Great Victory of Smashing the ‘Gangof Four’s Conspiracy Against Party’sPower opened in Shanghai Art Museum,showing more than two hundred fortyartworks.
1977
October
The State Council resumed the National CollegeEntrance Exam after ten years of interruption, andfive percent, or around 273,000 examinees,were qualified to enter colleges and universities.
November
24 The Mausoleum of Mao Zedong opened.
1978
March
10 Exhibition of Nineteenth-Century FrenchRural Landscape opened at the NAMOC.
May
5 China Federation of Literary and Art Circlesresumed, along with other art associations.
26 Exhibition of Paintings by Japanese PainterKaii Higashiyama (东山魁夷) opened atBeijing Working People’s Cultural Palace.
December
The Third Plenum of the Eleventh Central Com-mittee of CCP was held in Beijing, starting an ageof “Reform and Opening-Up” under the goal of“Four Modernizations” (modernizations of indus-try, agriculture, science and technology, andnational defense).
1979
January
Meishu Yanjiu (Art Research), quarterly, resumedpublication in CAFA, featured with artworksreflecting on the April Fifth Movement and ScarPainting.
Shijie Meishu (World Art), quarterly, run byCAFA, started publication.
May
Meishu published Wu Guanzhong’s article “TheFormal Beauty of Painting,” which triggered anextensive debate.
June
Shijie Meishu published Shao Dazhen’s article “ABrief Introduction to Modernism in the West.”
July
No Name Group held its first public exhibition inHuafang Studio, Beihai Park, Beijing.
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September
Murals in the Capital International Airport (nowTerminal 1), Beijing, typical academic art afterthe Cultural Revolution, were unveiled, amongwhich Yuan Yunsheng’s “Ode to Life: TheWater-Splashing Festival” sparked fierce contro-versy due to nudity. The nudes were covered witha curtain, then paneled over, and the panels wasnot removed until 1990.
11 Japanese Painter Hirayama Ikuo (平山郁
夫) Nihonga Exhibition opened at BeijingWorking People’s Cultural Palace.
27 Art Exhibition Stars opened on the fence ofthe NAMOC, and was taken down by policeon Sep. 29.
29 The Exhibition of Käthe Kollwitz GraphicArts opened at the Beijing WorkingPeople’s Cultural Palace.
October
1 The Stars Society led a demonstration fromXidan Democracy Wall to Beijing MunicipalParty Committee.
November
11.23–12.2 The Stars reopened in BeihaiPark, Beijing.
1980
Xin Meishu (New Arts) andMeishu Yicong (Jour-nal of Translated Art Scholarship) started publi-cation at ZAFA.
February
Tianjin Institute of Art was renamed to TianjinAcademy of Fine Arts.
10 The National Art ExhibitionCommemorating the Thirtieth Anniversaryof the Founding of the PRC (The FifthNational Art Exhibition) opened at theNAMOC.
April
Meishu published a column “Give Art of Nudity aFair View” with works of nudes, initiating adebate.
May
A letter by Pan Xiao was published on ZhongguoQingnian (China Youth, a monthly magazine),which ignited the Great Cultural Discussion,dubbed “Cultural Fever” by the media and theacademia, which ended in the middle of 1989.
August
8.20–9.4 The Second Stars Art Exhibitionwas held at the NAMOC, featur-ing one hundred forty-nine works.
September
9 CAFA established the Department of NewYear Pictures and Serial Picture Stories,renamed to Department of Folk Art later.
October
The Graduate Students Exhibition opened atCAFA, and Chen Danqing’s oil painting “TibetanSeries” became the most influential work.
The publication of Wu Guanzhong’s article“On Beauty of Abstraction” in Meishu sparked adispute.
Chronicle of Events 469
1981
January
10 The Second National Youth Art Exhibitionawarded first prize to Luo Zhongli’s oilpainting “Father,” a representative piece ofRustic Realism.
March
Xi’an First Modern Art Exhibition, one of theearliest avant-garde exhibitions in China, washeld in Xi’an, Shanxi.
May
Duoyun, a quarterly periodical of Chinese paint-ing, started publication by Shanghai Paintingsand Calligraphy Publishing House.
September to November
The Exhibition of American Painting from BostonMuseum of Art was held at the NAMOC inBeijing and travelled to Shanghai later.
1982
March
27 CAA and NAMOC co-hosted the Exhibi-tion of Hamer’s Collection of Painting ofFive Hundred Years at the NAMOC,including more than one hundred artworksby representative artists from Renaissanceto modern times.
April
Expressionist Paintings from Federal Republic ofGermany (Western Germany) was held inBeijing.
September
13 Jiang Feng, president of CAA and CAFA,died of a heart attack.
15 Exhibition of French Painting of Two Hun-dred Fifty Years, hosted by the China Exhi-bition Company, was held at BeijingExhibition Center.
1983
The Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign startedfrom October to December. Authoritiesdenounced the January issue of Meishu, whichcontained art of and articles on abstraction. LiXianting, the editor who was responsible for thisissue, was removed from his position.
April
21 Japanese artist Matazō Kayama (加山又造)gave lectures at CAFA.
May
Exhibition of Paintings by Picassowas held at theNAMOC.
9 Exhibition of Five-Artists’ Modern Artopened to limited audiences in Xiamen,Fujian Province, featured conceptual worksand ready-made pieces.
13 Italian Renaissance Art Exhibition openedat Beijing Exhibition Center.
September
The ‘83 Phase • Painting Experiment Exhibitionwas shut down the second day after its opening inShanghai.
October
5–18 Exhibition of Norwegian PainterMunch’s Painting was held at the
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NAMOC and later traveled to Chengdu,Sichuan, and Kunming, Yunnan.
1984
Toward the Future, a book series of sciences,social sciences and humanities, started publica-tion. The editorial committee, led by Jin Guantaoand Liu Qingfeng, became the headquarter of theFuturologist School in the Cultural Fever. Abouteighty books were published before the series wasterminated in 1989.
July
The Wild Grass Painting Society of Xiangtan,Hunan, was founded. Its first exhibition washeld in February 1985.
September
15 Northern Art group founded inHeilongjiang, Harbin.
October
1 The Sixth National Art Exhibition opened innine cities.
December
Exploration, Discovery, and Expression, a van-guard art exhibition, opened in Lanzhou, Gansu.
1985
The Editorial Committee for Twentieth-CenturyWestern Scholarly Classics was founded inBeijing at the end of 1985 (the name of thecommittee was changed into “The Editorial Com-mittee: Culture – China and the World” in 1987).The committee members formed the School ofHermeneutics. The leading figure was Gan Yang.
January
Meishu Sichao (The Trend of Art Thought), underHubei Federation of Literary and Art Circles,started publication in Wuhan, Hubei, and PengDe was the chief-editor. In total, twenty-twoissues were published, and it was terminated inthe end of 1987.
Jiangsu Huakan (Jiangsu Pictorial) changedfrom a bi-monthly to monthly journal, and shiftedfocus to Avant-Garde art.
March to April
Professor Roman Verostko from the MinneapolisCollege of Art and Design, Minnesota, USA,gave a six-week lecture on the history of modernart at the ZAFA.
April
21 The Symposium on Oil Painting was held inJingxian, Anhui, near Mount Huang, anddiscussion focused on the Sixth NationalArt Exhibition, called for freedom of artcreation and renewal of artistic conception.
Chronicle of Events 471
May
1 Zao Wou-ki, a Chinese artist based inFrance, taught a one-month courseat ZAFA.
10 The Chinese Youth in Progress Art Exhibi-tion opened at the NAMOC, becoming thetransition from art of Post-Cultural Revolu-tion to Avant-Garde Movement.
June
Meishu introduced the Forty-first VeniceBiennale.
The exhibition New Figurative Art opened inShanghai and Nanjing.
July
Zhongguo Meishubao (Fine Arts in China), aweekly newspaper, run by the Research Instituteof Fine Arts, Chinese National Academy of Arts,started publication. Liu Xiaochun and ShuiTianzhong were editor-in-chief successively.
The Senior Exhibition of the ZAFA was held.The cold and rationalist tendency drew attention.
8 The Exhibition of French Modern Art: 1870–1920 opened at the NAMOC.
October
Jiangsu Youth Art Week: Modern Art Exhibitionopened in Nanjing. Several participants foundedRed • Journey group in 1986.
13 Exhibition of Middle-Aged Artists’ Paintingopened at the NAMOC.
November
The journal Huajia (Painters) started publicationin Changsha, Hunan, and five total issues werepublished.
Invitational Exhibition of New Works of Chi-nese Painting and Symposium of Chinese Paint-ing held in Wuhan, Hubei.
November Painting Exhibition was held at theForbidden City, Beijing.
The exhibition Soft Sculpture opened at theNAMOC.
11.18–12.3 Rauschenberg Overseas CulturalInterchange (ROCI) Exhibitionwas held at the NAMOC, RobertRauschenberg gave a lecture atCAAC. The exhibition traveledto Lhasa, Tibet, later.
December
2 The exhibition ‘85 New Space was heldat ZAFA.
25 0 Art Group Exhibition was held inChangsha, Hunan.
31 The First Exhibition of Three-Step Studioopened but shutdown hours later at the Cul-tural Palace in Taiyuan, Shanxi.
1986
January
Artists Gallery, the first commercial gallery deal-ing contemporary artwork in China, opened at theBeijing Music Hall.
Zero Show was held on the streets ofShenzhen.
New Works of the Miyang Studio was held inShijiazhuang, Hebei.
10 The Last Exhibition of 86’ opened at theZhejiang Art Museum, and was shut downthree hours after the opening.
February
Exhibition of Huang Qiuyuan’s PosthumousWorks of Calligraphy and Painting was held atthe NAMOC.
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The group Red Humor was founded inZhoushan, Zhejiang.
March
Zhongguo Meishubao issue 11 set a column tointroduce post-modernism.
April
Exhibition of Paintings by Five Artists from Tibetopened at the Beijing Working People’s CulturalPalace.
14 CAA’s Oil Painting Committee hosted theNational Oil Painting Forum in Beijing,and Gao Minglu introduced ‘85 Art Move-ment. A proposal of national slide show ofvanguard art was initiated, leading toZhuhai Conference that was held in August.
19 The First Shanghai Youth Art Exhibitionwas held at the Shanghai Art Museum.
May
Modernist exhibitions Black-White-Black, SeaHorizon, Non-Figurative Art Show all opened inShanghai.
Red 70%, Black 25%, White 5%, by RedHumor group, led by Wu Shanzhuan, openedat ZAFA.
New Wildness Exhibition opened at GulouPark, Nanjing.
The Pond Society, mainly made up of theparticipants of the ‘85 New Space Exhibition,founded in Hangzhou.
14 CAFA Art gallery, primarily exhibitingcontemporary art, opened.
June
Sichuan Youth Red Yellow Blue Modern PaintingExhibition was held in Chengdu, Sichuan.
August
‘85 Youth Art Wave Grand Slide Show and Con-ference was held in Zhuhai, Guangdong, oftenknown as Zhuhai Conference. Representativesof vanguard art groups from across the countryconvened to exchange their art and ideas. Theplan of a national avant-garde exhibition initiated.
The Southwest Art Research Group founded inKunming, Yunnan.
September
Anti-Bourgeois Liberalization Campaignlaunched as the CCP Plenum defined “bourgeoisliberalization” as “negating the socialist system infavor of capitalism.”
The group Red • Journey founded in Nanjing.Basking in the Sunshine, an outdoor show took
place in Xuanwuhu Park on September 1 andOctober 5, respectively.
The First Experimental Show, an Action Artorganized by the Southern Artists Salon, tookplace at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou.
28 Xiamen Dada - Modern Art Exhibitionopened at Xiamen Art Museum, Fujian.Sixty percent of featured works were burnedin front of the museum when the show wasover on October 5.
November
Joint Exhibition of Hunan Young Artist Groupsopened at the NAMOC.
Hubei Youth Art Festival was held in ninecities of Hubei, about two thousand art piecesshown in twenty-eight venues.
The exhibition ‘86 Concave vs. Convexopened in Shanghai.
Chronicle of Events 473
December
21 The M Art Group’s Action Art took place atthe Workers Cultural Palace, Shanghai.
23 Concept 21, an Action Art, executed atPeking University.
1987
The Northern Art Group hosted their first exhibi-tion at Jilin Art College, Changchun, Jilin.
March
26 Preparation meeting for the AcademicExchange Exhibition of Young Artistsaround China, was held in Beijing. TheCCP Department of Propaganda issued anorder prohibiting national academic events.As a result, the exhibition plan aborted.
October
International Dunhuang Arts Research Seminarbegan at Mogao Cave, Dunhuang, Gansu.
December
1 Huang Yongping executed his conceptualwork "A History of Chinese Painting and AConcise History of Modern PaintingWashedin a Washing Machine for Two Minutes.”
1988
Zhang Peili made his “30 x 30,” the first VideoArt piece in China.
October
The Preparatory Committee for the exhibitionChina Avant-Garde founded in Beijing, headedby Gao Minglu.
November
22–24 ‘88 Chinese Modern Art Conference,later called Mt. Huang Conference,was held in Tunxi, Anhui, nearMt. Huang, to prepare China/Avant-Garde exhibition.
December
22–28 The Exhibition of Oil Painting ofNudity, featuring one hundred thirty-five oil paintings by twenty eight artistsfrom CAFA, was held at the NAMOCand attracted more than two hundredthousand visitors. The “Symposium ofPainting of Nudity” was held at thesame time.
1989
February
5–19
China/Avant-Garde, a historical exhibi-tion comprising two hundred ninety-seven works by one hundred seventy-sixartists, opened at the NAMOC. This wasthe first national modern art exhibition,curated by critics. The exhibition wasshut down twice because of Xiao Lu’sgunshot at her work Dialogue right afterthe opening, and an anonymous hoax let-ter claiming bombs in the museum on Feb.14.
474 Chronicle of Events
May
5.18–8.14 Curated by Jean Hubert Martin,Les Magiciens de la terre(Magicians of the Earth) washeld at the Pompidou Centre inParis, in which Huang Yongping,Gu Dexin, and Yang Jiecang wereinvited to participate.
20 The Seventh National Arts Exhibi-tion opened.
June
4 The Tiananmen Incident occurred.
September
All sixty volumes of The Complete Volumes ofChinese Fine Art were published and distributed.
December
Zhongguo Meishubao stopped publication. Atotal of two hundred twenty-nine issues werepublished. Artist Li Keran died at age eighty-two.
1990
Professor Mijka from the University of Fine Arts,Hamburg, Germany, brought his large-scale,eight-hour Video Art (a German TV station’scelebration of the Nine-hundredth Anniversaryfor the city of Cologne) and held a show ofVideo Art at ZAFA. This was the first systematicintroduction of Video Art into China.
July
7 The outdoor contemporary art exhibitionChine: Demain Pour Hier (China: Tomorrow
for Yesterday), curated by Fei Dawei, openedin Pourrières, France. Featured artistsincluded Chen Zhen, Gu Wenda, HuangYongping, Cai Guoqiang, Yang Jiecang,and Yan Peiming. The symposiumMalentendu Culturel (Cultural Misunder-standing) was held.
1991
Brian Wallace, an Australian, founded the RedGate Gallery, the first foreign-funded commercialgallery in Beijing.
January
Magazine Yishu • Shichang (Art • Market) waspublished by Hunan Fine Arts Publishing House.
1.29–4.2 The Big-Tail Elephant group openedtheir first exhibition at theGuangzhou City Cultural Palace,showing works by Chen Shaoxiong,Liang Juhui, Lin Yilin, and Xu Tan.
April
19–22 The Research Institute of Fine Arts,Chinese National Academy of Arts,held Symposium on Art Creation inthe New Era (Xishan Symposium) inXishan, Beijing. The symposiumacknowledged achievements in artof the 1980s and focused on new arttrends in the early 1990s.
July
The exhibition New Generation Art, whichinitiated Cynical Realism, was held at theNational Museum of Chinese History onTiananmen Square, Beijing.
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August
8.28–9.29 Curated by Fei Daiwei, The Excep-tional Passage of the ChineseAvant-garde was held at theFukuoka Museum, Japan.
October
A History of Chinese Contemporary Art: 1985–1986, authored by Gao Minglu, Zhou Yan, WangXiaojian, Shu Qun, Wang Mingxian and TongDian in 1987, was published by ShanghaiPeople’s Publishing House.
1992
June
12 The Ninth Perimeter Exhibition of theKassel Literature Exhibition and Contem-porary European Peripheral Art Exhibitionwere held in Germany. Works by CaiGuoqiang, Li Shan, Lü Shengzhong, NiHaifeng, Sun Liang and others wereincluded.
October
10.23–10.31 Guangzhou • the First 1990sBiennial Art Fair was held atthe International ConferenceHall, Central Hotel, Guangzhou.The organizer aimed to establishChina’s art market and mobilizedomestic enterprise investment.
December
More than thirty art critics convened in Beijingand reached a consensus on protecting intellectualproperty rights by paid critical articles. The agree-ment was published in Jiangsu Huakan, issue4, 1993, and created controversy in art circles.
3 Artists of Yuanmingyuan Artists Villagestaged an outdoor Exhibition of Modern Artof the 1990s in the campus of PekingUniversity.
1993
January
The Lanzhou Art Corps carried out Action Art inLanzhou, including two mailing actions and atwo-hour funeral ceremony on streets for a fic-tional character, Zhong Xiandai, to react to thecorruption in the vanguard camp.
1.1–2.25 The exhibition China’s New Art,Post-1989, co-curated by ChangTsong-zung and Li Xianting, washeld at the Hong Kong City Halland Hong Kong Arts Centre, thentravelled to Australia in June.
30 The exhibition China Avant-Garde:Counter-Currents in Art and Cultureopened at the Haus der Kulturen derWelt, Berlin, Germany; latertravelled to the Kunsthal Rotterdam,the Netherlands; Museum of ModernArt in Oxford, UK; and KunsthallenBrandts Klædefabrik, Denmark. Fea-tured artists included HuangYongping, Gu Wenda, Fang Lijun,Gu Denxin, Geng Jianyi, Ni Haifeng,and Zhang Peili.
March
Hu Jie completed his documentary film “TheArtists of Yuanmingyuan.”
April
24 A project, entitled “Great Consumption,”organized by the New History Groupbased in Hubei, led by Ren Jian, was about
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to carry out at McDonald’s in Wangfujing,Beijing, on April 25, but was forced tocancel right before the execution.
May
China Guardian Auctions Co. Ltd., the first com-prehensive auction house specializing in Chinesecultural objects and artworks, was founded inBeijing, and held its first special auction for oilpainting and sculpture.
June
The Annual Art Critics’ Nomination Exhibitionopened at the NAMOC.
Mao Goes Pop, China Post ‘89 opened at theMuseum of Contemporary Art of Australia,Sydney.
14 The Forty-fifth Venice Biennale opened.The Chinese section “Passaggio a Oreinte”(Passage to the East) featured fourteenartists, as another two artists participated inthe section “Aperto ‘93” (Open ‘93).
