circulation and respiration - infobase · be quiet for several seconds and try to feel the rhythmic...

Circulation andRespiration

Teacher’s GuideTeacher’s GuideTeacher’s GuideTeacher’s GuideTeacher’s GuideMiddle SchoolMiddle SchoolMiddle SchoolMiddle SchoolMiddle School

Editors:Brian A. Jerome, Ph.D.Stephanie Zak Jerome

Assistant Editors:Heidi Berry

Dean Ladago

Visual Learning CompanyVisual Learning CompanyVisual Learning CompanyVisual Learning CompanyVisual Learning CompanyBrandon, VermontBrandon, VermontBrandon, VermontBrandon, VermontBrandon, Vermont1-800-453-84811-800-453-84811-800-453-84811-800-453-84811-800-453-8481

www.visuallearningco.comwww.visuallearningco.comwww.visuallearningco.comwww.visuallearningco.comwww.visuallearningco.com

2 Visual Learning Company 1-800-453-8481

Circulation and Respiration

Use and Copyright:Use and Copyright:Use and Copyright:Use and Copyright:Use and Copyright:The purchase of this video program entitles the user the right to reproduce orduplicate, in whole or in part, this teacher’s guide and the blackline masterhandouts for the purpose of teaching in conjunction with this video, Circulationand Respiration. The right is restricted only for use with this video program.Any reproduction or duplication, in whole or in part, of this guide and studentmasters for any purpose other than for use with this video program isprohibited.

The video and this teacher’s guide are the exclusiveproperty of the copyright holder. Copying,transmitting or reproducing in any form, or by anymeans, without prior written permission from thecopyright holder is prohibited (Title 17, U.S. CodeSections 501 and 506).

Copyright 2003

ISBN 1-59234-062-8

8802



Table ofTable ofTable ofTable ofTable ofContentsContentsContentsContentsContents

A Message From our Company 5

National Standards Correlations 6

Student Learning Objectives 7

Assessment 8

Introducing the Video 9

Video Viewing Suggestions 9

Video Script 11

Answers to Student Assessments 17

Answers to Student Activities 18

Assessment and Student Activity Masters 19

Page



ViewingViewingViewingViewingViewingClearancesClearancesClearancesClearancesClearancesThe video and accompanying teacher’s guide are forinstructional use only. In showing these programs, noadmission charges are to be incurred. The programs are to beutilized in face-to-face classroom instructional settings, librarysettings, or similar instructional settings.

Duplication rights are available, but must be negotiated withthe Visual Learning Company.

Television, cable or satellite rights are also available, but mustbe negotiated with the Visual Learning Company.

Closed circuit rights are available, and are defined as the useof the program beyond a single classroom but within a singlecampus. Institutions wishing to utilize the program in multiplecampuses must purchase the multiple campus version of theprogram, available at a slightly higher fee.

Discounts may be granted to institutions interested inpurchasing programs in large quantities. These discounts maybe negotiated with the Visual Learning Company.



A Message fromA Message fromA Message fromA Message fromA Message fromour Company ...our Company ...our Company ...our Company ...our Company ...

Dear Educator:

Thank you for your interest in the educational videos produced bythe Visual Learning Company. We are a Vermont-based, family ownedand operated business specializing in the production of qualityeducational science videos and materials.

We have a long family tradition of education. Our grandmothersgraduated from normal school in the 1920’s to become teachers.Brian’s mother was an elementary teacher and guidance counselor,and his father was a high school teacher and superintendent. Thisfamily tradition inspired Brian to become a science teacher, and toearn a Ph.D. in education, and lead Stephanie to work on scienceeducational programs at NASA.

In developing this video, accompanying teacher’s guide, and studentactivities, our goal is to provide educators with the highest qualitymaterials, thus enabling students to be successful. In this era of moredemanding standards and assessment requirements, supplementarymaterials need to be curricular and standards based - this is what wedo!

Our videos and accompanying materials focus on the key conceptsand vocabulary required by national and state standards and goals.It is our mission to help students meet these goals and standards,while experiencing the joy and thrill of science.

Sincerely,

Brian and Stephanie Jerome



StandardsStandardsStandardsStandardsStandardsCorrelationsCorrelationsCorrelationsCorrelationsCorrelationsNational Science Education Standards(Content Standards: 5-8, National Academy of Sciences, c. 1996)

Benchmarks for Science Literacy(Project 2061 - AAAS, c. 1993)The Human Organism - Human Identity (6A), Basic Functions (6C). By the end of the 8th grade, students should know that:

• Like other animals, human beings have body systems for obtaining and providing energy, defense, reproduction, and the coordination of body functions.• To burn food for the release of energy stored in it, oxygen must be

supplied to cells, and carbon dioxide removed. Lungs take in oxygen for the combustion of food and they eliminate the carbon dioxide produced. The urinary system disposes of dissolved waste molecules, the intestinal tract removes solid wastes, and the skin and lungs rid the body of heat energy. The circulatory system moves all these substances to or from cells where they are needed or produced, responding to changing demands.

• Living systems at all levels of organization demonstrate the complementary nature of structure and function. Important levels of organization for structure and function include cells, organs, tissues, organ systems, whole organisms, and ecosystems.

• The human organism has systems for digestion, respiration, reproduction, circulation, excretion, movement, control, coordination, and for protection from disease. These systems interact with one another.

Life Science - Content Standard C:As a result of their activities in grades 5-8, all students should

understand that:



Student LearningStudent LearningStudent LearningStudent LearningStudent LearningObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectives

Upon viewing the video and completing the enclosed studentactivities, students should be able to do the following:

• Describe some of the main functions performed by the circulatory system and respiratory system;

• Differentiate between the three different types of blood vessels-arteries, veins, and capillaries;

• Explain the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation;

• Describe the path blood takes through the heart, and identify the major features of the heart ;

• List ways in which blood is useful to the body;

• List some of the different elements found in blood including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets; and

• List some of the major organs and structures included in the respiratory system, and state their functions.



AssessmentAssessmentAssessmentAssessmentAssessment

Preliminary Test:Preliminary Test:Preliminary Test:Preliminary Test:Preliminary Test:

Video Review:Video Review:Video Review:Video Review:Video Review:

Post-Test:Post-Test:Post-Test:Post-Test:Post-Test:

The Preliminary Test, provided in the Student Masters section, is anassessment tool designed to gain an understanding of studentpreexisting knowledge. It can also be used as a benchmark uponwhich to assess student progress based on the objectives stated onthe previous pages.

The Video Review, provided in the Student Masters section, can beused as an assessment tool or as a student activity. There are twomain parts. The first part contains questions titled “You Decide” thatcan be answered during the video. The second series of ten questionsconsists of a video quiz to be answered at the conclusion of the video.

The Post-Test, provided in the Student Masters section, can beutilized as an assessment tool following student completion of thevideo and student activities. The results of the Post-Test can becompared against the results of the Preliminary Test to assess studentprogress.



Introducing theIntroducing theIntroducing theIntroducing theIntroducing theVideoVideoVideoVideoVideo

Video Viewing SuggestionsVideo Viewing SuggestionsVideo Viewing SuggestionsVideo Viewing SuggestionsVideo Viewing SuggestionsThe Student Master “Video Review” is provided for distribution tostudents. You may choose to have your students complete thisMaster while viewing the program or to do so upon its conclusion.

The program is approximately 20-minutes in length and includes aten-question video quiz. Answers are not provided to the Video Quizon the video, but are included in this teacher’s guide. You maychoose to grade student quizzes as an assessment tool or to reviewthe answers in class.

The video is content-rich with numerous vocabulary words. For thisreason you may want to periodically stop the video to review anddiscuss new terminology and concepts.