July
Fragmented Memory: The Chinese Avant-Gardein Exile was held at the Wexner Center for theArts, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio,USA, curated by Julia F. Andrews and GaoMinglu; the participating artists were GuWenda, Huang Yongping, Wu Shanzhuan, andXu Bing.
September
1–11
Gilbert & George China Exhibition washeld at the NAMOC and later travelled toShanghai.
November
16 ZAFA was renamed to China Academy ofArt (CAA).
1994
April
10 Song Dong hosted Installation and Behav-ior of Film Solo Exhibition and AnotherClass, Do You Want to Play with Me? atthe CAFA Gallery. The exhibition was shutdown after thirty minutes.
May
The journal of art criticism Jinri Xianfeng (Avant-Garde Today) started publication by SDX JointPublishing.
July
The Black Cover Book, consisting of mainly Pro-posal Art, was published and circulated as anunderground publication, edited by ZengXiaojun, Ai Weiwei, and Xu Bing, with Zigong(Feng Boyi) as text editor. Zeng Xiaojun and AiWeiwei subsequently edited and published WhiteCover Book in 1995 and 1997, respectively.
August
7 Artist Liu Haishu died at age ninety-eight.The Liu Haisu Art Museum was built inShanghai, and Liu Haishu Art Galleryopened in Changzhou, Jiangsu.
September
The Annual Art Critics’ Nomination Exhibition(Oil Painting) was held at the NAMOC.
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October
10.12–12.11
Fang Lijun, Li Shan, Liu Wei, WangGuangyi, Yu Youhan, and ZhangXiaogang featured in the Twenty-second Sao Paulo Art Biennial,Brazil.
25 ‘91 China, Japan, Korea Interna-tional Contemporary Art Exhibition,the first international contemporaryart exhibition in China, was held atthe Beijing Normal UniversityGallery.
1995
The authorities cracked down on theYuanmingyuan Artists Village in the name ofcontrolling floating population, and all artistswere evicted.
May
22 Action Art “To Add One Meter to an Anon-ymous Mountain” executed onMt. Miaofeng, Beijing, by ten artists fromthe East Village.
June
The exhibition Avant-garde Art from the CentralCountry - China was held in Barcelona, Spain.
The Forty-sixth Venice Biennale opened, andfeaturing Chinese artists were Cai Guo-Qiang, GuDexin, Huang Yongping, Liu Wei, Yan Peiming,Yang Jun and Zhang Xiaogang.
July
CAFA moved out of Wangfujing, downtownBeijing, and eventually settled at Wangjing,northeast Beijing in 2001 after a six-yeartransition.
September
World Conference for Women was held inBeijing. The major speakers, including AungSan Suu Kyi, Hillary Clinton, and Mother Teresa,all focused on the Conference’s theme, action forequality, development and peace.
Bill Viola’s Video Art was introduced by QiuZhijie and Wu Meichun on Jiangsu Huakan.
1996
March
18 The First Shanghai Biennial opened at theShanghai Art Museum with the theme“Open Space.”
June
The Chinese Contemporary Ink Art Toward theTwenty-first Century Symposium and Exhibitionwas held at South China Normal University,Guangzhou.
September
Phenomena / Moving Images: China’s Video ArtExhibition, the first show of Video Art in China,held at the CAA, Hangzhou. Curated by QiuZhijie and Wu Meichun, the show displayed six-teen Video Art pieces by fifteen artists,accompanied by two publications, Archive ofVideo Art and Art and Awareness of History.Lectures on Video Art were given, plus a showof Video Art by Bill Viola and Gary Hill.
November
The First Invitational Exhibition of Chinese Con-temporary Art 96–97, originally intended to openat the NAMOC on November 31, 1996, wascanceled the day before.
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December
The multimedia First Exhibition of the CartoonGeneration ‘96 was held at the art department atSouth China Normal University in Guangzhou.
1997
The Upriver Gallery, Chengdu, Sichuan, the firstprivate exhibition institution, built by ChenJiagang, opened (closed in 2001).
May
Another Long March: Chinese Concept andInstallation Art in the 1990s was held in Breda,the Netherlands, featuring installations, VideoArt, Action Art by eighteen artists.
June
The Forty-seventh Venice Biennale opened, andCai Guoqiang featured in the section Future,Past, Present in the Arsenale.
21 Feng Mengbo’s interactive multimedia work“Private Photo Book” and Wang Jianwei’sVideo Art piece “Production” wereexhibited in the Tenth Kassel Documentawith the theme of “Cultural Image.”
July
1 The transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kongoccurred, when the United Kingdom endedadministration for the colony of Hong Kongand passed control of the territory to China.
August
8.28–9.2 Video Art ‘97 China opened at CAFAGallery, curated by Wu Meichun andQiu Zhijie, including works by morethan thirty Chinese artists.
October
A Chinese Dream: ‘97 Chinese ContemporaryArt was held at the Yanhuang Art Museum,Beijing.
1998
January
Trace of Survival—‘98 Internal Exhibition ofContemporary Chinese Art, curated by FengBoyi and Cai Qing, was held at Art Now Studioin Yaojiazhuang, Beijing. Artists created workson-site.
February
2.6–5.25 The exhibition China: 5000 Years,was held at the GuggenheimMuseum. It included the ancient,modern and contemporary sectionsin the initiative, but the contemporarysection was aborted abruptly prior tothe opening.
May
23 Mondrian in China - Mondrian Literatureand Chinese Artists’ Group Exhibitionopened at the Guangdong Museum of Art.
September
9.15–1.3.1999 Curated by Gao Minglu, InsideOut: New Chinese Art openedat the Asia Society and P.S. 1,New York, featuring artistsfrom mainland China, Taiwan,Hong Kong and overseas. Inthe following years the exhibi-tion travelled to San Francisco(USA), Monterrey (Mexico),Seattle (USA), and severalAsian cities, in three years.
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October
10.20–11.20 The Second Shanghai Biennialwas held at the Shanghai ArtMuseum and Liu Haisu ArtMuseum with the theme “Syn-thesis and Exploration."
November
7 Curated by Zhang Zhaohui, Corruptionists -The Moment of Exposure opened in thebasement of the Chinese Literature Associ-ation. The authorities shut down the exhibi-tion on the second day.
21 It’s Me! (Shi wo!), curated by Leng Lin,planned to open at the Main Ritual Hall inthe former Imperial Ancestral Temple inBeijing but was cancelled by authoritiesthe day before the opening. The FirstAnnual Exhibition of Contemporary Sculp-ture opened at the outdoor space at the HeXiangning Art Museum in Shenzhen, last-ing one year.
1999
January
Post-Sense Sensibility: Distorted Bodies andDelusion, curated by Wu Meichun and QiuZhijie, was held in the basement of BuildingNo. 202 in the Shaoyaoju neighborhood, Beijing.The exhibition was aimed at antagonistic towardswhat curators called “standardized conceptualart” and stressed “sense of on-site.”
February
25 Fei Dawei, Paris-based art critic and curator,was awarded the title of Chevalier d’Ordredes Arts et des Lettres (Knight of the Orderof Arts and Letters) by the Frenchgovernment.
27 “China Art Archives & Warehouse,” cre-ated by Ai Weiwei, Hans van Dijk, andcollector Frank Uytterhaegen, wascompleted, transforming an old warehousein Longguashu Village in the southernoutskirts of Beijing into an art space,where they held the Exhibition InnovationsPart I.
April
The exhibition Supermarket, curated by Xu Zhen,Yang Zhenzhong, and Alexander Brandt, openedon the fourth floor at Haoshanghai Plaza, Shang-hai. An experimental exhibition aimed at the issueof exhibition format was shut down by theauthorities partway through.
June
Ma Liuming, Zhuang Hui, Yue Minjun, and LuHao participated in the Forty-eighth VeniceBiennale. Huang Yongping was one of two artistsrepresenting France in its pavilion. CaiGuo-Qiang showed “Venice’s Rent CollectionCourtyard” and received the Golden LionAward but accused of copyright infringement ofthe original creator of “Rent CollectionCourtyard” at home.
November
Xu Bing created a banner for MoMA, New York,with his work “New English Calligraphy” as partof Projects 70.
1 Sheng Qi executed an Action Art at theNAMOC titled “Concept 21 - AIDS,” refer-ring back to the “Concept 21" series ofAction Art in the late 1980s and markingthe first Action Art done in the NAMOCsince China/Avant-Garde in February 1989.
31 Gate of the New Century opens at theChengdu Modern Art Museum, the largest
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retrospective exhibition of contemporaryChinese art, featuring works produced byabout two hundred artists from 1979to 1999.
2000
January
1 Datong Dazhang (Zhang Shengquan)committed suicide in his apartment inDatong, Shanxi, which completed his lastAction Art at age of forty-four.
8 2000 China: Art of Internet, Video and Pho-tography Exhibition was held at Jilin Acad-emy of Fine Arts in Changchun, Jilin. Thefirst art exhibition using Internet as artmedium. Wen Pulin showed his documentaryof thirteen years of Action Art, China Action.
April
22 Curated by Li Xianting, the exhibitionObsession with Trauma opened at CAFA’sResearch Institute of Sculpture. Someworks using human and animal corpsescaused controversy.
June
21–26
ShanghART Gallery became the firstChinese art gallery to participate in theannual Basel Art Fair in Switzerland.
22 Zhu Bin, an art critic from Hubei, died ina plane crash in Wuhan, at the age offorty¼nine.
August
Documentation of Chinese Avant-Garde Art inthe 1990s, curated by Feng Boyi and HuaTianxue, opened at the Fukuoka Asian Art
Museum, Japan. A symposium on “ChineseAvant-Garde – Current State and Prospects forthe Twenty-First Century” was held.
8.28 Organized by Chen Jin, Shu Yang, andZhu Ming, the Open Art Festival, thefirst international Action Art festival inChina, opened at Siduhe Village, Huairou,Beijing.
November
6 The Third Shanghai Biennial opened atthe Shanghai Art Museum with thetheme of “The Spirit of Shanghai," featur-ing works by sixty-six artists from eigh-teen countries and regions.
4–14
The exhibition Fuck Off/Buhezuo Fangshi(Non-cooperative Way), curated by AiWeiwei and Feng Boyi in defiance of theThird Shanghai Biennale, took place inDonglang Gallery in Shanghai.
December
13 Chen Zhen, a Shanghai artist, died of cancerin Paris at age of forty-five.
2001
Robert Burnell, an American, opened hisTimezone 8 Art Books bookstore, gallery andpublishing house office in a former canteen ofthe Factory 798. Beijing; Tokyo Art Projects(BTAP), owned by Tabata Yukihito of TokyoGallery, Japan, opened and became the first gal-lery in 798.
Xue Song, a Shanghai artist, set his studio at50 Moganshan Road, the former Chunming SlubMill, which was the beginning of M50, a Shang-hai Art District.
Chronicle of Events 481
April
A group of artists moved their studios to 798 Fac-tory area in Dashanzi, Beijing, after Sui Jianguolocated his studio there in 2000.
June
28 Xin Langchao (New Wave), a monthly artmagazine, started publication, with DengXubo as the editor-in-chief, and LiXianting, Wu Wenguang and Qiu Zhijie aseditors.
September
The First Independent Film/Video Festivalopened at the Beijing Film Academy.
December
CAA, Hangzhou, founded the New Media ArtCenter, and a Digital Art Studio opened at theDepartment of Design, CAFA.
14 The First Chinese Homosexual Film Festi-val was held at the South Annex Building ofthe Peking University Library and the"Box" Coffee House of the TsinghuaUniversity.
2002
Fan Di’an hosted Living in Time: ContemporaryArt Exhibition in the Modern Art Museum andHamburg Train Station in Berlin, Germany.
February
Wang Bing’s documentary Tiexi District: West ofthe Tracks won the grand prize at the LisbonInternational Documentary Film Festival inPortugal.
June
The Ministry of Culture organized artists to par-ticipate in the Twenty-fifth Sao Paulo Art Biennialin Brazil.
6.8–9.15 Feng Mengbo and Yang Fudongparticipated in the final platformof Documenta XI, curated byOkwui Enwezor.
October
10.12–12.31 Beijing Afloat, the openingexhibition of Beijing TokyoArt Projects, curated by FengBoyi, was held in the Beijing798 Art District.
November
11.18–2.20.2003
The First Guangzhou Contempo-rary Art Triennial – Reinterpre-tation: One Decade of ChineseExperimental Art (1990–2000)(simply named GuangzhouTriennia later) opened atGuangdong Museum of Art. Thechief curator was Wu Hung, andthe co-curators were HuangZhuan, Wang Huangsheng andFeng Boyi.
22 The Fourth Shanghai Biennialopened at the Shanghai ArtMuseum with the theme “UrbanCreation.”
2003
Based on the New Media Art Center, founded in2001, the Department of New Media wasestablished in China Academy of Art, chaired byZhang Peili.
From 2003 to 2007, Yang Fudong hadcompleted his “Seven Intellectuals in a BambooForest,” a five-part series of black and white film.
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March
The Asian Art Archive (AAA) was founded inHong Kong, focusing on documenting contempo-rary art in Asia under a global context.
14–30 Curated by Gao Minglu, ChineseMaximalism was held at the MillenniumArt Museum, Beijing.
June
14 The Fiftieth Venice Biennale, themed“Dreams and Conflicts: The DictatorshipViewer”, opened. Twenty-seven Chineseartists planned to participate in the exhibi-tion Region of Emergency, hosted by HouHanru, but cancelled due to outbreakof SARS.
July
In celebration of the NAMOC’s fortieth anniver-sary and the completion of its renovation, theshow An Opening Era: In Celebration of theFortieth Anniversary of the Founding of ChinaNational Museum of Fine Arts, with the contem-porary section, Experiment and Exploration,opened at the NAMOC.
August
16–26 The show Buddhist Prayer Beads andBrush Strokes, curated by Li Xianting,was held at the Beijing Tokyo ArtProjects (BTAP).
September
26–28
The First China Independent Film Festi-val (CIFF) was held in Nanjing.
November
8–21 798 Space at the 798 Art District fea-tured the exhibition Multi-VideoElements, showing about one hundredworks by sixty artists.
22 Hello, Comrade Mingong – Contempo-rary Art Exhibition (mingong, migrantlaborers) was held at Today ArtMuseum, Beijing, featuring fourteenartists.
2004
The Studio of Experimental Art was founded atthe CAFA, led by Lü Shengzhong.
Shi Xixi, an artist of No Name Group, died inBeijing at age of fifty-one.
February
12–16 Film Series China Now, organized byBarbara London, screened at theMoMA in New York, featuring mediaart by Zhang Peili, Song Dong, WangGongxin, and Li Yongbin, amongothers.
March
Xu Bing’s installation “Where Does the DustItself Collect?” won the Artes Mundi 1 Prize inWales.
25–26 Zooming into Focus: ContemporaryChinese Photography and Video fromthe Haudenschild Collection opened atthe Shanghai Art Museum, thentravelled to Beijing and shown atNAMOC. Distance, the first interna-tional forum on contemporary Chinesephotography and Video Art was held atCAA, Hangzhou.
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April
4.24–5.24
The First Dashanzi International ArtFestival held at the 798 Art District,shown twenty-seven art programs atseventeen venues, and attracted overeighty thousand visitors.
May
5.28–6.13
The First International New MediaArts Exhibition and Symposium wereheld at the Millennium Art Museum.
June
Le Monie et le démon: Art Contemporain Chinois(The Monk and the Demon: Contemporary Chi-nese Art), part of the event “Year of China inFrance,” curated by Fei Dawei, was held in Lyon.
10 Wu Hung hosted Between the Past andFuture: China New Photography andVideo Art Exhibition in New York Interna-tional Photography Center.
September
5–8
The First China International Art Fairopened at the China International Confer-ence Center, Beijing, featured over a hun-dred galleries.
28 The Fifth Shanghai Biennial, themed“Techniques of the Visible,” was held atShanghai Art Museum.
December
12.10–1.8.2005
The Tenth National Art Exhibitionwas held at the NAMOC.
17–19 The Second China IndependentFilm Festival (CIFF) was held atNanjing University of the Arts.
2005
The Department of Comprehensive Painting,CAA, Hangzhou, was renamed to the Departmentof Comprehensive Arts, chaired by Yang Jinsong.
Under the guidance of his “Classic of Mean-ing,” Ren Jian started to paint his epic work ofthirty-six pieces of 2 x 1 m acrylic painting, “TheEpoch,” which was completed in 2012.
May
Chinese Modern Art Archives at Peking Univer-sity, OCAT in Shenzhen, and the Center for theArt of East Asia at the University of Chicagoagreed to collaborate on editing the Contempo-rary Chinese Art Yearbooks.
June
The first China’s national pavilion at the VeniceBiennale, sponsored by the government, andcurated by Cai Guoqiang, featuring the exhibi-tion, Virgin Garden: Emerson, opened.
One hundred artists signed the petition to savethe Suojiacun Art Camp, an artist village inBeijing. The camp was demolished in November.
November
The Second Guangzhou Triennial, themed“Beyond: An Extraordinary Space of Experimen-tation for Modernization,” opened at theGuangdong Museum of Art.
2006
Qiu Anxiong had constructed his epic animationtrilogy, “New Classic of Mountains and Seas,” ina decade (2006–2017).
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February
2.26–4.24
The Thirteen: Chinese Video ArtToday was held at P.S. 1 in New York.
March
Curated by Yang Wei, Documents on Drifting:Exhibition of Hu Min’s Photography and Hu Jie’sDocumentary Film of Yuanmingyuan Artistswas held at Today Art Museum, Beijing.
31 Sotheby’s held its first Chinese contempo-rary art auction in New York. ZhangXiaogang’s oil painting “Blood: Comrade120” (1998) was sold for $ 9.8 million, arecord for Chinese contemporary art.
April
Adopting the theme “Beijing/Background,” the2006 Dashanzi International Art Festival, curatedby Huang Rui and Bérénice Angremy (Li Jing),took place in 798 Art District.
20–23 The Third China Independent Film Fes-tival (CIFF) was held in Nanjing.
September
9.5–11.5
The Sixth Shanghai Biennial, themed“Hyper Design,” opened at the Shang-hai Art Museum.
October
6 Songzhuang Art Gallery opened in Beijing,and Li Xianting was appointed as the firstdirector.
2007
May
17–21
The Fourth China Independent FilmFestival (CIFF) was held in Nanjing.
June
Ai Weiwei’s “Fairy Tale” brought 1001 mainlandChinese people to Kassel, Germany to participatein Documenta 12. Subjects of identity, memory,love, and dreams were discussed among thesetravelers.
Iraqi-British collector Charles Saatchi initiated aChinese website at Beijing 798 Art District,starting his collection of Chinese contemporary art.
October
10.17–11.13
The First Today Documenta washeld at the Today Art Museum,Beijing.
November
5 The inaugural exhibition of Ullens Center forContemporary Art (UCCA), ‘85 New Wave:The Birth of Chinese Contemporary Artopened in Beijing 798 Art District. Curatedby Fei Dawei, the first director of UCCA, thiswas a retrospective show of China’s Avant-Garde Movement of the 1980s held by acontemporary art institution, which is fundedby a foreign private foundation.