Have students place two fingers on their neck until they feel their pulse. Askthem to think of a word that describes what they feel. Have studentsexamine the inside of their wrist and locate an artery. Ask them to describewhat they see. Have students take a deep breath in and then exhale. Explainto students that each of these observations demonstrate different parts of thecirculatory and respiratory systems in the human body.

Explain to the students that the heart continuously pumps blood throughoutthe body via blood vessels similar to the ones in their neck and wrist.Explain to students that with each breath of air, you oxygenate cells, andeliminate wastes from the body. Tell students to pay close attention to thevideo to learn more about functions of the circulatory and respiratory sys-tems in the body.



Student AssessmentsStudent AssessmentsStudent AssessmentsStudent AssessmentsStudent AssessmentsAnd ActivitiesAnd ActivitiesAnd ActivitiesAnd ActivitiesAnd ActivitiesAssessment Masters:Assessment Masters:Assessment Masters:Assessment Masters:Assessment Masters:

Student Activity Masters:Student Activity Masters:Student Activity Masters:Student Activity Masters:Student Activity Masters:

• Preliminary Test

• Video Review

• Post-Test

• Blood Groups

• A Journey Through the Heart

• Measuring Your Pulse Rate

• Vocabulary of Circulation and Respiration



Video Script:Video Script:Video Script:Video Script:Video Script:Circulation andCirculation andCirculation andCirculation andCirculation andRespirationRespirationRespirationRespirationRespiration

1. Have you ever exercised so hard that you could feel your heart beating?2. Or have you ever run so fast that you felt like you would never catch your breath?3. These are just a couple of the ways your body responds to increased physical activity.4. Have you ever had a nose bleed or other injury that bled a lot?5. Or have you ever had something hit your body hard enough to cause a bruise?6. Or perhaps you have been frightened or suddenly startled which caused your heart to race and your breathing to increase.7. These reactions are your body’s way of responding to changes in activity level or to changes in your environment.8. What causes your body to react this way? And what parts of your body are involved in these reactions?9. During the next few minutes we are going to explore these questions and others...10. . . . as we take a look at your body’s circulatory and respiratory systems.11. Graphic Transition – The Circulatory System12. Place your fingers over the inside of your wrist in line with your thumb.13. Be quiet for several seconds and try to feel the rhythmic movement of blood pumping toward your hand.14. This is your body’s circulatory system in action.15. What is the purpose of the circulatory system?16. The circulatory system transports food, blood, and other important substances to the cells in your body.17. It also carries carbon dioxide and waste products away from cells.18. You Decide! What organ pumps blood throughout the body?19. That’s right – the heart. The heart is the muscle responsible for forcing blood throughout your body.20. Blood is pumped through a vast network of tubes generally referred to as blood vessels.21. Another very important role of the circulatory system is to fight off foreign substances, which may harm the body.22. Perhaps you have had been sick with a cold or an infection.23. The circulatory system uses a variety of techniques including white blood cells to fight foreign bodies.



Script (cont.)Script (cont.)Script (cont.)Script (cont.)Script (cont.)24. These are just a few of the features and important jobs carried out by the circulatory system.25. Let’s now take a more in-depth look at some of the fascinating features of the circulatory system.26. Graphic Transition – Blood Vessels27. Look at all the pipes in the basement of this building.28. Some of these pipes carry freshwater for people in the building to drink and wash with.29. While other pipes carry wastewater that leaves the building.30. You Decide! What is the network of pipes called in the body?31. The human body has a network of pipe-like structures called blood vessels.32. Place a couple of fingers on your neck. You can feel blood flowing through one of the larger vessels in the body – the carotid artery.33. The carotid artery supplies your brain with oxygen. Arteries carry blood away from the heart.34. The aorta, which carries blood directly out of the heart, is the largest artery in the body.35. Blood in arteries is rich in oxygen.36. To allow blood to flow freely, arteries tend to have smooth flexible walls.37. They also form smaller and smaller branches as the arterial network spreads throughout the body.38. The smallest blood vessels are the capillaries.39. Capillaries are microscopic vessels where food and gases are exchanged with body cells40. It is here in the capillaries that oxygen and food are exchanged for carbon dioxide and waste products.41. Veins, shown here in blue, are another type of blood vessel. The main job of veins is to carry blood back to the heart.42. Blood in veins is oxygen -depleted.43. The walls of veins tend to be thin and contain one-way valves that prevent blood from flowing backwards.44. Blood is returned to the heart in large veins called the superior vena cava, and inferior vena cava.45. Graphic Transition- Circulation in the Body46. The circulatory system in our body, also known as the cardiovascular system, can be divided into three main parts.47. Pulmonary circulation consists of the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back.48. Systemic circulation consists of the flow of blood throughout the body to the



Script (cont.)Script (cont.)Script (cont.)Script (cont.)Script (cont.) major tissues and organs except the lungs and the heart.49. Systemic circulation makes the greatest use of the huge network of blood vessels.50. The third system of circulation is referred to as coronary circulation. This involves the flow of…51. …. blood and gases to the heart.52. Graphic Transition – The Heart53. These five one-liter bottles of water represent the amount of blood your heart pumps throughout your body every minute.54. Over the course of a day your heart pumps enough blood to fill this train car.55. Needless to say, the heart is an extremely important organ and rests only between beats.56. Functioning relentlessly for up to 100 years in some people.57. The heart is made up of four main chambers or hollow compartments.58. The septum, a thick wall of tissue, separates the hearts’ right side and left side. Right and left is referred to as if the heart were in your own body.59. The chambers in the upper part of the heart are called atria.60. The right atrium receives blood from the body which is oxygen depleted.61. Blood then flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle.62. The right ventricle squeezes and forces the blood to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide.63. The red, well-oxygenated blood then returns back to the heart via the left atrium.64. Then into the left ventricle.65. The left ventricle has a big job. It needs to pump blood with enough force to reach all parts of the body.66. The blood from the left ventricle passes through the body’s largest artery – the aorta.67. The heart receives its own blood supply through the coronary arteries.68. Coronary arteries are vital in making sure the heart stays healthy.70. Graphic Transition – Monitoring the Cardiovascular System71. Whenever you visit a physician, one of the first things he or she does is to listen to your heart.72. This is commonly done with an instrument called a stethoscope, which magnifies the sounds of the heart.73. If the doctor is concerned about what he or she hears they may take an electrocardiogram or EKG.74. This is a way for doctors to monitor the electrical impulses of your heart.75. The health of your heart is very important, and can be maintained through a good diet, regular exercise, and regular medical checkups.



Script (cont.)Script (cont.)Script (cont.)Script (cont.)Script (cont.)76. It is also common to have your blood pressure taken by your doctor.77. The instrument used for this is called a sphygmomanometer.78. Its job is to measure the pressure of the blood flowing in your arteries.79. That pressure needs to be within a certain range, not too low and not too high.80. High blood pressure is a common medical problem, which can cause too much strain on the heart.81. Fortunately, through proper diet, exercise, and medication, blood pressure may be controlled.82. Graphic transition – The Blood83. Did you realize that blood is found everywhere in your body?84. What is the purpose of blood?85. Our blood has many important jobs.86. First, it carries oxygen to all parts of the body.87. Second, it transports nutrients from the digestive system to the body’s cells.88. Third, it carries waste products from cells to the kidneys.89. And fourth, blood contains substances that help heal wounds and fight infections.90. The blood is kind of like vegetable soup in that it is made up of liquid called plasma and solids called cells.91. Plasma, which makes up about half the volume of blood, consists mostly of liquid.92. Suspended in the plasma are two different types of cells.93. You Decide!94. What are the most common type of blood cells?95. The most common type of blood cells are red blood cells.96. Red blood cells play a vital role in carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide through out the body.97. They possess a substance called hemoglobin that bonds to these gases.98. Blood also contains another important type of blood cell called white blood cells.99. White blood cells are less numerous and are larger than red blood cells.100. They fight foreign substances that invade the body such as bacteria, and viruses.101. Platelets are the final blood component we will discuss.102. Platelets are actually fragments of cells that help clot blood when you get cut or injured.103. A blood clot seals off holes and injured blood vessels, to prevent blood loss.104. These are just a few of the general features of blood. Lets’ now take a look at the respiratory system.