2008
June
6.10–7.3
Curator Zhang Ga organized a newmedia exhibition, Synthetic Times -Media Art China, at the NAMOC.
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Over fifty new media installations byartists from thirty countries were ondisplay, along with workshops,presentations and debates.
July
16 The Scandal of the Contaminated Baby For-mula, involved milk and infant formulaalong with other food materials andcomponents being adulterated with melamine, broke out. Of an estimated three hun-dred thousand victims, six babies died fromkidney stones and other kidney damage, andan estimated fifty-four thousand babies werehospitalized.
August
8 Beijing Olympics 2008 opened.12–19
Cai Guo-Qiang’s solo Exhibition, I Wantto Believe, opened at the NAMOC ofChina.
September
Minsheng Bank established the Minsheng ArtMuseum in Shanghai.
8–12 The Fifth China Independent FilmFestival (CIFF) was held in Nanjing.
9.9–11.16
The Seventh Shanghai Biennial,themed “Translocal Motion,” openedat the Shanghai Art Museum.
2009
Started with “Three Immortals” at Sanbao Inter-national Village of Ceramics, Jingdezhen,Jiangxi, Wenna (Chen Xingxing) had paintedtens of murals of her creation at home and abroad,including Beijing, Shanghai, Anhui, Yunnan,
Jiangxi, Chongqing, and in cities in Italy, France,Holland, Belgium, Mauritius and New Zealand.
February
5 The authorities shut down two of three showsof the twentieth anniversary of the China/Avant-Garde exhibition at the National Agri-cultural Exhibition Center, which featuredartworks, and the Today Art Museum,which featured video documentaries. Onlythe show at the Wall Art Museum, featuringdocuments of the China/Avant-Garde,opened on time.
October
12–16
The Sixth China Independent Film Fes-tival (CIFF) was held in Nanjing.
2010
April
4.25–5.19
Reshaping History: New Youth ChinaArt Invitation Exhibit from 2000 to2009 opened at Today Art Museumand Arrario Beijing (ended 6.12).
August
1–8 The 2010 Beijing Youth IndependentVideo Art Annual Exhibition was heldat the Caihuoche (猜火车) CulturalSalon, Beijing, with theme “TenYears,” screening seventeen moviesmade in the 2000s.
8.28–12.10
The Great Performance, curated byLeng Lin, opened at the Pace Beijing,featuring works associating withAction Art.
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September
9.18–10.26
The Second Today Documenta,themed “negotiation,” opened at theToday Art Museum, Beijing.
October
21–25
The Seventh China Independent FilmFestival (CIFF) was held in Nanjing.
23 The Eighth Shanghai Biennial - TourRehearsal was held at the Shanghai ArtMuseum.
2011
Translife: International Triennial of New MediaArt, the second triennial of new media, opened atthe NAMOC.
The Committee of Experimental Art underCAA was founded, some CAA provincialbranches followed.
March
National Museum of China, created by mergingthe Museum of Chinese History with the Museumof Chinese Revolution in 2003, re-opened afterrenovation starting from 2007, enlarging its floorarea from 65,000 to nearly 200,000 squaremeters.
October
16 Zou Yuejin, an art critic and historianof CAFA, died of cancer at age offifty-three.
10.28–11.1
The Eighth China Independent FilmFestival (CIFF) was held in Nanjing.
2012
The Ninth China Independent Film Festival(CIFF) was banned two days prior to the opening.
October
10.2.2012–3.31.2013
The Ninth Shanghai Biennial:Reactivation opened at thePower Station of Art.
2013
April
4.26–6.16
Duchamp and / or / in China was heldat the UCCA, presenting the mostcomprehensive exhibition ofDuchamp’s work ever mounted inChina, as well as an investigation intohis influence on the development ofcontemporary art in China.
August
8.18–11.10 Portrait of the Times - Thirty Yearsof Chinese Contemporary Artopened at the Power Station ofArt, Shanghai.
October–December
The Tenth China IndependentFilm Festival (CIFF) was heldin Nanjing, Xiamen and Dalian.
December
12.11.2013–4.16.2014
The exhibition Ink Art: Past asPresent in Contemporary China,curated by Maxwell Hearn, washeld at The MetropolitanMuseum of Art, New York.The exhibition featured aroundseventy works by thirty-fiveChi-nese artists in various media –
painting, calligraphy, photo-graph, graphic art, video, sculp-ture, animation and installation.
2014
Thing World: International Triennial of NewMedia Art opened at NAMOC.
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School of Experimental Art was established atthe CAFA, headed by Lü Shengzhong, who wassucceeded by Qiu Zhijie in 2016 when he retired.
The Eleventh China Independent Film Festival(CIFF) was held in Xiamen (October) andNanjing (December).
May
12–15
The Tenth Anniversary of the China Inde-pendent Film Festival was held inNewcastle-Upon-Tyne, England.
September
9.1–10.15
Contemporary Photography in China2009–2014 was held at ShanghaiMinsheng Art Museum.
November
11.1.2014–5.29.2015
Curated by Anselm Franke, theTenth Shanghai Biennial:Social Factory was held at thePower Station of Art.
2015
May
5.15–9.13
China 8 – Contemporary Art fromChina at Rhine & Ruhr opened,involving eight cities, nine museumsin Rhine and Ruhr regions, featuringone hundred twenty Chinese artists,five hundred works. It claimed to be“the largest institutional exhibition ofcontemporary art from China ever tobe assembled anywhere in the world.”
December
The Twelfth China Independent Film Festival(CIFF) was held in Nanjing.
12.7.2015–2.15.2016
The solo show of FengGuodong, the late artist, washeld at the Diplomatic Resi-dence Compound No.12, orDRC No.12, located in down-town Beijing, which proclaimedthe birth of an alternate space ofexhibition.
2016
The Thirteenth China Independent Film Festival(CIFF) was banned but films screened to aselected audience in Nanjing (November) andBeijing (January 2017).
April
13 Huang Zhuan, an art critic and historian,died of cancer in Guangzhou at age offifty-eight.
June
6.12–8.21
Rauschenberg in China was exhibitedat the Ullens Center for ContemporaryArt in Beijing, thirty years afterRauschenberg Overseas CulturalInterchange (ROCI) Exhibition heldat the NAMOC (1985).
November
11.5–12.11 Post-sense Sensibility: Fearand Will opened at BeijingMinsheng Art Museum.
11.12.2016–3.12.2017
The Eleventh Shanghai Bien-nial: Why Not Ask Again? was
488 Chronicle of Events
held at the Power Station of Art,Shanghai.
26 Chen Shaoxiong, an artist ofBig-tail Elephant Group, diedin Beijing at age of fifty-four.
29 Zhang Nian, an artist bestknown for his Action Art“Egg-Hatch” in the showChina/Avant-Garde in 1989,died at age of fifty-two.
December
12.20.2016–3.22.2017
The Third Today Documenta,themed “BRIC-à-brac: TheJumble of Growth 另一种选
择”, was held at the Today ArtMuseum, Beijing.
2017
February
16 Ren Hang, a photographer, committed sui-cide in Beijing due to depression, onemonth prior to his thirtieth birthday.
March
1–31
The Myth of Documenta – Arnold Bodeand His Heirs was held at the CAFA ArtMuseum.
April
4.28–5.21
Photographer Xiao Quan’s solo exhi-bition, Our Generation – The Contextand Portraits of History, opened atBeijing Minsheng Art Museum.
June
6.25–8.3
The Chinese Contemporary Art Year-book Exhibition 2016 was held atBeijing Minsheng Art Museum.
July
7.16–9.16
The exhibition .zip Future RhapsodyXiaomi � Future of Today opened at theToday Art Museum. The exhibitionwas designed to explore the pioneeringconcept of space, virtual reality, andthe art of the future.
September
9.15–10.31
Deutschland 8 - Art from Germany,series of exhibitions in eight venues,in response to China 8 – Contempo-rary Art from China at Rhine & Ruhr(2015), opened in Beijing, displayingthree-hundred-twenty works of fifty-five German artists from the 1950s topresent.
October
10.6.2017–1.7.2018
Art and China after 1989: The-ater of the World opened at theGuggenheim Museum,New York, featuring works byseventy-one key artists andgroups.
December
5 Geng Jianyi, a prominent contemporary artistand veteran of vanguard art, died of cancer inHangzhou at age fifty-five.
Chronicle of Events 489
2018
January
1.4–3.4
Rhizome – A Survey Subject of ChineseContemporary Arts was held at theToday Art Museum in Beijing, featuringSui Jianguo, Wang Luyan, Hu Jieming,Jiang Jie, Ni Haifeng, Xu Zhen andMadeIn Company, Jiang Zhi and GaoWeigang.
March
3.16–6.11
The Twenty-first Biennial of Sydney –
Superposition: Equilibrium &Engagement opened. ParticipatingChinese artists include Ai Weiwei,Chen Shaoxiong, Geng Xue, andYang Jun.
June
6.9–8.24
The Chinese Contemporary Art Year-book Exhibition 2017 was held atBeijing Minsheng Art Museum.
6.16–9.9
Turning Point - Forty Years of ChineseContemporary Art opened at the LongMuseum West Bund, Shanghai.
July
The Scandal of the Faulty Vaccine, in which twohundred fifty thousand doses were produced,sold, and severely hurt the children who wereinjected, broke out.
August
1 Cui Xiuwen, a woman artist fromHeilongjiang, best known for her Video Artpiece “Ladies’ Room,” died in Beijing at ageof fifty-one.
November
11.2.2018–1.6.2019
In collaboration with the CentrePompidou, Cosmopolis #1.5:Enlarged Intelligence openedin three venues, Chengdu,Sichuan, featuring works offifty-six artists from twenty-five countries and regions.
11.10.2018–3.10.2019
Curated by art critic and histo-rian Cuauhtémoc Medina, theTwelfth Shanghai Biennial:Progress opened at the PowerStation of Art.
Sources
Art Link Art Website Archive http://artlinkart.com/en/
Berghuis, Thomas, Performance Art in China,Hong Kong: Timezone 8 Limited, 2006.
Chen, Lüsheng, Xin Zhongguo Meishu Tushi:1949–1966 (An Illustrated Art History of thePeople’s Republic of China: 1949–1966),Beijing: China Youth Press, 2000.
Gao, Minglu, Zhou Yan, Wang Xiaojian, ShuQun, Wang Mingxian, Tong Dian, ZhongguoDangdai Meishushi: 1985–1986 (A History ofChinese Contemporary Art: 1985–1986),Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publisher, 1991.
He, Juxing, edited, Moving Image in China:1988–2011, bilingual catalogue for the exhibi-tion at Shanghai Mingshen Art Museum,Vision Art Publisher, 2011.
Liu, Chun, Zhongguo Youhua Shi (History ofChinese Oil Painting), Beijing: China YouthPublishing House, 2005.
Lu, Hong, Yuejie: Zhongguo Xianfeng Yishu1979–2004 (Cross the Border: China Avant-Garde Art 1979–2004), Hebei Fine Arts Pub-lishing House, 2006.
Lü, Peng and Yi Dan, Zhongguo XiandaiMeishushi: 1979–1989 (A History of ChinaModern Art: 1979–1989), Changsha, Hunan,China: Hunan Fine Arts Publisher, 1992.
490 Chronicle of Events
Wang, Mingxian and Yan Shanchun, XinZhongguo Meishu Tushi: 1966–1976 (TheArt History of the People’s Republic ofChina: 1966–1976), Beijing: China YouthPublishing House, 2000.
Wu, Hung, edited, Contemporary Chinese Art:Primary Documents, produced by the Depart-ment of Publications, The Museum of ModernArt, New York, 2011.
Zou, Yuejin, Xin Zhongguo Meishu Shi: 1949–2000 (A History of Chinese Fine Arts: 1949–2000), Changsha: Hunan Fine Arts PublishingHouse, 2002.
(Compiled by Chen Lufeng, and edited by ZhouYan)
Chronicle of Events 491
Chinese Glossary
Baimiao白描, ink outline drawing without color,shading and wash, an opposite method of mogu.
Cunfa 皴法, brush-stroke method or pattern,using light ink strokes with a relatively dry brushto show the shades and texture of objects, espe-cially rocks and mountains in shanshui(mountians-and-waters). There are more than tendifferent cunfa for various purposes, such as,
fantou cun 矾头皴, lumps, resembling lumps ofalum, or Chinese steamed bun.
fupi cun 斧劈皴, axe cuts, as cuts made by an axe.
jiesuo cun 解索皴, unraveled rope, as each strokeretaining a twist.
juanyun cun 卷云皴, rolling clouds.
pima cun披麻皴, hemp fiber, like spread-out hempfibers, long, slightly wavy strokes, giving the effectof glaciated or maturely eroded slopes.
yudian cun 雨点皴, raindrops.
Feibai 飞白, literally flying white, is a tech-nique of ink art in which the dry brush runsswiftly on and sometimes lifts a bit from thesurface to create lines or areas with untouchedparts, using in shanshui most of time to generatevitality of brushwork or provide space for"breath."
Gongbi 工笔, refers to meticulous brushworkor painting with meticulous brushwork, represen-tational method with fine brushwork and closeattention to details, usually on nonabsorbent silk
or rice paper and in bright color, an opposite ofxieyi.
Gou 勾, cun 皴, ca 擦, dian 点, ran 染, aremethods of outlining and texture in inking andbrushwork. Gou means outlining and is executedusually with the brush vertically to the paper sur-face. Cun refers to texture making or shading withthe relatively dry brush slantingly to the paper, asca supplements to cun to provide rough texture ofmountains or rocks by very dry brush to rub withbrush in nearly a horizontal position. Dian, liter-ally pointing, usually applies on portraying mosson tree trunk or branches, as ran can be method ofeither coloring or inking, by put on a wash ofpigment, ink or both on the surface.
Guohua 国画 and zhongguohua 中国画,mean national painting and Chinese paintingrespectively, the term for ink painting emergedin the early twentieth century that differentiatesit from xihua or xiyanghua (western-style paint-ing, mainly oil painting). The similar termsinclude guowen (national written language andliterature), guoyu (national spoken language),guoxue (national scholarship or learning), guoyue(national music), guoshu (national martial arts),guohuo (China-made goods), guoyi or zhongyi(national/Chinese medicine), all have their west-ern counterparts except for guoshu (national mar-tial arts, maybe because there is no single type ofmartial arts but several, say, boxing and wrestle,in the West). The creation of this series of termi-nology could be seen as a part of campaign ofrevival of Chinese culture as well as a defensivestance in cultural identity when western culture
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493
was introduced and shaking the structure of Chi-nese tradition in the twentieth century.
Huaniao 花鸟, flowers-and-birds painting,one of three subjects of Chinese ink painting(another two are renwu and shanshui), includingall flowers, insects, fishes, and vegetables, orbeasts, sometimes with symbolic meaning.
Jiehua 界画, boundary line painting, usuallyusing a ruler to paint straight lines on architecture;introduced Chinese version of perspective in thepainting of architecture; initiated in late Tang andbecame popular in court painting of Ming andQing dynasties.
Mogu 没骨, boneless painting or brushwork,painting executed in ink wash and/or color with-out gou or outlining, an opposite method ofbaimiao.
Nianhua 年画 New Year’s prints. As XinNianhua was created in the 1950s, the mediumwas expanded into ink, watercolor and gouache,in addition to graphic type, as bright mainly pri-mary colors, all-covered painting surface and fes-tive atmosphere remained.
Renwu 人物, figure painting, one of threesubjects of Chinese ink painting.
Shanshui 山水, mountains-and-waters paint-ing, one of three subjects of Chinese ink painting,and major subject of literati painting.
Wenren hua 文人画, literati painting, inkpainting with literati aesthetics, usually usingshanshui, sometimes huaniao, as subject. Thegenesis was believed from Wang Wei, a painterof Tang Dynasty, while the end, though debat-able, is usually put in the early twentieth century,when the Qing Dynasty ends; the Orthodox lite-rati painting of Four Wang’s of Qing wascriticized by reformists and guohua, literally Chi-nese painting (or, national painting), a new termfor ink painting, was given and applied.
Xihua 西画, or xiyanghua, 西洋画, western-style painting, a term for non-ink painting
emerged in the early twentieth century thatdifferentiates from guohua or zhongguohua(national or Chinese painting); and referredmainly to oil painting, but also includes water-color and western-style drawing and graphic arts.
Xiesheng 写生, means grasp of life, draw,sketch or paint from life/nature; can be in allsubjects, namely shanshui, renwu and huaniao.This is the concept and practice that wasintroduced mainly from western, particularlyRenaissance, art in late nineteenth to early twenti-eth centuries, therefore, it includes all western artmedia.
Xieyi 写意, literally writing of ideas and feel-ing, freehand brushwork or painting characterizedby spontaneous expression, bold outline(no outline sometimes, so become mogu) andcalligraphic strokes, usually on absorbent ricepaper, an opposite of gongbi. When brushworkand ink wash become even freer and more spon-taneous, it’s called daxieyi (大写意), highly free-hand brushwork or painting.
Yuan 远, perspectives used in shanshui. Thereare three kinds of perspective in traditionalshanshui, called sanyuan, namely pingyuan 平
远, level distance; shenyuan 深远, deep distance;and gaoyuan 高远, high distance.
P.S. Painting and Calligraphy Formats
There are usually four formats of painting andcalligraphy, established firmly in the SongDynasty:
Guazhou 挂轴, hanging scroll, is a painting orcalligraphy surface of silk or rice paper,mounted with paper backing and cloth facing(same to all three formats), stored in rolled-upform, and exhibited unrolled and suspendedfrom a peg or portable stick some seven ornine feet above the ground. It’s therefore usu-ally vertical in format, although someapproaches a horizontal arrangement.
494 Chinese Glossary
Shoujuan 手卷, handscroll, is horizontal in theirlong dimension, which can measure fromabout one foot to about forty. The painting/calligraphy surface is likewise paper or silk,and the exterior binding is usually a rich bro-cade. Like hanging scrolls, handscrolls arealso rolled up for storage. For viewing, theyare unrolled from right to left, revealing first abrocade border, then the painting, usually pre-ceded by its title, and finally one or multipletiba, colophons. Colophons appear mostly inthe handscroll format and are written either byan owner of the painting/calligraphy, or by aperson invited to comment on the work or toimprovise on its theme or mood at some aus-picious time. Some sets of colophons numberover thirty, often on a painting/calligraphy afoot or two in length.
Shanmian 扇面, fan, either circular in round fanor sector shape in folding fan.
Ceye 册页, single sheet or album leaves, also onpaper or silk, and always small, has twosubtypes: the square or round album leaf andthe oblate circular fan shape.
The hanging scroll and the single sheet are framedin a border (sometimes in multiple borders) ofsilk. They correspond in general format toWestern painting. The handscroll is not usedin the West. In addition to these, the traditionaltypes of religious wall painting on wood, plas-ter, or other permanent material started fromSix Dynasties, continued and ultimatelydeclined.
Chinese Glossary 495
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Index1
Symbols0 Art Group”查页码,不需要 “0艺术集团” )0 Art Group 0艺术集团, 205, 206, 220, 222, 4720 Art Group Exhibition 0 艺术集团展览, 222, 472The 22nd International Biennial of São Paulo, 278798 Art District 798艺术区, 345–348, 363, 482–485798 Art Zone, see 798 Art District’83 Phase • Painting Experiment Exhibition 83年阶段•绘
画实验展览, 160, 470’85 Art Movement八五美术运动, 83, 120, 186, 314, 473’85 New Space ’85新空间 (artists group), 148, 208, 216’85 New Space ’85新空间 (exhibition), 123, 148, 472,
473’85 Youth Art Wave Grand Slide Show and Conference
(or Zhuhai Conference)’85 青年美术思潮大型幻灯展暨学术讨论会(或珠海会议), 123, 125, 227,230, 473
’86 Concave vs. Convex 86凹凸展, 160, 473’88 Chinese Modern Art Conference, see Mt. Huang
Conference ’88中国现代艺术研讨会
9.30 Painting Society 9.30画会, 205
AAcademic Exchange Exhibition of Young Artists around
China全国青年艺术家学术交流展, 228Academy of Art and Design (AAD), vii
See also “Central Academy of Arts and Crafts”A-Chang 阿昌 (He Yunchang 何云昌1967-), 312–313A-Cheng 阿城 (Zhong A-Cheng 钟阿城 1949-), 98, 101Action Art, 121, 137, 139, 153, 173, 190, 192–200, 212,
221–223, 226, 227, 236, 237, 239, 241, 256, 257,271, 302, 308–313, 322, 323, 325, 328, 336–339,347, 445–446, 473, 474, 476, 478, 480, 481, 486,489
Activism, 120, 193, 197, 317Ahmadinezhād, Mahmoud (1956-), 456Ai, Qing 艾青 (1910-1996), 101Ai, Shen 艾身 (1964-), 263
Ai, Weiwei 艾未未 (1957-), 98, 101, 308, 366, 370, 477,480, 481, 485, 490
Ai, Zhongxin 艾中信 (1915-2003), 8, 34, 35, 460Andrews, Julia (F. 1950s-), 4, 11, 14, 15, 19, 59–60, 67,
477Angremy, Bérénice (Chinese name Li Jing 黎静,
F. c.1960s-), 485An Opening Era: Celebration of 40th Anniversary of
Founding of China National Museum of FineArts 开放的时代:庆祝中国美术馆建馆40周年,361
Antagonism, 121, 190, 308Anti-Art反艺术, xiv, 121, 124, 126, 136–138, 179, 190,
192, 201, 205, 209, 210, 212, 218, 221, 250, 272,301, 308
Anti-Bourgeois Liberalization Campaign反资产阶级自
由化运动, 124, 228, 473Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign 清除精神污染, 86,
120, 187, 470Antonioni, Michelangelo (1912-2007), 60Aphrodite, 385Apple, 60, 64–65, 80, 134, 233, 368, 456April Fifth Movement 四五运动, 81, 85, 91, 467, 468April Photography Society 四月影会, 102Arafat, Yasser (1929-2004), 456Art and China after 1989: Theater of the World, 323Art and Illusion, 129Art Exhibition I 画展 I, 160art in humble room 陋室艺术, 221–223Art Nouveau, 129Art of central theme/melody主旋律艺术, 354Asad, Baššār al-’ (1965-), 456Ashcan School, 104, 368August 85 New Art 85.8新艺术展, 187Aung San Suu Kyi (F. 1945-), 328, 478Avalokitesvara千手千眼观音 (Guanyin of Thousand
Arms and Eyes), 366, 458Avant-Garde Movement, xiii, xxiv, 75–77, 79, 81,
85–103, 106, 108, 112, 116–265, 272–274, 277,278, 280–284, 287–289, 294–296, 298, 301–333,335–338, 353, 355, 356, 358, 360, 416, 427, 453,470–474, 476–478, 480, 481, 485, 486, 489
A-Zhen 阿真 (Zeng Zhaorong 曾朝容 F. 1962-), 233
1 (Chinese provided for Chinese entries such as names,exhibition/book/conference titles, concepts, subjectsand events. As Chinese concept in pinyin is in italic,English and Chinese titles of exhibitions, booksand conferences are in italic too.)
# Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020Y. Zhou, A History of Contemporary Chinese Art, Chinese Contemporary Art Series,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1141-7
503
BBacon, Francis (1909-1992), 268, 291Bada Shanren八大山人 (Zhu Da朱耷 1626-1905), 73,
256, 268Bagua八卦, 204Baimiao白描 linear outlining (in ink painting), 10, 13, 14,
29, 436, 494Banghe 棒喝, 126Bao, Jianfei包剑斐 (F. 1959-), 123, 148, 150, 328Bao, Le-an包乐安 (born c. 1940s-1950s), 75Barbie, 456Barney, Mathew (1967-), 457Baselitz, Georg (1938-), 174, 291Basking in the Sunshine 晒太阳, 201, 223, 473Bastien-Lapage, Jules (1848-1884), 214Bauhaus, 129, 345Becher, Bernd (1931-2007), 390Becher, Hilla (1934-2015), 390Beidao北岛 (Zhao Zhenkai 赵振开 1949-), 101Beijing Afloat北京漂移, 346, 482Beijing Commune北京公社, 347Beijing Exhibition Center北京展览馆, 44, 57, 130, 461,
463, 470Beijing Oil Painting Research Group北京油画研究会,
120Beijing Youth Painting Society北京青年画会, 120, 221Bell, Clive (1881-1964), 215Bellefroid, Emmanuel 白天祥 (1948-), 100Belting, Hans (1935-), 213Bergman, Ingrid (1915-1982), 188Beuys, Joseph (1921-1986), 210, 395Big-Tail Elephant 大尾象, 321, 437, 475, 489Bingyi冰逸 (Huang, Bingyi 黄冰逸 F. 1975-), 327, 407–
413Black Union 黑色联盟, 191, 192Black painting 黑画, 67, 68, 466, 467Black-White-Black 黑白黑, 160, 473Black-White Creation Society 黑白创造社, 177, 178Bodhisattva 菩萨, 100, 424, 456Borges, Jorge Luis (1899-1986), 145Bosch, Hieronymus (1450-1516), 318Boyun 薄云 (Li Yongcun李永存 1948-), 98Brown, Fredrick J. (1945-2012), 259Bruna, Hendrik (1927-2017), 453Bryson, Norman (1949-), 296Buddhist Prayer Beads and Brush Strokes 念珠与笔触,
362, 363Burnell, Robert (c. 1960s-), 345, 481Bu, Zhengwei布正伟 (1939-), 124Byron, George (1788-1824), 378
Cca 擦, 205, 431, 493Cai, Guoqiang 蔡国强 (1957-), 38, 300, 301, 360, 475,
476, 479, 484Cai, Jin 蔡锦 (F. 1965-), 329Cai, Ruohong 蔡若虹 (1910-2002), 6–8, 14, 15
Cai, Shiwei 蔡士伟 (c.1990s-), 376Cai, Yi 蔡仪 (1906-1992), 8Calder, Alexander (1898-1976), 124Camus, Albert (1913-1960), 145, 182, 252Cang, Xin 苍鑫 (1967-), 311, 312, 346Cao, Dan 曹丹 (1960-), 253Cao, Fei 曹斐 (F. 1978-), 447Cao, Kai 曹恺 (1969-), 359Cao, Li 曹力 (1954-), 128, 221Cao, Xiaodong 曹晓冬 (1961-), 144, 184, 220Cao, Xiaomei 曹晓梅 (F. 1944-), 75Cao, Xueqin曹雪芹 (1715-1763), 451Cao, Yong 曹涌 (1954-), 187Cao, Yong 曹勇 (1962-), 253Cape of Good Hope Modern Art Exhibition 好望角现代
艺术展, 186Castro, Fidel (1926-2016), 456Central Academy of Arts and Crafts (CAAC), vii, 45, 49,
112, 199, 235, 251, 433, 438, 462, 466, 472See also “Academy of Art and Design (AAD)”中央工
艺美术学院
Central Academy of Drama (CAD)中央戏剧学院, vii,132, 173
Central Academy of Fine Arts (CAFA)中央美术学院,vii, viii, 5, 9, 14, 15, 24, 27–32, 49, 59, 110, 122,130, 132, 134, 173, 175, 199, 215, 230, 233, 240,242, 249, 259, 262, 267–269, 278, 280, 284, 288,307, 320, 329, 353, 354, 360–362, 459–462, 464–470, 473, 474, 477–479, 482, 483, 487–489
Central Academy of Fine Arts High School or CAFA HighSchool中央美术学院附属中学, 49, 59, 240
Central Cultural Revolution Group中央文革小组, 49, 67,466
Cézanne, Paul (1839-1906), 225Chagall, Marc (1887-1985), 129, 173Chai, Feiyi柴斐义 (c. 1950s-), 263, 264Chaile Travel 拆了旅行社, 390, 391Chai, Xiaogang柴小刚 (1962-), 144, 220, 223, 254Chan Buddhism, 121, 126, 131, 156, 365–367, 403Chang-e 嫦娥, 456Chang, Tsong-zung (Johnson) 张颂仁 (1951-), 99, 272,
278, 476chaoting朝廷, 341Chen, Baoyi 陈抱一 (1893-1945), 217, 218Chen, Beixin 谌北新 (1932-), 29Chen, Boda 陈伯达 (1904-1989), 49Chen, Chengzong 陈承宗 (1960-), 244Chen, Danqing 陈丹青 (1953-), 109–112, 175, 188, 190,
469Cheng, Conglin 程丛林 (1954-), 105–106, 130Cheng, Li 成力 (1954-), 187, 314Cheng, Shifa 程十发 (1921-2007), 67Cheng, Xiaoyu 成肖玉 (1956-), 218, 251Chen, Jiagang 陈家刚 (1962-), 350, 459Chen, Jin 陈进 (1964-), 481Chen, Lide 陈立德 (1948-), 273, 275Chen, Lingyang 陈羚羊 (F. 1975-), 444, 445
504 Index
Chen, Lüsheng 陈履生 (1956-), 8, 10, 15Chen, Shaoping 陈少平 (1947-), 246, 304, 307, 320,
433Chen, Shaoxiong 陈劭雄 (1962-2016), 195, 320–323,
437, 440–441, 475, 489, 490Chen, Shiqu 陈士渠 (1909-1995), 89Chen, Shubao陈叔宝 (best known as Chen Houzhu,陈后
主 553-604), 166Chen, Weiwei 陈葳葳 (F. 1954-), 125Chen, Xiaoxin 陈孝信 (1943-), 286Chen, Xingzhu 陈兴祝 (1961-), 188–190Chen, Xiuliang 陈修良 (F. 1907-1998), 89Chen, Yanning 陈衍宁 (1945-), 58, 60Chen, Yi 陈毅 (1901-1972), 18, 58, 89Chen, Yifei 陈逸飞 (1946-2005), 60, 87–90Chen, Yiming 陈宜明 (1950-), 104, 273, 441Chen, Yinke 陈寅恪 (1890-1969), 414Chen, Yonggui 陈永贵 (1914-1986), 62, 63Chen, Yufei 陈宇飞 (1962-), 182, 183, 254Chen, Yuxian 陈玉先 (1944-), 58Chen, Zaiyan 陈再炎 (1971-), 429Chen, Zhen 陈箴 (1955-2000), 136, 140, 162, 163, 216,
219, 475, 481Chen, Zizhuang 陈子庄 (1913-1976), 66, 69, 73–74China Academy of Art中国美术学院 (CAA), vii, ix, 320,
324, 358–360, 362, 381, 407, 460, 477, 483See also “Zhejiang Academy of Fine Arts (ZAFA)”
China Anonymous Painters Society中国无名氏画会,185
China Artists Association中国美术家协会 (CAA), 4–6,15, 459
China/Avant-Garde中国现代艺术展, xiii, xiv, 123, 125,173, 226–265, 272, 274, 278, 282, 287–289, 294,328, 335, 416, 474, 480, 486, 489
China Federation of Literary and Art Circles中国文学艺
术界联合会 (中国文联 CFLAC), vii, 4, 90, 459,464, 468
China Independent Art Association中华独立美术协会,120
China Independent Film Festival (CIFF)中国独立影像年度展, 483–488
China’s avant-garde中国先锋艺术, xiii, 117, 119–121,124, 129, 138, 179, 182, 214, 224, 229, 272, 287,335–338, 476, 477, 481
China’s New Art, Post-1989 后八九中国新艺术, 272–283, 292, 476
China Writers Association中国作家协会 (CWA), vii,120
Chinese Maximalism中国极多主义, 301, 362, 363, 366–368, 483
Chinese Modern Art Research Society中国现代艺术研
究会, 228Chinese National Academy of Arts (CNAA), vii, viii, ix,
123, 472, 475Chinese Women Artists Invitational Exhibition中华女画
家邀请展, 329, 332, 472Chinese Youth in Progress Art Exhibition 前进中的中国
青年美术作品展览, 122, 132, 134, 135, 472Chistyakov, Pavel (1832-1919), 14
Chistyakov Drawing Pedagogy 契斯恰科夫素描教学法,14, 29, 130, 360
chongxin quanshi chuantong 重新诠释传统
re-interpreting tradition, 122, 132, 134, 135, 472Chu culture, 202, 203, 205, 206, 248Clark, Kenneth (1903-1983), 129Clarke, David (1954-), 295, 296Classic of Mountains and Seas 山海经 Shan Hai Jing,
173, 293, 418–423, 425, 433, 437, 455, 457, 484Clinton, Hillary (F. 1947-), 328, 478Close, Chuck (1940-), 107Cold Dew Painting Exhibition寒露画展,186Color-Field Painting, 163Colville, Alex (1920-2013), 129, 133, 214, 224Concave and Convex Exhibition凹凸展, 222, 223Concept 21 group 观念21小组, 199Confucianism儒学/儒教, 6, 33, 44, 104, 118, 119, 121,
136, 140, 368Corner of Graphic Art 版画角, 160Corot, J.B.C. (1796-1875), 214Courbet, Gustave (1819-1877), 284Critical Realism, xv, 104, 106, 111, 135, 144, 317, 368–
396Cueco, Henri (1929-2017), 124Cui, Xiuwen 崔岫闻 (F. 1967-2018), 374, 375, 444, 448,
490cultural consciousness, 118Cultural Fever 文化热, xiv, 117, 140, 294, 387, 453, 469,
471See also “Great Cultural Discussion”
Culture: China and the World Series文化:中国与世界系列丛书, 229
Cultural Revolution or Great Proletarian CulturalRevolution文化革命或无产阶级文化大革命,xiii, xiv, 2, 11, 17, 28, 30, 32, 37, 38, 43, 84–117,119, 120, 122, 126, 130, 155, 158, 174, 180, 186,197, 233, 250, 254, 270, 275, 282, 313, 319, 324,330, 346, 350, 354–357, 368, 369, 378, 452, 465,466, 469
cun 皴, 20, 70, 205, 395, 414, 431, 493cunfa 皴法 texture methods (in ink painting), 20, 21, 71,
143, 182, 416, 493Current of Life 生命之流, xiv, 13, 121, 122, 128, 136,
137, 140, 162, 167–190, 216, 218, 220, 221, 224,248–250, 252–256, 280, 295, 317, 396, 439
Cynical Realism 玩世现实主义, xiv, 265, 272–283, 298,302, 327, 343, 360, 369, 475
DDachuanlian 大串联 the Great Revolutionary March, 54Dada, 129, 131, 138, 210, 217Dadaism, 137, 217, 367Dai, Guangyu 戴光郁 (1955-), 337, 339, 340, 427–429Dali, Salvador (1904-1989), 129, 146Damon, Betsy (1940-), 337Daoism, 6, 121, 134, 162, 163, 178, 202, 204, 225, 248,
379, 402, 404, 408, 418, 429Dashanzi Art District (DAD, 大山子艺术区), see 798 Art
District
Index 505
Datong Dazhang 大同大张 (exhibition), 335Datong Dazhang 大同大张 (Zhang Shengquan 张盛泉,
1955-2000), 237, 308, 335, 336, 481David, Jacques-Louis (1748-1825), 141daxieyi 大写意 freehand brushwork (in ink painting), 73,
494Dazhang, see Datong Dazhangdazibao 大字报 big-character poster, 48, 95, 157, 158,
223, 249de Chirico, Giorgio (1888-1978), 224de Kooning, Willem (1904-1997), 162, 214, 258Delacroix, Eugène (1798-1863), 25, 268, 269De Maria, Walter (1935-2013), 303Deng, Pingxiang 邓平祥 (1947-), 126, 128Deng, Qiyao 邓启耀 (c. 1960s-), 167Deng, Shu 邓澍 (F. 1929-), 28, 59Deng, Xiaoping 邓小平 (1904-1997), 17, 48, 63, 86, 267,
270Derain, André (1880-1954), 214, 406Derrida, Jacques (1930-2004), 413Desai, Vishakha N. (F. 1949-), 294Dikötter, Frank (1961-), 17, 371Ding, Defu丁德福 (1957-), 167Ding, Fang丁方 (1956-), 123, 127, 143, 145, 200, 216,
219, 248, 284Ding, Yanyong丁衍庸 (1902-1978), 23Ding, Yi丁乙 (1962-), 196, 261, 262, 291, 292, 348, 360,
363, 364, 367Dong, Chao 董超 (1958-), 191, 192, 222Dongfang zhi Xing东方之星, 447Dong, Qichang 董其昌 (1555-1636), 406, 414Dong, Shouping董寿平 (1904-1997), 67Dong, Xiwen 董希文 (1914-1973), 25–28, 34, 36, 175,