Script (cont.)Script (cont.)Script (cont.)Script (cont.)Script (cont.)105. Graphic Transition- The Respiratory System106. Mammals such as whales…107. …and seals that live in the ocean must continually return to the surface to breathe oxygen.108. You Decide! Why do we need to breathe?109. We need to breathe many times a minute to replenish our body with oxygen and to release waste products such as carbon dioxide and water vapor.110. The respiratory system is responsible for this process.111. When you take a deep breath you can feel the air rushing into your nose and then into your throat.112. Air flows to a tube called the trachea, which branches into two tubelike structures called bronchial tubes.113. These tubes then lead to the lungs.114. You have two lungs, each of which are made up of millions of tiny balloon-like structures called alveoli.115. The alveoli are surrounded by a network of capillaries. These alveoli and capillaries allow the blood to pick up fresh oxygen and give off carbon dioxide and water vapor.116. When you take a breath you inhale air which delivers oxygen to the lungs where it is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream117. And when you exhale you are taking gaseous waste products from your blood and breathing them out of the body.118. It is the movement of your chest, and a muscle called the diaphragm that allows air to move into your lungs and then to be expelled out.119. Graphic Transition- Summing Up120. During the past few minutes, we’ve taken a look at the important features of the circulatory and respiratory systems.121. We discussed the different types of blood vessels in the body such as arteries, capillaries and veins,…122. …and we talked about the different ways they transport blood throughout the body.123. We studied the three main parts of the circulatory system; pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation, and coronary circulation.124. We explored an extremely important organ in the body, the heart. We talked about the ways it pumps blood throughout the body.125. …and we examined some of the different methods used to monitor the cardio-vascular system.126. We took a more detailed look at the blood, including red and white blood cells



Script (cont.)Script (cont.)Script (cont.)Script (cont.)Script (cont.) and platelets, and their purpose in the circulatory system.127. Finally, we briefly explored the respiratory system, and discussed how the process of breathing delivers oxygen to the lungs and expels carbon dioxide and waste products from your blood.128. So, the next time you take your pulse,…129. …feel your heart racing,…130. …or need to catch your breath after exercising,…131. …think about some of the amazing features of the circulatory and respiratory systems.132. You might just think about your body a little differently.

Video Quiz: Fill in the correct word to complete the sentence. Good luck andlet’s get started.1. Arteries carry blood __________ from the heart.2. The __________ is the body’s largest artery.3. Blood in veins is __________ depleted.4. Platelets help blood __________ when you get injured.5. __________ blood cells fight foreign substances.6. __________ are microscopic blood vessels.7. The heart is made up of __________ chambers.8. ______ blood cells carry oxygen.9. Blood is made of a liquid called __________ and cells.10. Your lungs contain tiny structures called __________.



Answers toAnswers toAnswers toAnswers toAnswers toStudent AssessmentsStudent AssessmentsStudent AssessmentsStudent AssessmentsStudent Assessments

Preliminary Test1. wastes2, blood vessels3. carotid4. capillaries5. cardiovascular6. four7. aorta8. sphygmomanometer9. red10. alveoli11. true12. false13. false14. false15. true16. true17. false18. true19. false20. true

1. false2. true3. true4. false5. true6. true7. false8. false9. true10. false11. blood vessels12. wastes13. capillaries14. carotid15. cardiovascular16. red17. four18. sphygmomanometer19. aorta20. alveoli

Post Test

Video ReviewYou Decide:1. The heart is responsible for pumping blood throughout the entire body.2. Blood vessels are the network of pipe-like structures in the body.3. The most common type of blood cells are red blood cells.4. We need to breathe in order to replenish our body with oxygen and release waste products such as carbon dioxide and water vapor.