188, 190, 460, 464, 467Dongyu Art Museum东宇美术馆, 350DRC No.12 外交公寓12号, 355–358, 488Dream of the Red Chamber 红楼梦, 451Duan, Xiucang 段秀苍 (1953-), 180–182Duan, Yingmei 段英梅 (F. 1969-), 311, 312Duchamp, Marcel (1887-1968), 178, 210, 222, 487Du, Jian杜键 (1933-), 329Du, Mu杜牧 (803-852), 166Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528), 128, 462Düsseldorf School of Photography, 390Dvořák, Max (1874-1921), 129
EEditorial Committee: Culture–China and the World“文化:
中国与世界”编辑委员会, 119Editorial Committee for Twentieth-Century Western
Scholarly Classics二十世纪西方学术著作编辑
委员会, 119, 471Educated Youths 知识青年, 53, 56, 99, 104, 379
See also “Rusticated Urban Youths”Eighteenth Art Society一八艺社, 103Eight Immortals Crossing the Sea八仙过海, 455Eliasson, Olafur (1967-), 347Enlightenment, xiv, 3, 51, 120, 126, 135, 141, 151, 167,
171, 179, 193, 200, 225, 229, 271, 281, 295, 315,340, 354, 355, 366, 387, 403, 453
Ensler, Eve (F. 1953-), 445
Enwezor, Okwui (1963-2019), 482Ether Painting Exhibition以太画展, 186Event Occurred in the Fujian Provincial Art Museum发生
在福建省美术馆的事件, 154, 211Exhibition of American Painting from Boston Museum of
Art 波士顿美术馆美国名画原作展, 470Exhibition of Canadian Painter A. Colville加拿大著名画
家科尔维尔画展, 133Exhibition of Chen Zizhuang’s Posthumous Works陈子庄
遗作展, 174Exhibition of D.B.D. (West Germany) Expressionist
Painting 德意志联邦共和国表现主义油画展览,470
Exhibition of French Painting of 250 Years 法国250年绘
画展览, 470Exhibition of German Expressionist Prints德国表现主义
版画展览, 99, 100Exhibition of Huang Qiuyuan’s Posthumous Works of
Calligraphy and Painting 黄秋园生前书画展, 72,472
Exhibition of Middle-Aged Artists’ Painting半截子画展,127, 472
Exhibition of Modern Art of the 1990s九十年代现代艺术大展, 343, 344
Exhibition of Nineteenth-Century French RuralLandscape 19世纪法国乡村风景画展, 119, 468
Exhibition of Norwegian Painter Munch’s Painting 挪威蒙克画展, 464
Exhibition of Painting of Vitality 生生画展, 21Exhibition of Paintings by Five Artists from Tibet 西藏五
人画展, 188, 473Exhibition of Paintings by Japanese Painter Kaii
Higashiyama 日本著名画家东山魁夷作品展,468
Exhibition of Picasso’s Painting 毕加索绘画原作展览,470
Exhibition of Soviet Union Modern Painting 苏联现代绘
画展览, 460Exhibition of Youth Art of Fujian and Shanghai闽沪青年
美展, 160Experimental Art实验艺术, xiv, 122, 159, 186, 187, 258,
342, 351, 358–362, 483, 487, 488Exploration, Discovery and Expression 探索 •发现 • 表
现, 187, 471Expressionism, 99, 100, 120, 206, 214, 253, 259, 295,
302, 370, 371, 431
FFan, Bo 樊波 (1957-), 177, 397Fan, Di-an 范迪安 (1955-), 127, 199, 210, 212, 230, 278,
353, 482Fang-an 方案艺术 Proposal Art, 307–309Fang, Ganmin 方干民 (1906-1984), 218Fang, Jizhong 方济众 (1923-1987), 67Fang, Lijun方力钧 (1963-), 278, 280, 283, 291, 292, 343,
369, 476, 478Fang, Ling 方灵 (20th c.), 39, 40Fan, Jingzhong 范景中 (1951-), 122, 128–131Fan, Kuan 范宽 (c.950-1032), 72fantou cun矾头皴 alum-head/lump texture method (in ink
painting), 71
506 Index
Fan, Zhongyan 范仲淹 (989-1052), 91, 342, 353Faurschou Foundation林冠画廊, 347Faurschou, Jens (1960-), 347Faurschou, Luise (F. 1965-), 347February 28 Incident (台湾)二二八事件, 299Fei, Dawei 费大为 (1954-), 213, 230, 232, 287, 346, 475,
480, 484, 485Fei, Mu 费穆 (1906-1951), 327Feng, Boyi冯博一 (1960-), 308, 346, 477, 479, 481, 482Feng, Fasi冯法祀 (1914-2009), 29, 34, 36, 460Feng, Guodong冯国东 (1948-2005), 356, 488Feng, Jicai冯骥才 (1942-), 233Feng, Mengbo冯梦波 (1966-), 274, 291, 292, 482Feng, Xi冯兮 (1978-), 356Feng, Yuan冯远 (1952-), 353Feng, Zhen冯真 (F. 1931-), 8Feng, Zikai丰子恺 (1898-1975), 67, 467Fengshui 风水, 413The Fiftieth Venice Biennial, 361, 381The Fifty-second Venice Biennial, 381First Anhui Oil Painting Exhibition 第一届安徽油画展,
471The First China Contemporary Art Forum 第一届中际论
坛, 348First Experimental Show 第一回实验展, 196, 222, 473First National Exhibition of the China Anonymous
Painters Society 首次中国无名氏画会全国美展,185
First Perspective Painting Exhibition 首届视野画展, 186First Shanghai Youth Art Exhibition 首届上海青年美术
作品大展, 127, 160, 473Five Youngsters of Guiyang 贵阳五青年 (artists group),
102The Forty-fifth Venice Bienniale, 290, 291, 477Foucault, Michel (1926-1984), 413Four Wangs 四王, 494Francis, Mark (c.1960s-), 287Freud, Lucian (1922-2011), 282Freud, Sigmund (1856-1939), 169, 336Friedrich, Caspar (1774-1840), 422Friends of Art Circle: A Salon Show 画坛之友”沙龙画
展, 160Fu, Baoshi 傅抱石 (1904-1965), 18, 19, 21, 65, 67, 464Fu, Tianchou 傅天仇 (1920-1990), 34, 36Futurism, 138, 383, 384Futurologist未来学派, 118, 119, 471Fu, Zhongwang 傅中望 (1956-), 203, 204, 315
GGaddafi, Muammar (1942-2011), 456Gan, Yang 甘阳 (1952-), 119, 229, 471Gao, Gang 高岗 (1905-1954), 27, 28Gao, Hong 高虹 (1926-), 29, 58, 87Gao, Minglu 高名潞 (1949-), 75, 76, 81, 83, 90, 91, 94–
96, 104, 120, 122, 123, 126, 128, 136, 137, 139,140, 143, 144, 149, 163, 167, 172, 175, 178, 186,191, 197, 199, 203, 205, 206, 209, 214, 216, 225–230, 233, 235, 237, 240, 242, 243, 247, 261, 263,274, 278, 294–296, 301, 302, 306, 308, 314, 327,329, 332, 355, 356, 362–364, 366–368, 443, 473,474, 476, 477, 479, 483, 490
Gao, Quan 高泉 (1936-), 28, 58Gao, Qiang 高强 (1962-), 244, 478, 480Gao, Sheng 高兟 (1956-), 244Gao, Shiming 高士明 (1976-), 320Gao, Shiqiang 高士强 (1971-), 320Gao, Xiaohua 高小华 (1955-), 130Gao, Xuesen 高学森 (1986-), 351, 352Gao, Yang 高炀 (1965-), 311, 312gaoyuan 高远 high distance (in ink painting), 55, 494Gao, Yubao 高玉宝 (1927-), 37Gaozi 告子 (c. Fourth Century B.C.), 439Geng, Jianyi 耿建翌 (1962-2017), 129–132, 150–154,
183, 184, 208, 217, 231, 232, 291, 292, 308, 321,359, 476, 489
Gerasimov, Sergei (1885-1964), 62German Expressionism, 129Ge, Yan 葛岩 (c.1956-), 122Giacometti, Alberto (1901-1966), 262Gilbert and George (Gilbert Prousch, 1943-, and George
Passmore, 1942-), 310, 477Gombrich, Ernst (1909-2001), 128–130gongbi, gongbihua or gongbi zhongcai 工笔、工笔画或
工笔重彩, 5, 10, 13, 41, 42, 113, 147, 258, 275,416
Gonggong共工, 418Grand narrative(s) or Metanarrative, 143, 250, 273, 454,
457Graphic Art of Four Artists 四人版画展, 160Grass Society 草草社, 102Great Cultural Discussion 文化大讨论, 117, 118, 120,
157, 469See also “Cultural Fever”
guai li luan shen 怪力乱神, 220Guan, Ce 管策 (1957-), 144, 183, 185Guan, Daosheng 管道升 (F. 1262-1319), 330, 331Guan, Huaibin 管怀宾 (1961-), 359Guan, Shanyue关山月 (1912-2000), 18, 19, 21, 58, 60,
65, 66Guang, Yao广曜 (c. 1962-), 254Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts (GAFA)广州美术学
院, 130, 195, 463Guangzhou • the First 1990s Biennial Art Fair广州 •首届
九十年代艺术双年展, 286, 476Guanyin 观音, 6Guan, Ying关颖 (F. c.1960s-), 148, 151Guanyin of Thousand Arms and Eyes千手千眼 观音
(Avalokitesvara), 366, 456Gu, Chenfeng 顾承峰 (1957-), 286Gu, Cheng 顾城 (1956-1993), 101Gu, Dexin 顾德鑫 (1962-), 245, 246, 258, 287–289, 304,
347, 357, 475, 478gufa 骨法 (calligraphic brushwork in ink painting), 177gufa yongbi骨法用笔 (using calligraphic brush strokes as
if they are bones of the body), 433Guggenheim Museum, 294, 304, 323, 325, 479, 489guiqi 鬼气, 202, 248Gu, Kaizhi 顾恺之 (c.348-405), 426Gu, Liming 顾黎明 (1963-), 359guohua 国画 national painting, 5, 13–22, 28, 29, 67, 142,
175, 459, 493, 494guohua gaizao 国画改造 (remolding of guohua), 13–22
Index 507
Guo, Jinghan 郭景涵 (1958-), 271Guo, Pu 郭璞 (276-324), 413Guo, Shaogang 郭绍纲 (1932-), 28Guo, Shirui 郭世锐 (1952-), 308Gursky, Andreas (1955-), 390Gu, Wenda谷文达 (1955-), 123, 126, 127, 130, 131, 140,
142, 157, 164–166, 184, 219, 223, 243, 249, 397,426, 429, 475–477
Gu, Yizhou古一舟 (1923-1987), 8, 9
HHaacke, Hans (1936-), 292Hai Bo 海波 (1962-), 347, 360, 378, 379Haier Brothers 海尔兄弟, 456Hammer Collection (US):Masterpieces of Five Hundred
Years 美国韩默藏画:500年名作原件展览, 470Han, Fei 韩非 (279-233 B.C.), 413Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1804-1864), 67, 443Hearn, Maxwell 何慕文 (c.1950-), 401, 487Heavenly Horse Painting Society 天马画会, 103He, Chengyao 何成瑶 (F. 1964-), 443, 444He, Duoling 何多苓 (1948-), 108–110, 130, 133, 171,
189, 284He, Haixia 何海霞 (1908-1998), 67Heidegger, Martin (1889-1976), 126He, Kongde 何孔德 (1925-2003), 29, 58, 87Hermeneutics 解释学派, 118–121, 126, 135–138, 157,
178, 200, 250, 453, 471He, Rong 何溶 (1921-1989), 123He, Sen 何森 (1968-), 278He, Shan 何山 (1941-), 128He, Yunchang 何云昌 (A-Chang 阿昌 1967-), 312, 313Hill, Gary (1951-), 321, 478Hirayama, Ikuo平山郁夫 (1930-2009), 469Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945), 456Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg (Hamburg
University of Fine Arts), 173, 475Höfer, Candida (F. 1944-), 390hong, guang, liang 红光亮 (redness, smoothness,
brightness), 45, 48, 60Hong, Hao 洪浩 (1965-), 360Hong, Yiran 洪毅然 (1913-1990), 14Hong, Zaixin 洪再新 (c.1950s-), 123, 129Hou, Bo 侯波 (F. 1924-2017), 2Hou, Hanru侯瀚如 (1963-), 199, 230, 287, 295, 306, 331,
361, 483Hou, Wenyi 侯文怡 (F. 1956-), 167, 328Hou, Yimin 侯一民 (1930-), 29, 31, 50, 53, 59Hua, Guofeng华国锋 (1921-2008), 85, 86, 468Huaihua Group 怀化群体, 205, 207, 217Huajia 画家 Painters, 122, 127–128, 472Huang, Binhong 黄宾虹 (1865-1955), 68, 71, 73, 461Huangdi Neijing 黄帝内经 Esoteric Scripture of the
Yellow Emperor, 413Huang, Gongwang 黄公望 (1269-1354), 399Huang, Jian 黄坚 (1961-), 155
Huang, Qiuyuan 黄秋园 (1914-1979), 67, 69–74, 127,397, 472
Huang, Rui 黄锐 (1952-), 98, 346, 485Huang, Xuebin 黄学斌 (1979-), 390Huang, Yali 黄雅莉 (F. 1954-), 203, 205, 248, 328Huang, Yihan 黄一翰 (1963-), 453Huang, Yongpan 黄永磐 (c.1950s-), 245Huang, Yongping 黄永砯 (1954-2019), 126, 127, 130,
131, 137, 140, 154, 184, 190, 209, 210, 212, 213,215, 217, 232, 243, 244, 258, 287–289, 347,474–478, 480
Huang, Yongyu 黄永玉 (1924-), 67, 68Huangzhou 黄胄 (Liang Huangzhou 梁黄胄 1925-1997),
67Huang, Zhuan黄专 (1958-2016), 125, 285, 286, 482, 488Huaniao 花鸟 flowers-and-birds (painting), 13, 15, 112,
399, 402, 426, 429, 494Hua, Tianxue华天雪 (F. 1967-), 481Hua, Tianyou 滑田友 (1901-1986), 34, 36Hua, Tuo华佗 (c.140–208), 317Hua, Xia华夏 (Cheng Shan 程珊 1923-2019), 11Huayuan 画院, 57Hubei Academy of Fine Arts (HAFA)湖北美术学院, 130Hubei Youth Art Festival 湖北青年美术节, 203, 473Hu, Jianping 胡建平 (1962-), 262Hu, Jie 胡杰 (1958-), 372, 373, 476Humble Realism 素朴现实主义, 6, 22–34Hunan Fine Arts Publishing House湖南美术出版社, 3, 8,
127, 284, 287, 475Hundred Days Reform 百日维新, 118Hurst, Damien (1965-), 291Hussein, Saddam (1937-2006), 456hutong 胡同, 408Hütte, Axel (1954-), 390Hu, Wei 胡伟 (1957-), 218Hu, Yaobang 胡耀邦 (1915-1989), 267Hu, Yichuan 胡一川 (1910-2000), 47, 100, 463Hu, Zhaoyang 胡朝阳 (1959-), 190, 191, 193, 222
IIdealism, 99, 120, 121, 169, 273, 283, 302, 317Ideals and Idols, 129Ikkyū-san一休, 456The Image and the Eye: Further Studies in the Psychology
of Pictorial Representation, 129Impressionism, 76, 78, 113, 129, 214, 217, 263Ingres, Jean-Dominique (1780-1867), 214, 232Ink Art: Past as Present in Contemporary China, 401Innovative Painting Exhibition出新画展, 187International Book Fair 国际图书展览, 130International Forum of Qi Baishi’s Art 齐白石艺术国际
论坛, 350International Travelling Show of Rauschenberg Art 劳森
伯艺术国际巡回展, 125, 190Invitational Exhibition of New Works of Chinese Painting
中国画新作邀请展, 472
508 Index
JJames, Christopher (c.1940s-), 414Jameson, Fredric (1934-), 138, 259Japanese Painting by Hirayama Ikuo平山郁夫日本画展
览, 469jia da kong 假大空 falseness, largeness and emptiness,
350Jia, Fangzhou 贾方舟 (1940-), 123Jiang, Bo 姜波 (1961-), 271Jiang, Feng 江丰 (1910-1982), 28, 99, 462Jiang, Hai 江海 (1961-), 254, 255Jianghe 江河 (Yu Youze于友泽 1949-), 101jianghu 江湖 rivers and lakes, 341, 342, 345, 347, 353,
354Jiang, Jieshi 蒋介石 (Chiang Kai-shek, 1887-1975), 1, 6,
87, 88Jiangjijiuji 将计就计, 301Jiang, Qing 江青 (F. 1914-1991), 48–51, 54, 67, 68, 465,
467Jiang, Yinggao 蒋应镐 (early 17th c.), 418, 420Jiang, Zemin 江泽民 (1926-), 17, 370Jiang, Zhaohe蒋兆和 (1904-1986), 13, 16, 17, 19, 63, 460Jiang, Zhusong 姜竹松 (1962-), 184Jiao, Xingtao 焦兴涛 (1970-), 392Jiao, Yaoming 焦耀明 (1957-), 184, 245Jia, Sixie 贾思勰 (c. fifth c.), 442Jia, Zhangke 贾樟柯 (1970-), 361jibai danghei 计白当黑 compositing white area as (ink)
black component, 410Ji, Dawei 戢大卫 (1967-), 356jiehua 界画 Boundary-Line Painting, 10, 33, 494jielishili 借力使力, 301jiesuo cun 解索皴 unraveled rope texture method (in ink
painting), 414jijian erfan 集简而繁 complicity amassed on simplicity,
362, 363Ji, Kang 嵇康 (223-263), 379Jin, Feng 金锋 (1962-), 359Jin, Guantao 金观涛 (1947-), 118, 471Jingtubian净土变 Sukhawati, Western Paradise or Pure
Land, 83Jing, Xiaolei 景晓雷 (1980-), 382–384, 453Jin, Meisheng 金梅生 (1902-1989), 40, 41Jin, Shangyi 靳尚谊 (1934-), 29, 59, 86, 87, 229Jintian今天 (Today, a magazine), 34, 95Jobs, Steve (1955-2011), 458Joint Exhibition of Hunan Young Artist Groups 湖南青年
艺术家集群展, 202, 473Joyce, James (1882-1941), 252juanyun cun卷云皴 rolling-cloud texture method (in ink
painting), 70Judd, Donald (1928-1994), 225Ji, Xiaoqiu冀晓秋 (1931-), 58
KKafka, Franz (1883-1924), 145, 252Kaii, Higashiyama东山魁夷 (1908-1999), 468Kandinsky, Wassily (1866-1944), 129, 214, 216Kang, Mu康木 (c.1962-), 199Kang, Sheng康生 (1898-1975), 49Kang, Wanhua康万华 (1944-), 75
Kasang卡桑 (F. 1961-), 140Katong Yidai卡通一代 Cartoon Generation, 452Katsushika, Hokusai 葛饰北斋 (1760-1849), 406kexue jiuguo 科学救国 save the nation through sciences,
118KFC Colonel, 456Klimt, Gustav (1862-1918), 129, 214Kollwitz, Käthe (F. 1867-1945), 99, 100, 129, 372, 461,
469Kong, Bu孔布 (1965-), 311Kong, Chang-an孔长安 (1953-), 199, 230, 278, 284, 306Kongling 空灵 ethereal, 407Kong, Ning孔宁 (F. 1958-), 445–447Kosolapov, Alexander (1943-), 277Kosuth, Joseph (1945-), 428Kum, Chi-keung 甘志强 (1965-), 300Kundera, Milan (1929-), 417
LLacoste 鳄鱼 (a brand), 456Laden, Osama bin (1957-2011), 456Lago, Francesca dal (弗兰 F. c.1960s-), 290Lanzhou Art Corps兰州艺术军团, 186, 187, 313–315,
471, 476Lee, Bruce李小龙 (1940-1973), 424Lee, Tung-hui李登辉 (1930-), 299Leng, lin冷林 (1965-), 347, 480, 486Leninism, 44, 121Levitan, Isaac (1860-1900), 106LeWitt, Sol (1928-2007), 225Liang, Shaoji 梁绍基 (1945-), 246, 416, 417, 419Liang, Shuming 梁漱溟 (1893-1988), 394, 395Liang, Xiaochuan 梁小川 (1963-), 315, 316Liang, Xihong 梁锡鸿 (1912-1982), 120Liang, Yi 梁毅 (c.1960s-), 390Liang, Yue 梁玥 (F. 1979-), 367lianhuanhua 连环画 serial picture stories, 5, 467Liao, Wen廖雯 (F. 1961-), 291, 329, 330Liaozhai Zhiyi 聊斋志异 Strange Tales of Liaozhai, 173Li, Ao李敖 (1935-2018), 413Li, Bin李斌 (1949-), 89, 90, 104, 273Li, Dazhao李大钊 (1889-1927), 218Li, Guijun李贵君 (1964-), 132, 133, 218Li, Han李汉 (1964-) 192Li, Hu李斛 (1919-1975), 67Li, Hua李桦 (1907-1994), 8, 14Li, Huaji李化吉 (1931-), 112Li, Huasheng李华生 (1944-2018), 363, 365, 366Li, Jianshen李见深 (1959-), 433Li, Jin李津 (1958-), 175, 176, 256, 257, 397, 439, 441,
442Li, Jing 黎静 (Bérénice Angremy, F. c.1960s-), 485Li, Jixiang李继祥 (1955-), 340, 433Li, Keran李可染 (1907-1989), 14, 17, 67–69Li, Keru 黎柯汝 (1962-), 385–387Li, Kuchan李苦禅 (1899-1983), 67Li, Luming李路明 (1957-), 122, 123, 128, 284Lin, Biao林彪 (1907-1971), 49, 68, 273, 465Lin, Chun林春 (1960-), 209, 212, 223, 225, 244Lin, Fengmian林风眠 (1900-1991), 23, 26, 67, 130Lin, Gang林岗 (1925-), 9, 10, 28
Index 509
Lin, Jiahua林嘉华 (1953-), 245Lin, Tianmiao林天苗 (F. 1961-), 329, 330, 332, 351, 443Lin, Wei林薇 (F. 1960-), 140Lin, Yilin林一林 (1964-), 195, 322, 323, 361, 475Lin, Yong林墉 (1942-), 58, 60Lin, Zexu林则徐 (1785-1850), 35Lin, Zhao林昭 (F. 1932-1968), 372Ling, Huitao凌徽涛 (1954-)183–185, 230, 251, 252Li, Qi李琦 (1928-2009), 8, 17, 20Li, Qun李群 (c.1960s-), 244Li, Shan李山 (1944-), 128, 140, 160, 161, 163, 216, 219,
225, 235, 236, 243, 274–276, 278, 291, 292, 367,476, 478
Li, Shan李珊 (F. 1957-), 75, 91, 93Li, Shaoyan李少言 (1918-2002), 108Li, Shuang李爽 (F. 1957-), 98, 100Li, Tianxiang李天祥 (1928-), 28Li, Tianyuan李天元 (1965-), 204, 278Liu, Anping 刘安平 (1964-), 241Liu, Bingke 刘兵克 (c. 1980s-), 376Liu, Bocheng 刘伯承 (1892-1986), 89Liu, Chengying 刘成英 (1957-), 337, 340Liu, Chunhua 刘春华 (1944-), 50, 51, 53, 466Liu, Dahong 刘大鸿 (1962-), 129, 274–276Liu, Dianzhang 刘典章 (1932-), 127Liu, Dong 刘东 (1955-), 119Liu, Gangji 刘纲纪 (1933-), 125Liu, Haisu 刘海粟 (1896-1994), 23, 96, 477, 480Liu, Jianhua 刘建华 (1962-), 361Liu, Jun 刘军 (1976-), 391Liu, Kaiqu 刘开渠 (1904-1993), 34, 229, 238, 353, 464Liu, Ling 刘伶 (c.221-300), 379Liu, Liping 刘丽萍 (F. 1962-), 329Liu, Qingfeng 刘青峰 (F. 1950s-), 118, 471Liu, Shaoqi刘少奇 (1898-1969), 8, 27–31, 44, 48, 50, 51Liu, Shi 刘是 (1955-), 75Liu, Wei 刘炜 (1965-), 278, 280, 281, 291, 292, 478Liu, Wencai 刘文彩 (1887-1949), 38Liu, Xiaochun 刘晓纯 (1941-), 122–124, 126, 228Liu, Xiaodong 刘晓东 (1963-), 278, 282Liu, Xun 刘迅 (1923-2007), 96, 98, 99Liu, Xun 刘洵 (1970-), 377Liu, Yan 刘彦 (1960-), 140, 225Liu, Yi 刘溢 (1957-), 233Liu, Yiwu 刘亦忤 (c.1960s-), 314Liu, Yulian 刘宇廉 (1948-), 104, 273Liu, Yuxi 刘禹锡 (772-842), 302Liu, Zhan 刘展 (1976-), 357Li, Xianting栗宪庭 (penname Bahuang, 1949-), 122, 123,
125, 188, 217, 229, 240, 243, 248, 272, 290–292,302, 321, 329, 343, 362, 363, 470, 476, 481–483,485
Li, Xiaobin李晓斌 (1955-), 102, 103Li, Xiaoshan李小山 (1957-), 124, 127lixing 理性, 136, 140, 185Li, Xinjian李新建 (1964-), 255, 257, 312lixue 理学, 136, 366Li, Yanping李彦平 (1957-2000s), 188, 189Li, Yongbin李永斌 (1963-), 321, 357, 483Li, Yongcun李永存 (penname Boyun 薄云 1948-), 98Li, Zhibao李知宝 (1952-), 188
Li, Zongjin李宗津 (1916-1977), 34Long March Space 长征空间, 347loushi 陋室, 302Lu, Fusheng卢辅圣 (1949-), 122Lu, Guoying 陆国英 (F. 1925-), 29Lu, Jie卢杰 (1964-), 347Lu, Lei 陆磊 (1972-), 320Lu, Muxun 鲁慕迅 (1928-), 125Lu, Nan 鲁楠 (1963-), 140Luo, Gongliu 罗工柳 (1916-2004), 24, 26, 28Luo, Mingjun 罗明君 (F. 1963-), 206, 207, 328Luo, Xianyue 骆献跃 (c.1960s-), 155Luo, Ying 罗莹 (F. 1964-), 328Luo, Zhongli 罗中立 (1948-), 102, 107, 130Lu, Qing 路青 (F. 1964-), 363, 367Lu, Victoria Y. 陆蓉之 (F. 1954-), 295Lü, Haizhou 吕海舟 (c.1960s-), 155Lü, Nan 吕楠 (1962-), 311Lü, Peihuan 吕培桓 (1956-), 175Lü, Peng 吕鹏 (1956-), 284–287, 490Lü, Shengzhong吕胜中 (1952-), 130, 235, 242, 249, 262,
263, 360–362, 476, 483, 488Luque, Aline (c.1950s-), 287Luxun 鲁迅 (Zhou Shuren 周树人 1881-1936), 10, 130,
172, 463Luxun Academy of Fine Arts (LAFA) 鲁迅美术学院,
130, 463Lynton, Norbert (1927-2007), 212Lyotard, Jean-Francois (1924-1998), 453
MM50, or 50 Moganshan Road 莫干山路艺术区, 348, 481Ma, Bing 马丙 (1984-), 414–417Ma, Desheng 马德升 (1952-), 95, 98, 100–102Magic-Realism, 173, 221Magiciens de la terre (Magicians of the Earth), 258, 287,
289, 475Magnin, André (1952-), 287Ma, Huidong 马惠东 (1963-), 350Ma, Jie 马杰 (1963-), 390Ma, Kelu 马可鲁 (1954-), 75, 78, 91, 95, 96Maksimov, Konstantin (1913-1993), 28, 461Maksimov Workshop 马克西莫夫训练班, 29, 30, 461Malevich, Kazimir (1878-1935), 225Ma, Liuming 马六明 (1969-), 310–312, 480Ma, Lu 马路 (1958-), 130, 173, 174, 185, 371Manga (日本) 漫画, 452Mangke 芒克 (Jiang Shiwei 姜世伟 1950-), 101mangliu盲流 aimlessly drifting artists, 312Maodun 茅盾 (Shen Yanbing 沈雁冰, 1896-1981), 8Mao, Jie 毛杰 (1961-), 167Mao, Lizi 毛栗子 (1950-), 98Mao, Xuhui毛旭辉 (1956-), 168, 169, 172, 216, 220, 221,
224, 231, 252, 253, 273, 281Mao, Yan 毛焰 (1968-), 268, 269Mao, Zedong 毛泽东 (1893-1976), 1–4, 7–10, 12, 14, 15,
17–20, 22, 27, 37, 43–46, 48–52, 56–59, 63, 65,76, 85, 86, 100, 106, 109, 158, 233, 234, 248,273–275, 282, 350, 456, 464–468
M Art Group M艺术体, 160, 197, 198, 200, 222, 474Márquez, Gabriel (1927-2014), 252
510 Index
Martin, Jean-Hubert (1944-), 258, 287Marx, Karl (1818-1883), 86, 216Marxism, 3, 44, 51, 121, 138, 301, 453Masereel, Frans (1889-1972), 129, 463Matisse, Henri (1869-1954), 214Maximalism极多主义, xv, 139, 261, 265, 301, 302, 332,
362–368, 483May Fourth Movement五四运动, 3, 34–36, 118, 199,
401Ma, Yunfei 马云飞 (1960-), 314Ma, Zongren 马宗仁 (1966-), 311McDonald, Ronald, 456Meaning in the Visual Arts, 128Meditations on a Hobbyhorse and other Essays on the
Theory of Art, 129Meishu美术 Fine Arts, 5, 8, 11, 15, 28, 44, 51, 53, 54, 88,
104, 108, 114, 121–123, 128, 170, 173, 213, 230,238, 272, 362, 461, 465, 467–470, 472
Meishu Sichao 美术思潮 The Trend of Art Thought, 122,125, 126, 471
Meishu Yanjiu 美术研究 Art Research, 468Meishu Yicong 美术译丛 Journal of Translated Art
Scholarship, 128, 469Mencius孟子 (372-289 B.C.), 439Menglong Poetry朦胧诗, 101Meng, Luding孟禄丁 (1962-), 130, 134, 135, 218, 259,
260, 371Metaphysical School, 129Mexico Muralism, 145Mi, Fu 米芾 (1051-1107), 401, 427Mianli cangzhen 绵里藏针, 220miaotang庙堂 temples and courts, 341–362Mickey Mouse, 456Midian 米点, 400Migrant laborers, 270, 310, 343, 368, 369, 448Mijka (c.1950s-), 320Millet, Jean-François (1814–1875), 110Minzhuqiang 民主墙, 95Miró, Joan (1893-1983), 163Miyajima, Tatsuo宫岛达男 (1957-), 347Miyang Studio 米羊画室, 180–185, 217, 221, 472Miyazaki, Hayao宫崎骏 (1941-), 453Mo, Hongxun 莫鸿勋 (1953-), 207–209, 370, 371Modern Art Exhibition 现代艺术展, 123, 127, 160, 178,
179, 186, 187, 209, 211, 222, 470, 472–474Modern Design 现代设计, 186Modern Painting Exhibition 现代绘画展, 102Modern Painting: Show of Six Artists 现代绘画——六人
联展, 160Modernism, 112, 113, 116, 118, 120, 122, 130, 136, 138,
163, 173, 201, 205, 215, 217, 242, 263, 265, 287,295, 435, 468, 473
Modernity, xiv, 75, 86–103, 118, 119, 132, 139, 146, 159,226, 230, 237, 240, 247, 263, 287, 294, 295, 308,314, 355, 390, 396, 453
Modernization, xiv, 40, 90, 112, 118, 119, 145, 150, 188,294, 295, 331, 468, 484
Modigliani, Amedeo (1884-1920), 129, 214Moiseyenko, Yevsey (1916-1988), 214
Mondrian, Piet (1872-1944), 225, 258Monroe, Marilyn (F. 1926-1962), 188, 233Moore, Henry (1898-1986), 124, 152Morning Light Art Society 晨光美术会, 217Matazō, Kayama 加山又造 (1927-2004), 470Mother Teresa (F. 1910-1997), 328, 478Motherwell, Robert (1915-1991), 289Moxi 墨戏 ink play, 401, 427Mt. Huang Conference (or ’88 Chinese Modern Art
Conference) 黄山会议 (或’88中国现代艺术研讨会), 183, 230, 250, 315, 474
Munch, Edward (1863-1944), 129Museum of Chinese History中国历史博物馆, 278, 475,
487Museum of Chinese Revolution中国革命博物馆, 11, 31,
350
Nnangeng nüzhi 男耕女织, 330Nanjing Artists南京人, 177, 201Nantong Museum南通博物苑, 349nan wu e mi tuo fo南无阿弥陀佛 Namo Amitabha, 363National Art Exhibition for Thirty-year Anniversary of
PRC庆祝中华人民共和国三十周年全国美展,469
National Art Exhibition in the Thirtieth Anniversary ofChairman Mao’s “Talks on the Yan’an Art andLiterature Forum”纪念毛主席hh在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话ii发表30周年全国美术作品展览会,57
National Art Exhibition in the Twenty-fifth Anniversary ofPRC庆祝中华人民共和国二十五周年全国美展, 57, 467
National Art Museum of China (NAMOC)中国美术馆,360, 361, 464
National Exhibition of Lianhuanhua (serial picturestories) and Chinese Painting全国连环画中国画展览, 57, 62, 65, 467
National Hangzhou Art College国立杭州艺术专科学校,130
Nationalization of oil painting油画民族化, 14, 22–34, 38National Museum of China中国国家博物馆, 22, 26, 30,
31, 103, 278, 350, 351, 487National Oil Painting Conference全国油画讨论会, 227Neo-Expressionism, 129, 173, 174, 253Neo-realism, 134, 185New Age 新时期, xiv, 122New Calibration Group 新刻度, 246, 247, 289, 304–306,
433New Confucianism 新儒学, 118, 119, 136New Culture Movement 新文化运动, 118New Figurative Art 新具象, 126, 160, 167, 472New Generation Art 新生代艺术展, 278, 475New History Group 新历史小组, 315–317, 476New Literati Painting 新文人画, 144, 396New Media Art 新媒体艺术, 354, 358, 359New Spring Painting Exhibition 新春画展, 102New Wildness 新野性 (an exhibition), 123, 473NewWildness新野性 (an artist group) 126, 177, 200, 220
Index 511
NewWoodcut Movement新兴木刻运动, 6, 100, 267, 372New Works of the Miyang Studio 米羊画室新作展, 181,
472nianhua年画, 5, 6, 9, 494Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844-1900), 336Ni, Haifeng 倪海峰 (1964-), 155, 356, 476, 490Ni, Qi 倪琪 (1963-), 140, 219niu gui she shen 牛鬼蛇神, 275niupeng 牛棚 cowshed, 59Ni, Yide 倪贻德 (1901-1970), 120, 159, 217, 218No Name or No Name Group 无名画会, 66, 75–78, 80,
90–101, 103, 114, 120, 356, 463, 468, 483Non-Figurative Art Show 非具象画展, 160, 473Northeast Museum东三省博物馆, 350Northern Art Group北方艺术群体, 126, 136, 140–142,
148, 225, 227, 273, 315, 471, 474Northern Civilization北方文明, 140Northern Culture北方文化, 140, 142November Painting Exhibition十一月画展, 173, 174, 472nügong 女红 Needlework or sewing, 330, 332, 444Nüwa 女娲, 418, 420, 436
OObrist, Hans-Ulrich (1968-), 381O’Keeffe, Georgia (1887-1986), 275Oliva, Achille Bonito (1939-), 290Opening Exhibition of (New) Shanghai Art Museum上海
美术馆落成画展, 160Opium Wars 鸦片战争, 118Ou, Bo 欧波 (1974-), 422
PPace Beijing 佩斯北京, 347, 486Paik, Nam June 白南准 (1832-2006), 319Pan, Dehai 潘德海 (1956-), 167, 172, 220, 252Pandora, 456Pan, Tianshou潘天寿 (1897-1971), 26, 67, 413, 460, 467Pang, Xunqin庞熏琹 (1906-1995), 67, 120, 159, 217,
218, 462Panofsky, Erwin (1892-1968), 128, 130The Peach Blossom Spring 桃花源 (记), 381, 425Pei, En-en 佩恩恩 (1990-), 394Peking Museum of History北平历史博物馆, 350Peng, Bin 彭彬 (1927-), 58, 86, 87Peng, De 彭德 (1946-), 122, 125–127, 286, 471Peng, Dehuai 彭德怀 (1898-1974), 17Peng, Xiaoyang 彭晓阳 (1965-), 355–357People’s Liberation Army (PLA)人民解放军, 64, 85, 88,
459, 464Peredvizhniki (Wanderers) 巡回画派, 106, 368Phenomena/Moving Images: China’s Video Art Exhibition
现象/影像:中国录像艺术展, 320, 358, 478Pianshan 片山 (Hong Bin 洪彬, 1973-), 335, 340Picasso, Pablo (1881-1973), 214Pi, Daojian 皮道坚 (1941-), 122, 125, 286Pignon, Ernest (1942-), 124Piling Stones Painting Society 磊石画会, 205pima cun 披麻皴 hemp-fiber texture method (in ink
painting), 20, 71, 414
Pincas, Abraham (1945-2015), 215pingyuan平远 level distance (in ink painting), 19–21, 55,
66, 494Plath, Sylvia (1932-1963), 336Political Pop政治波普, xiv, 155, 265, 272–283, 291, 294,
298, 302, 337, 360, 369Pond Society 池社, 126, 131, 140, 148, 150, 152, 153,
216, 217, 223, 473See also ’85 New Space’