Video Quiz:1. away2. aorta3. oxygen4. clot5. white6. capillaries7. four8. red9. plasma10. alveoli

Answers toAnswers toAnswers toAnswers toAnswers toStudent ActivitiesStudent ActivitiesStudent ActivitiesStudent ActivitiesStudent Activities



BloodGroup

Protein ClumpingChemicals

Blood used inTransfusions

A A Anti B A, O

B B Anti A B, O

O None Anti A, O Anti B

AB A, B None A, B, AB. O

Blood Groups Measuring your Pulse1. The resting pulse is less than the standing pulse.2. A resting pulse serves as a base to compare the effects that activities have on the body.3. The standing pulse is more than the breath-holding pulse.4. The active pulse rate is greater than all of the other pulse rates taken. 5. Answers will vary but should be between 5 and 7 minutes.Conclusion: On average, males have ahigher pulse rate than females, even at rest.

Vocabulary:1. c, heart2. h, aorta3. f, carotid artery4. i, capillaries5. g, blood6. j, blood vessels7. d, veins8. e, pulmonary circulation9. b, stethoscope10. a. systemic circulation

1. superior vena cava2. right atrium3. right ventricle4. inferior vena cava5. aorta6. left atrium7. valve8. left ventricle9. septum10. pulmonary artery11. pulmonary veins

Journey Through the Heart

AssessmentAssessmentAssessmentAssessmentAssessmentand Studentand Studentand Studentand Studentand Student

ActivityActivityActivityActivityActivityMastersMastersMastersMastersMasters

19

Circulation and RespirationName___________________

20

Preliminary TestPreliminary TestPreliminary TestPreliminary TestPreliminary Test

2003

Directions: Fill in the blank with the correct word. A list ofpossible answers is provided at the bottom of the page.

1. One function of the circulatory system is to carry ________________ away from cells.

2. ________ ____________ are tubes through which blood flows.

3. The ______________ arteries supply the brain with oxygenated blood.

4. __________________are very small blood vessels.

5. The circulatory system is also known as the ___________________ system.

6. The heart consists of _______________ main chambers.

7. The body’s largest artery is the ______________ .

8. A __________________________ is an instrument used to measure blood pressure.

9. _______________ blood cells are the most common cells in the blood.

10. Tiny balloon-like structures found in the lungs are called ______________.

alveolisphygmomanometerfoursixcarotidcardiovascular

redaortawhitecapillariesblood vesselswastes


21

PreliminaryPreliminaryPreliminaryPreliminaryPreliminaryTestTestTestTestTest

Directions: Decide whether the answer is True (T) or False (F).

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11. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body.

12. Arteries carry blood to the heart.

13. Capillaries are the body’s biggest blood vessels.

14. The respiratory system is responsible for the movement of blood through the body.

15. Blood picks up oxygen in the lungs.

16. The heart is part of the circulatory system.

17. There are five chambers in the heart.

18. High blood pressure can cause too much strain on the heart.

19. There are more white blood cells in the body than red blood cells.

20. Platelets play an important role in blood clotting.

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F


22

Video ReviewVideo ReviewVideo ReviewVideo ReviewVideo ReviewDirections: During the course of the program, answer the “You Decide”questions as they are presented in the video. Answer the Video Quiz questions atthe end of the video.

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You Decide:1. What organ pumps blood throughout the body?2. What is the network of pipes called in the body?3. What are the most common type of blood cells?4. Why do we need to breathe?

Answer ________________

Answer ________________

Answer ________________

Answer ________________

Video Quiz:1. Arteries carry blood _____________ from the heart.

2. The ______________ is the body’s largest artery.

3. Blood in veins is ______________ depleted.

4. Platelets help blood ________________ when you get injured.

5. _______________ blood cells fight foreign substances.