po sijiu, li sixin 破四旧, 立四新, 43Postcolonialism, xivPost-modernism, 90, 122, 130, 138, 173, 201, 205, 262,
263, 265, 287, 473Potala Palace布达拉宫, 266Preparatory Committee of China/Avant-Garde中国现代
艺术展筹备委员会, 229, 474Principles of Art History, 128Proposal Art, 302–308, 477purging humanist zeal清理人文热情, 250, 273, 282, 315,
454
QQian, Mu钱穆 (Ch'ien Mu 1895-1990), 414sQian, Songyan 钱松岩 (1899-1985), 20–24, 58, 65, 71,
464Qian, Weikang 钱喂康 (c.1960s-), 307, 321Qian, Xuan 钱选 (1239-1301), 78, 80, 415, 418Qian, Zhijian 钱志坚 (c.1960s-), 321Qiao, Xiaoguang乔晓光 (1957-), 180, 181Qi, Baishi 齐白石 (1864-1957), 28, 73, 350, 462, 463Qi, Benyu 戚本禹 (1931-2016), 466Qigong 气功, 278Qin, Ming 秦明 (1959-), 130Qin, Yifeng 秦一峰 (1961-), 196Qin, Zheng 秦征 (1924-), 29Qiu, Anxiong 邱黯雄 (1972-), 359, 418–425, 433, 436,
437, 453, 454, 484Qiu, Zhenzhong 邱振中 (1947-), 129Qiu, Zhijie 邱志杰 (1969-), 296, 297, 320, 321, 359, 361,
366, 478–480, 482, 488Qi, Yong 齐勇 (1956-), 188Quan, Shanshi全山石 (1930-), 28Quan, Zhenghuan权正环 (F. 1932-2009), 112Qu, Leilei 曲磊磊 (1951-), 98, 100, 101Qunzhong Wenhua Guan 群众文化馆 Mass Cultural
Center, 5Qu, Qiubai 瞿秋白 (1999-1935), 218Qu, Yan 渠岩 (1955-), 178, 184, 185, 250, 394–396, 436Qu, Yuan 屈原 (343-278 B.C.), 336
RRationalist Painting 理性绘画, xiv, 121, 123, 132,
135–137, 140–167, 177, 178, 181, 185, 190, 193,197, 200, 212, 216, 218, 224, 231, 235, 250–253,256, 273, 295, 363, 364, 453, 454
Rauschenberg, Robert (1925-2008), 124, 138, 179,190–193, 206, 222, 355, 356, 472
Ray, Nicholas (1911-1979), 357Read, Herbert (1893-1968), 212
512 Index
Red Humor红色幽默, 126, 140, 154–159, 184, 249, 277,473
Red • Journey红色•旅, 126, 140, 143–148, 177, 200, 220,223, 406, 472, 473
Redon, Bertrand-Jean (1840-1916), 214Reed, Brian (1984-), 397Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669), 214Ren, Bonian任伯年 (1840-1896), 13, 14, 16, 18rending shengtian人定胜天Man can conquer nature, 313Ren, Hang任航 (1987-2017), 451, 452Ren, Jian任戬 (1955-), 140, 143, 184, 219, 274, 315, 316,
353, 411, 454–458Renmin Meishu人民美术 People’s Art, 6, 8, 14, 15, 460,
461See also Meishu 美术
Ren, Mengzhang任梦璋 (1934-), 29Renmin Ribao人民日报 People’s Daily, 8, 15, 53, 238renwu人物 figures (painting), 8, 13–17, 20, 25, 28, 30, 32,
34, 37, 38, 45, 47, 60, 62, 64, 67, 75, 83, 87–89, 91,96, 109, 110, 113, 119, 123, 131, 140, 145, 146,148, 161, 172, 173, 181, 183, 218, 221, 224, 227,233, 251, 253, 255, 258, 275, 280, 293, 294, 329–331, 358, 371, 372, 379, 382, 391, 403, 428, 431,433, 437, 443, 451, 453, 455, 456, 458, 463
Ren, Xiaoying任小颖 (1961-), 237, 335Ren, Xiong任熊 (1823-1857), 13, 14, 16Ren, Xun任薰 (1835-1893), 14renzhi人治 the rule of man, 353Repin, IIya (1844-1930), 28, 106Republican China 民国, 11, 37, 327, 350, 395, 413Research Institute of Fine Arts 美术研究所 (RIFA), 122,
123, 472, 475Rhinoceros Panting Society 犀牛画会, 177, 178Rodin, Auguste (1840-1917), 129Romanticism, 18, 20, 21, 29, 50, 65, 83, 87, 101, 142, 173Ross, David A. (1949-), 294Rothko, Mark (1903-1970), 289Rouault, Georges (1871-1958), 145Rousseau, Henri (1844-1910), 178, 214Ruan, Ji 阮籍 (210-263), 379Rural Reconstruction乡村建设, 394–396, 436Ruff, Thomas (1958-), 390Rusticated Urban Youth 知识青年, 53, 99
See also “Educated Youths”Rustic Realism, or Rural Realism乡土写实主义,
104–111, 130, 132–134, 224, 318, 470Ru, Xin 汝信 (1931-), 229
SSalon of Contemporary Architectural Culture当代建筑文
化沙龙, 124Same Generation Painting Exhibition同代人画展, 122Same Generation Painting Society 同代人画会, 102, 120Sanda jilü baxiang zhuyi三大纪律八项注意 three main
rules of discipline and eight points for attention ofthe Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 65
Sanguozhi三国志 Records of the Three Kingdoms, 300,413
Sanmao三毛 (cartoon character), 456
santuchu三突出 three prominences, 63Sartre, Jean-Paul (1905-1980), 182, 336Scar Painting 伤痕绘画, 104–111, 130, 135, 185, 318,
368Scenic Tibet Painting Exhibition 西藏风情画展, 175Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788-1860), 336Schult, HA (1939-), 443Sea Horizon • ’86 Painting Exhibition海平线 • 86绘画联
展, 160Serov, Valentin (1865-1911), 106Seurat, Georges (1859-1891), 406Shan Hai Jing 山海经 Classic of Mountains and Seas,
418, 433Shanghai Himalayas Museum上海喜马拉雅美术馆
(former Zendai MOMA), 351Shanghai Municipal Museum上海市博物馆, 350Shanghai Painting • Chinese Art in Evolution上海绘画 •
蜕变中的中国艺术, 160Shang, Husheng 尚沪生 (F. 1930-), 29Shang, Yang 尚扬 (1942-), 128, 284Shan, Tao 山涛 (205-283), 379shanshui 山水 mountains-and-waters (painting), 13, 402,
427, 494shantou 山头 mountain-stronghold or factions, 354, 355Shanxi Young Artists Creation Group山西省青年艺术家
创作团, 317, 318Shao, Dazhen 邵大箴 (1934-), 468Shao, Hong 邵宏 (1958-), 129, 286Shao, Wenhuan 邵文欢 (1971-), 408Shao, Xiaogang 邵小刚 (1954-), 75Sheeler, Charles (1883-1965), 148Shen, Changwen 沈昌文 (1931-), 229Shen, Fan 申凡 (1952-), 367Sheng, Qi 盛奇 (1965-), 480Shen, Jiawei 沈嘉蔚 (1948-), 54–55Shen, Ling 申玲 (F. 1965-), 278Shennong 神农, 442Shen, Qin沈勤 (1958-), 144, 147, 256–258, 397, 406, 407Shen Society 申社, 102Shen, Yanbing 沈雁冰 (Maodun 茅盾, 1896-1981), 8shenyuan 深远 deep distance (in ink painting), 71, 494Shidafu 士大夫, 14, 341, 342, 353, 401, 413Shifuhua 士夫画, 401Shi, Hui 施慧 (F. 1955-), 329Shijie Meishu世界美术 World Art, 122, 129, 468shikumen 石库门, 388–390, 404Shilu 石鲁 (Feng Yaheng冯亚珩, 1919-1982), 8, 10–12,
19, 22, 66, 67Shi, Qiang 石强 (1960-), 222Shishkin, Ivan (1832-1898), 106Shitao 石涛 (Zhu Ruoji朱若极 1642-1707), 10, 71, 73,
91, 93, 398, 400, 426Shi, Xixi史习习 (1953-2004), 75, 78, 97, 483shiye jiuguo实业救国 save the nation through industry
and commerce, 118Shi, Yong 施勇 (1963-), 308Shi, Zhenyu 石振宇 (1946-), 75, 76, 78, 91, 92, 98shuimo 水墨 ink painting, 256shuimo zhidao 水墨之道, 402
Index 513
shuimo zhidao 水墨之道, 402 (cont.)See also “The Way of Ink”
Shuishen huore 水深火热,270Shuowen Jiezi 说文解字 Explaining Graphs and
Analyzing Characters, 413Shu, Qun 舒群 (1958-), 83, 121, 123, 136, 137, 140,
142–144, 149, 163, 167, 172, 175, 178, 186, 191,197, 203, 205, 206, 209, 214–216, 218, 227, 228,263, 329, 476, 490
Shu, Ting 舒婷 (F. 1952-), 101Shu, Yang 舒阳 (1969-), 253, 481Shui, Tianzhong 水天中 (1935-), 472Sichuan Fine Arts Institute (SFAI) 四川美术学院, 37,
108, 130, 420, 463Sichuan Red, Yellow, Blue Painting Society 四川红黄蓝
画会, 186Sichuan Youth Red, Yellow, Blue Modern Painting
Exhibition四川青年红黄蓝现代绘画展, 186, 473Silence Society 默社, 217Sixth National Art Exhibition 第六届全国美展, 116, 126,
471Socialist Realism社会主义现实主义, xiv, 14, 22–38, 43,
55, 56, 58, 80, 110–112, 132, 135, 136, 180, 185,193, 240, 247, 274, 275, 362
Social Realism 社会现实主义, 103–116, 368Society of Heavenly Steeds 天马会, 217Society of Red-Yellow-Blue Art 红黄蓝艺术会, 177Solomon, Andrew (1963-), 283Song, Chenghua宋澄华 (c.1960s-), 155Song, Dong宋冬 (1966-), 305–308, 323, 324, 330, 338,
340, 347, 360, 361, 477, 483Song, Haidong宋海东 (1958-), 129, 131, 197, 241, 243,
291, 292Song, Huizong宋徽宗 (Zhao Ji 赵佶, 1082-1135), 426Song, Ling宋陵 (1961-), 148, 150, 152, 153Song, Meiling宋美龄 (F. Soong May-ling, 1897-2003), 6Song, Qingling宋庆龄 (F. 1893-1981), 17Song, Tao宋涛 (1979-), 367Song, Wei宋伟 (c.1950s-), 233, 242Song, Yonghong宋永红 (1966-), 194, 195, 278, 279, 282Song, Yongping宋永平 (1961-), 194, 195, 201, 317–319Songzhuang Art Festival宋庄艺术节, 343Sontag, Susan (1933-2004), 413Southern Artists Salon南方艺术家沙龙, 195, 196, 473Southwest Art Research Group 西南艺术研究群体, 167,
172, 220, 473Sphinx, 455, 456Spirit of Ink Art 水墨精神, 402, 407SS (Schutzstaffel, Protection Squadron), 456Stars 星星美展, 86, 87, 89–103, 111, 120, 122, 135, 187,
223, 252, 272, 273, 366, 368, 447, 469Stars Society星星画会, 86–103, 111, 120, 135, 273, 366,
368, 469Storr, Robert (1949-), 381Storm Society决澜社, 103, 120, 159, 217The Story of Art, 129Strange Tales of Liaozhai聊斋志异 Liaozhai Zhiyi, 173Struth, Thomas (1954-), 390Studies in Iconology, 128
Studies in the Art of the Renaissance, 129Su, Jianghua 苏江华 (1955-), 167Su, Shi 苏轼 (1037-1101), 333, 401, 427Sui, Jianguo隋建国 (1956-), 268, 270, 345, 347, 482, 490shuke zouma, mibu toufeng 疏可走马,密不透风, 436Sun, Baoguo孙保国 (Sun Ren孙人 1960-), 129, 152Sunday Painting Society 星期天画会, 177–179, 216Sun, Fuxi孙福熙 (1898-1962), 218Sun, Guojuan孙国娟 (F. 1959-), 167Sun, Jianping孙建平 (1948-), 175Sun, Liang孙良 (1957-), 290, 293, 476Sun, Qinglin孙庆麟 (1974-), 429, 430Sun, Zhongshan孙中山 (1866-1925), 17Sun, Zixi孙滋溪 (1929-2016), 32, 278Surikov, Vasily (1848-1916), 105, 106Sur-realism, 134, 173Synthetic Times: Media China 2008 合成时代:媒体中国
2008, 354
TTabata, Yukihito 田畑幸人, 346, 481Taiji 太极, 143, 151, 152, 223, 246, 448Taijitu 太极图, 134, 219Taikang Space 泰康空间, 351Taiwan Independent Documentary Festival台湾独立电
影节, 372Tang Contemporary Art 当代唐人艺术中心, 347, 426Tang, Daxi 唐大禧 (1936-), 58, 60, 64Tang, Enbo 汤恩伯 (1898-1954), 89Tang, Guangming 汤光明 (1966-), 197, 198, 238Tang, Muli 汤沐黎 (1947-), 58, 60, 61Tang, Qingnian 唐庆年 (1956-), 230, 242Tang, Song 唐宋 (1960-), 238–240, 242Tang Taizong 唐太宗 (Li Shimin李世民 598-649), 296Tang, Xiaoming 汤小铭 (1939-), 58, 60Tan, Liqin 谭力勤 (1958-), 222taotie 饕餮, 207Tao, Yongbai 陶咏白 (F. 1937-), 122Tao, Yuanming 陶渊明 (c.365-427), 381, 425Tatlin, Vladimir (1885-1953), 225, 462Tatsuo, Miyajima宫岛达雄 (1957-), 347Teda Contemporary Art Museum 泰达当代艺术博物馆,
350Teng, Fei 滕菲 (F. 1963-), 132Thing World: International Triennial of New Media Art齐
物等观:国际新媒体艺术三年展, 354, 487Third Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee of CCP
中国共产党十一届三中全会, 85, 90, 468Thompson, John (1837-1921), 193Three Red Flags三面红旗, 40, 463Three-Step Studio三步画室, 194, 201, 202, 472Tianjin Academy of Fine Arts (TAFA) 天津美术学院,
130, 175, 351, 352tianren heyi 天人合一 nature and human in one, or unity
between nature and man, 175, 177, 181, 311Tian, Shiguang 田世光 (1916-1999), 67Tian, Shuying 田淑英 (F. 1955-), 75tianyi wufeng天衣无缝 a divine garment without a defect,
399
514 Index
Tian, Yu 田玉 (born c. 1940s-1950s), 75tianyuan defang 天圆地方 an orbicular heaven and a
square earth, 204Today Art Museum今日美术馆, 351, 353, 442, 485–487,
489, 490Tong, Biao 佟飙 (1970-), 320Tong, Dian童滇 (1958-), 83, 121, 136, 137, 143, 144, 149,
163, 167, 172, 175, 178, 186, 191, 197, 203, 205,206, 209, 214, 216, 224, 227, 228, 263, 329, 476, 490
Tong, Jinghan 佟景韩 (1933-2010), 29Toward the Future 走向未来丛书, 118, 206, 471Translife: International Triennial of New Media Art延展
生命:国际新媒体艺术三年展, 354, 487Travelling and Exchanging Show of Modern Art 现代艺
术巡回交流展览, 186Tributes: Interpreters of our Cultural Tradition, 129Tuhao 土豪, 368, 369Tu, Weiming杜维明 (1940-), 294Twelve Artists Exhibition十二人画展, 102, 160The Twenty-second of São Paulo Art Biennial, 278, 478
UUkiyo-e 浮世绘, 433Ullens Center for Contemporary Art (UCCA)尤伦斯当代
艺术中心, 345–347, 485, 487, 488Ullens, Guy (1935-), 346Ullens, Miriam (1952-), 346Upriver Gallery上河美术馆, 350, 479urban literati painters 都市文人画家, 14
VValery, Paul (1871-1945), 336van Gogh, Vincent (1853-1890), 69, 129vanitas, 80, 442Venturi, Lionello (1885-1961), 129Venturi, Robert (1925-), 263Verostko, Roman (1929-), 138, 471Video Art, 139, 301, 302, 307, 319–327, 358, 375, 377,
474, 475, 478, 479, 483–486, 490Viola, Bill (1951-), 321, 478Violet 紫罗兰 (artists group), 102Vision: Art Exhibition 视野美展, 123, 222, 321, 490
Wwairou neigang 外柔内刚, 220Wanderers 巡回画派, 106, 368Wang, Aihe 王爱和 (F. 1954-), 75, 91, 93Wang, Baijiao 王白焦 (Wang Jin 王今 F. c.1960s-), 190,
191, 193, 222, 328Wang, Bingzhao 王丙召 (1913-1987), 34Wang, Birong 王碧蓉 (F. 1962-), 229Wang, Chengyi 汪诚仪 (1930-), 29Wang, Chuan 王川 (1953-), 130Wang, Deren 王德仁 (1962-), 235Wang, Dewei 王德威 (1927-), 29Wang, Du 王度 (1956-), 195Wang, Falin 王发林 (1957-), 254Wang, Gongxin 王功新 (1960-), 306, 307, 320, 332, 351,
483
Wang, Guanyi 王官乙 (1935-), 6, 37, 366, 465Wang, Guangyi 王广义 (1956-), 130, 140–142, 146, 149,
218, 219, 224, 225, 227, 230, 231, 233, 234, 250,273, 274, 277, 278, 282, 284, 291, 292, 315, 478
Wang, Haiyan 王海燕 (F. 1963-), 140Wang, Hongwen 王洪文 (1935-1992), 68Wang, Huangsheng (1956-) 王璜生, 354, 482Wang, Huanqing 王焕青 (1958-), 180, 181Wang, Huaxiang 王华祥 (1962-), 278Wang, Hui 王晖 (1943-), 45, 46Wang, Jiang 汪江 (1954-), 254Wang, Jianwei 汪建伟 (1958-), 308, 347, 479Wang, Jin 王晋 (1962-), 271, 272, 368Wang, Jinsong王劲松 (1963-), 32, 33, 278, 279, 431–434Wang, Jiping 王纪平 (1960-), 192, 194, 201, 222Wang, Keping 王克平 (1949-), 98–100, 275, 368Wang, Lang 王浪 (1968-), 237, 243Wang, Linyi 王临乙 (1908-1997), 34Wang, Liuqiu 王流秋 (1919-2011), 29Wang, Luyan 王鲁炎 (1956-), 246, 247, 304–306, 308,
355, 356, 490Wang, Meng 王蒙 (1308-1395), 71, 414–415Wang, Mingxian 王明贤 (1954-), 44, 45, 53–55, 83, 121,
136, 137, 143, 144, 149, 163, 167, 172, 175, 178,186, 191, 197, 203, 205, 206, 209, 214, 216, 227,228, 230, 263, 329, 476, 490
Wang, Qiang 王强 (1957-), 129, 148, 150, 184, 185, 219Wang, Rong 王戎 (234-305), 379Wang, Ruiyun 王瑞芸 (F. 1958-), 122Wang, Shaun 王上 (1996-), 351Wang, Shihua 王世华 (1953-), 311, 312Wang, Shikuo 王式廓 (1911-1973), 34, 460Wang, Shu 王澍 (1963-), 208, 283, 361Wang, Shuo 王朔 (1958-), 283Wang, Tiande 王天德 (1960-), 360Wang, Wei 王维 (699-761), 401, 415, 494Wang, Xiaobo 王小波 (1952-1997), 413Wang, Xiaojian 王小箭 (1953-), 83, 121, 123, 136, 137,
143, 144, 149, 163, 167, 172, 175, 178, 186, 191,197, 203, 205, 206, 209, 214, 216, 227, 228, 263,329, 490
Wang, Ximeng 王希孟 (1096-1119), 399Wang, Xingwei 王兴伟 (1969-), 53, 347, 348Wang, Xizhi 王羲之 (303-361), 296Wang, Xuzhu 王恤珠 (1930-2015), 29Wang, Yalin 王雅琳 (F. 1959-), 140Wang, Yazhong 王亚中 (1962-), 317, 318Wang, Yingchun 王迎春 (F. 1942-), 58, 60, 62, 63Wang, Youshen王友身 (1964-), 254, 262, 291, 303, 304,
308, 356, 357Wang, Yubei 王玉北 (1964-), 315Wang, Yuping 王玉平 (1962-), 278Wang, Zhaowen 王朝闻 (1909-2004), 8, 96, 461Wang, Zhiliang 王志亮 (1983-), 390, 392Wang, Zhiping 王志平 (1947-), 102Wang, Ziwei 王子卫 (1963-), 274–276, 291, 292Wang, Zuanxu 王缵绪 (1885-1960), 73Warburg School, 128, 130Warhol, Andy (1928-1987), 138, 192
Index 515
Water-Splashing Festival 泼水节, 112, 113, 135, 469The Way of Ink 水墨之道, 397–443WeChat 微信 weixin, 124, 177, 357, 360, 361, 375, 381,
382, 384, 420, 425, 437, 458Weeds 野草 (artists group), 208Weeds Painting Society 野草画会, 205, 207, 208Wei, Chuanyi 魏传义 (1928-), 29Wei, Hai 韦海 (1952-), 75, 78, 91Wei, Jingshan 魏景山 (1943-), 60, 87–90Wei, Jingsheng 魏京生 (1950-), 243Weiming未名 (F. 1959-), 294, 328, 329, 444Wei, Tianlin卫天霖 (1898-1977), 217Wei, Xiaolin 魏小林 (c.1960s-), 129Wei, Xian卫贤 (tenth c.), 406weixin 微信 WeChat, 124, 177, 357, 360, 361, 375, 381,
382, 384, 425, 437, 458Wen, Bao 温葆 (F. 1938-), 31, 32Weng, Fen 翁奋 (1961-), 358, 390–392Wen, Lipeng 闻立鹏 (1931-), 229Wenna文那 (F. Chen Xingxing陈兴兴 1981-), 433, 435–
439, 453, 486Wen, Pulin 温普林 (1957-), 335–340wenren 文人 literati, 144, 401, 413, 494wenrenhua 文人画 literati painting, 144, 401, 413Wen, Wu 文武 (1969-), 391, 464wenyan 文言 classical Chinese, 414wen yi zai dao 文以载道, 217Whistler, James (1834-1903), 214Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1889-1951), 145, 414Wölfflin, Heinrich (1864-1945), 128Women’s Approach to Chinese Contemporary Art中国当
代艺术中的女性方式, 330, 332Wooden Stool Group板凳小组, 306World Conference for Women世界妇女大会, 328, 478WR五人小组, 335Wu, Biduan 伍必端 (1926-), 28Wu, Changshuo 吴昌硕 (1844-1927), 13, 14, 16, 73Wu, Cheng-en 吴承恩 (1501-1582), 41Wu, Daozi 吴道子 (active c.710-760), 433Wu, Dayu 吴大羽 (1903-1988), 67Wu, Dezu 武德祖 (1923-), 29Wu, Fan 吴凡 (1923-2015), 38, 39Wu, Guanzhong 吴冠中 (1919-2010), 96, 114–116, 214,
464, 468, 469Wu, Guoquan 吴国权 (c.1950s-), 205Wu, Hung 巫鸿 (1945-), 331, 360, 482, 484, 491Wu, Junyong 吴俊勇 (1978-), 359Wu, Mali 吴玛俐 (F. 1957-), 299Wu, Meichun 吴美纯 (F. 1969-), 320, 358, 478–480Wuming Huahui 无名画会 No Name Group, 75, 78, 90,
94, 95Wu, Pingren 武平人 (1953-), 179, 216, 222Wu, Qizhong 伍启中 (1944-), 58, 60Wu, Shanzhuan 吴山专 (1960-), 123, 154, 155, 157–159,
217, 219, 220, 235, 237, 238, 243, 249, 277, 291,477
Wu, Weishan 吴为山 (1962-), 354Wu Xing五行, 204Wu, Yiming 吴一鸣 (c. 1950s-), 245
Wu, Yiming 邬一名 (1966-), 367Wu, Yunhua 吴云华 (1944-), 60Wu, Zongyuan 武宗元 (c.980-1050), 433, 434, 436Wu, Zuoren 吴作人 (1908-1997), 34, 67, 229Wyeth, Andrew (1917-2009), 108, 109, 129, 133, 214, 224
XXia, Xiaowan 夏小万 (1959-), 173, 174, 221, 225, 254,
255Xiamen Dada厦门达达, 154, 190, 200, 201, 209–212,
215, 223, 244–246, 283, 308, 309Xiamen Dada–Modern Art Exhibition厦门达达——现代
艺术展, 209–211, 473Xi’an Academy of Fine Arts 西安美术学院 (XAFA), ix,
130, 186Xi’an First Modern Art Exhibition 西安第一届现代艺术
展, 470Xiangcun Jianshe乡村建设, 394
See also Rural ReconstructionXiang, Xiaoli 向小丽 (F. c.1962-), 346Xiang, Xiu 向秀 (227-272), 379Xiao, Chuanjiu 萧传玖 (1914-1968), 34Xiao, Feng 肖峰 (1932-), 28Xiao, Feng 肖丰 (1962-), 130Xiao, Huixiang 肖惠祥 (F. 1933-), 113Xiao, Lu 肖鲁 (F. 1962-), 238–240, 242, 243, 328, 474xieyi写意, 147, 175, 214, 258, 416, 427, 493, 494Xihua Fine Arts Continuation School熙化美术补习学校,
75, 463Xi, Jianjun 奚建军 (1962-), 199Xing, Danwen 邢丹文 (F. 1967-), 448–450xingwei yishu 行为艺术, 121
See also Action ArtXing, Zhibin 邢质斌 (F. 1947-), 319, 320Xin, Haizhou 忻海洲 (1966-), 254, 278, 282Xinhua Shudian 新华书店, 9Xin, Mang 辛莽 (1916-2007), 34Xin Meishu 新美术 New Arts, ix, 122, 128–130, 469Xin Nianhua 新年画, 5–13, 42Xin Nüxing Yundong 新女性运动 New Female
Movement, 328xinshou heyi 心手合一 unity of mind and hand, 400xixue 西学 western learning or scholarship, 119xiyang hua 西洋画 western painting, 13xuanzhi chuantong 悬置传统 suspending tradition, 119Xu, Beihong 徐悲鸿 (1895-1953), 13, 14, 17, 20, 23, 29,
34, 460, 461Xu, Bing徐冰 (1955-), 130, 157, 242, 248–250, 252, 262,
265, 291, 292, 308, 350, 360, 361, 426–428, 477,480, 483
Xucun Jihua 许村计划 Xu Village Project, 395Xue, Song 薛松 (1965-), 481Xu, Lei 徐累 (1963-), 144Xu, Linlu 许麟庐 (1916-2011), 67Xu, Yihui 徐一晖 (1964-), 144, 223Xu, Yong 徐勇 (1954-), 346Xu, Zhen 徐震 (1977-), 347, 348, 359, 369, 480, 490Xuzhou Modern Art Exhibition 徐州现代艺术展, 123,
178, 179, 222
516 Index
YYaming亚明 (Ye Jiabing叶家炳 1924-2002), 67Yan, Binghui 阎秉会 (1956-), 175–177, 360, 397Yangdeng Art Co-op 羊蹬艺术合作社, 392–394Yang, Dongbai杨冬白 (1959-), 197Yang, Fengshan杨凤山 (c. 1960s-), 397Yang, Fudong杨福东 (1971-), 324–327, 358, 360,
379–382, 453, 482Yang, Hong杨洪 (c.1960s-), 392, 393Yang, Huangli杨黄莉 (F. 1954-), 167Yang, Hui杨晖 (1962-), 184, 185Yang, Jiecang杨诘苍 (1956-), 258, 287–290, 475Yang, Jinsong杨劲松 (1955-), 359, 360Yang, Jun杨君 (1963-), 262, 478Yang, Li杨荔 (F. c.1960s-), 286Yang, Lian杨炼 (1955-), 101Yang, Lin-gui杨林桂 (1941-), 59Yang, Lizhou杨力舟 (1942-), 58, 60, 62, 63, 353Yang, Shu杨述 (1965-), 198, 253Yang, Shufeng杨树枫 (1958-), 188Yang, Xiaoyan杨小彦 (1957-), 122, 129, 286Yang, Yingsheng杨迎生 (1961-), 146, 147, 183, 184,
218, 250Yang, Yuehua杨跃华 (1947-), 75, 81Yang, Yushu杨雨澍 (1944-), 75–78, 81, 91, 98, 463Yang, Zhenzhong杨振中 (1968-), 320, 357, 358, 480Yang, Zhichao杨志超 (1963-), 314Yang, Zhiguang杨之光 (1930-2016), 15, 16, 60–62Yang, Zhilin杨志麟 (1956-), 143, 145, 146, 183–185,
218, 234, 265Yanhan彦涵 (Liu Baosen刘宝森 1916-2011), 6, 7, 34, 67Yan, Lei 颜磊 (1965-), 320, 357Yan, Li严力 (1954-), 122Yan, Liben 阎立本 (601-673)49, 50, 83Yan, Shanchun严善錞 (1957-), 44, 45, 53–55, 122, 125,
129, 286Yan, Xiaohua严小华 (c.1960s-), 185, 186Yan, Yangchu晏阳初 (Y.C. James Yen, 1893-1990), 395Yao, Lin 姚林 (c.1960s-), 335Yao, Wenyuan 姚文元 (1931-2005), 67, 68Ye, Qianyu叶浅予 (1907-1995), 8, 14Ye, Shuanggui叶双贵 (1964-), 315Ye, Yongfeng叶永峰 (c.1960s-), 314Ye, Yongqing叶永青 (1958-), 130, 167–170, 172, 183,
184, 221, 252, 360, 420Yi, Dan 易丹 (1960-), 286, 490Yijing 易经 (Book of CHanges), 143Yin, Guangzhong 尹光中 (1944-), 98Yingxiang Yishu 影像艺术 Video Art, 319Yin, Jinan 尹吉男 (1958-), 278Yin, Shuangxi 殷双喜 (1954-), 286, 306Yin Yang 阴阳, 204yinshi nannü 饮食男女 food and sex, 432, 439, 442Yin, Xiuzhen尹秀珍 (F. 1963-), 306, 330–332, 340, 368,
443Yi, Ying 易英 (1953-), 122, 278, 286, 307yizizhimao, gongzizhidun以子之矛攻子之盾, 300Young Artists Group of Fine Arts Publishing House 美术
出版社青年美术家群, 205
Yuan, Hao 袁浩 (1930-), 29, 59Yuanmingyuan Artists Village 圆明园画家村, 280, 337,
342, 343, 476, 478, 485Yuan, Qingyi 袁庆一 (1959-), 128, 132, 133, 171Yuan, Yunfu 袁运甫 (1933-), 112Yuan, Yunsheng 袁运生 (1937-), 112, 113, 135, 469Yu, Changgong于长拱 (1930-), 29Yuefenpai月份牌 calendar pictures, 40Yuelao月老, 456Yu, Hong 余虹 (1957-2007), 315Yu, Hong 喻红 (F. 1966-), 291, 293Yu, Jianhua 俞剑华 (1895-1979), 212Yu, Leiqing 俞雷庆 (F. c.1960s-), 340Yung, Anthony 翁子健 (1985-), 356Yu, Ping 俞平 (c.1960s-), 184Yutu 玉兔, 456Yu, Youhan 余友涵 (1943-), 140, 163, 164, 258, 260,
274, 275, 278, 291, 292, 367, 478Yu, Yunjie 俞云阶 (1917-1992), 29Yu, Zhizhen 俞致贞 (F. 1915-1995), 67
ZZangshu 葬书 Book of Burial, 413Zao, Wou-ki 赵无极 (1921-2013), 472Zendai MOMA 证大现代美术馆 (now Himalayas
Museum), 351Zeng, Fanzhi 曾梵志 (1964-), 278, 284Zeng, Xiaojun 曾小俊 (c.1960-), 306, 477Zeng, Zhushao 曾竹韶 (1908-2012), 34, 35Zha, Li查立 (1957-), 128Zhai, Wei 翟伟 (1954-), 167Zhai, Yuefei 翟跃飞 (1962-), 188Zhang, Binbin 张彬彬 (F. 1972-), 311, 312Zhang, Chunqiao 张春桥 (1917-2005), 67, 68Zhang, Da-an 张达安 (1941-), 75Zhang, Ding 张仃 (1917-2010), 112Zhang, Ga 张尕 (c.1963-), 361, 485Zhang, Guoliang 张国梁 (c.1960s-), 196Zhang, Haizhou 张海舟 (1959-), 155Zhang, Huan 张洹 (1965-), 270, 271, 310–312, 368, 449Zhang, Jian 张謇 (1853-1926), 162, 349Zhang, Jianjun 张健君 (1955-), 128, 140, 146, 160–162,
218, 259, 261, 367, 387–390, 401, 403–405Zhang, Kangkang 张抗抗 (F. 1950-), 233Zhang, Keduan 张克端 (1960-), 129, 131Zhang, Long 张隆 (1961-), 167Zhang, Nian 张念 (1964-2016), 235, 237, 243, 489Zhang, Peili 张培力 (1957-), 123, 148–150, 152, 185,
208, 217, 224, 225, 250, 284, 291, 292, 302, 319–321, 358, 359, 474, 476, 482, 483
Zhang, Qiang 张蔷 (1940-), 122, 123Zhang, Qun 张群 (1962-), 134, 135, 218Zhang, Sanxi 张三夕 (1953-), 315Zhang, Shaocheng 张绍诚 (1944-), 56, 57Zhang, Shengquan张盛泉, see Datong Dazhang or
Dazhang, 大同大张 (1955-2000)Zhang, Songhe 张松鹤 (1912-2005), 34Zhang, Taiyan 章太炎 (1869-1936), 413Zhang, Wei 张伟 (1952-), 75, 81, 82, 91, 94–96, 356
Index 517
Zhang, Wenxin 张文新 (1928-), 29Zhang, Xiaogang 张晓刚 (1958-), 130, 167, 171, 172,
220, 221, 231, 252, 254, 278, 296, 298, 347, 369,378, 420, 478, 485
Zhang, Xiaping 张夏平 (F. 1961-), 167Zhang, Xin 张新 (F. 1967-), 340Zhang, Xu 张旭 (c.675-750), 429Zhang, Yonghe 张永和 (1956-), 361Zhang, Yu 张羽 (1959-), 402, 403Zhang, Zeduan 张择端 (1085-1145), 399Zhang, Zhengyu 张征宇 (c.1910s-), 19Zhang, Zhiqiang 张志强 (c.1960-1989), 335Zhang, Zikang 张子康 (1964-), 353Zhan, Jianjun 詹建俊 (1931-), 29, 30, 59, 229Zhan, Wang 展望 (1962-), 360, 383Zhao, Bandi 赵半狄 (1966-), 278Zhao, Gan 赵干 (tenth c.), 406Zhao, Guilan 赵桂兰 (F. 1930-), 9–11Zhao, Jianhai 赵建海 (1962-), 199Zhao, Liang 赵亮 (1971-), 357Zhao, Mengfu 赵孟頫 (1254-1322), 330, 401Zhao, Rugang 赵汝刚 (born c. 1940s-1950s), 75Zhao, Runfan 赵润凡 (c.1950s-), 185, 186Zhao, Shou 赵兽 (1912-2003), 120, 217Zhao, Shutong 赵树桐 (1935-2018), 37, 465Zhao, Songyuan 赵松元 (c.1960s-), 207, 208Zhao, Wangyun 赵望云 (1906-1977), 67Zhao, Wenliang 赵文亮 (1937-2019), 75–77, 80, 81, 83,
91, 92, 97, 463Zharan 扎染, 207Zhejiang Academy of Fine Arts 浙江美术学院 (ZAFA),
5, 122, 128–131, 152, 155, 164, 197, 212, 220,238, 278, 320, 358, 359, 431, 469, 471–473, 475,477
See also “China Academy of Art (CAA)”Zheng, Guogu 郑国谷 (1970-), 429Zheng, Lin 郑林 (c.1960s-), 347Zheng, Yuke 郑玉珂 (c.1962-), 199Zheng, Zigang 郑子钢 (1953-), 75, 91Zheng, Ziyan 郑子燕 (F. 1951-), 75, 78, 82, 91, 93, 94Zhishi qingnian 知识青年 educated youths or rusticated
urban youth, 53Zhong, A-Cheng 钟阿城 (penname A-Cheng 阿城 1949-
), 98, 101Zhong, Dianfei 钟惦棐 (1919-1987), 8, 101Zhongguo hua中国画, 13
Zhongguo Meishubao中国美术报 Fine Arts in China,122–125, 128, 143, 146, 173, 186, 188, 189, 192, 195,217, 227, 229, 230, 251, 272, 301, 342, 472, 473, 475
Zhongguo Qingnianbao中国青年报 China Youth Daily,238
Zhou, Bo 周波 (1940-), 60Zhou, Chuanji 周传基 (1926-2017), 321Zhou, Enlai周恩来 (1898-1976), 8–10, 17, 49, 67, 81, 85,
86, 466, 467Zhou, Guoping 周国平 (1945-), 119Zhou, Lingzhao周令钊 (1919-), 460Zhou, Shaohua 周韶华 (1929-), 125, 203Zhou, Shuqiao 周树桥 (1938-), 56Zhou, Tiehai 周铁海 (1966-), 197, 198Zhou, Xiaohu 周啸虎 (1960-), 359Zhou, Xiping 周细平 (1953-2012), 315, 316Zhou, Yan 周彦 (1954-), xi, 19, 54, 83, 121, 123, 128,
136–138, 142–144, 149, 162, 163, 167, 172, 175,178, 186, 191, 197, 200, 203, 205, 206, 209, 214,216, 227, 228, 230, 242, 263, 265, 278, 282, 283,294, 304, 306, 329, 342, 346, 353, 381, 382, 384,398, 413, 420, 458, 476, 490
Zhou, Yang 周扬 (1908-1989), 7, 8, 15, 90Zhu, Bin 祝斌 (1951-2000), 125, 286, 481Zhu, Da朱耷 (Bada Shanren八大山人), 73, 256, 268Zhu, Danian 祝大年 (1916-1995), 112Zhu, De朱德 (1886-1976), 85, 86, 467Zhu, Dunru朱敦儒 (1081-1159), xvZhu, Jia朱加 (1963-), 320–322, 357Zhu, Jinshi朱金石 (1954-), 98Zhu, Ming朱冥 (1972-), 311, 312, 481Zhu, Naizheng朱乃正 (1935-2013), 60Zhu, Qingsheng朱青生 (1957-), 123, 203, 228Zhu, Qizhan朱屺瞻 (1892-1996), 67Zhu, Xi朱熹 (1130-1200), 136, 366Zhu, Xiaofeng朱小丰 (c. 1960s-), 340Zhu, Xiaohe朱小禾 (1956-), 253, 364, 365Zhu, Xikun 祝锡琨 (1957-), 315Zhu, Xinjian朱新建 (1953-2014), 127, 144, 396Zhu, Yanguang朱雁光 (1960-), 237, 335Zhu, Zhu朱朱 (1969-), 369, 453Zong, Bing宗炳 (373-443), 164Zong, Qixiang宗其香 (1917-1999), 67Zou, Yuejin 邹跃进 (1958-2011), 3, 8, 487Zuo, Xiaofeng 左哓峰 (twentieth c.), 340Zuoxiao, Zuzhou 左小祖咒 (1970-), 311, 312
518 Index