6. _______________ are microscopic blood vessels.

7. The heart is made up of _______________ chambers.

8. ______________ blood cells carry oxygen.

9. Blood is made of a liquid called _____________ and cells.

10. Your lungs contain tiny structures called __________________.


23

Post TestPost TestPost TestPost TestPost Test

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T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

1. Arteries carry blood to the heart.

2. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body.

3. High blood pressure can cause too much strain on the heart.

4. Capillaries are the body’s biggest blood vessels.

5. Blood picks up oxygen in the lungs.

6. The heart is part of the circulatory system.

7. The respiratory system is responsible for the movement of blood through the body.

8. There are five chambers in the heart.

9. Platelets play an important role in blood clotting.

10. There are more white blood cells in the body than red blood cells.

Directions: Decide whether the answer is True (T) or False (F).


24

Post TestPost TestPost TestPost TestPost Test

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11. _________ ____________ are tubes through which blood flows.

12. One function of the circulatory system is to carry ________________ away from cells.

13. _________________ are very small blood vessels.

14. The ______________ arteries supply the brain with oxygenated blood.

15. The circulatory system is also known as the ___________________ system.

16. _____________ blood cells are the most common cells in the blood.

17. The heart consists of _______________ main chambers.

18. A ___________________ is an instrument used to measure blood pressure.

19. The body’s largest artery is the ______________ .

20. Tiny balloon-like structures found in the lungs are called _____________.

Directions: Fill in the blank with the correct word. A list ofpossible answers is provided at the bottom of the page.

alveolisphygmomanometerfourcarotidcardiovascularsix

redaortacapillariesblood vesselswasteswhite


25 2003

Blood GroupsBlood GroupsBlood GroupsBlood GroupsBlood GroupsObjective: In this activity students will learn about the ABO Blood System and how blood ischaracterized by the protein attached to the red blood cells.

Background: Every person is born with a certain type of blood that remains the samethroughout their lifetime. In 1900, an American scientist by the name of Karl Landsteinerclassified human blood into four basic groups: A, B, AB, and O. Blood is categorized by thetype of protein surrounding each red blood cell. People with group A blood have A proteinsattached to their red blood cells. People with group B blood have B proteins attached to theirred blood cells. AB blood has a combination of both A and B proteins, while O blood hasneither.

Most people have between 4 and 6 liters of blood in their body at all times. If a large amount ofblood is lost due to an injury of some sort, blood may be transferred from one person’s body toanother. This process is called a transfusion. In the event of a blood transfusion it is necessaryto know the patient’s blood type. Group A blood produces a chemical called anti B, whichcauses blood cells with the B protein to clump together when B blood is transfused. If blood inthe body clumps together it can block the bloodstream and cause death. In other words, A andB blood does not mix. Similarly, B blood contains a chemical called anti A that causes redblood cells with A proteins to clot. Because of the possibility of clumping, blood groups needto be carefully matched in the laboratory.

AB blood is very unique. AB blood does not contain any anti chemical that might causeclumping and therefore can be mixed with all blood types. People with AB blood are referredto as universal receivers. People with type O blood are commonly referred to as universaldonors. This title is given to them because O blood can be mixed with all types of blood.While O blood can be used in all transfusions, a person with type O blood can only receive typeO blood. This is because O blood contains both the anti A and anti B chemicals that wouldcause clumping if mixed with another blood type other than O. Keep in mind that the ABOBlood System is just one criteria to consider when a transfusion occurs.Activity: Fill in the table below, matching each blood group with the type of proteins attachedto their red blood cells, the type of anti-chemical found in the blood, and the type or types ofblood that can be used for a transfusion.

ABO Blood System BloodGroup

Protein ClumpingChemicals

Blood used inTransfusions

A

B

O

AB


26 2003

Objective: Students will investigate the path blood takes through the heart.

Background: The human heart is one of the most amazing organs in the body. Asthe principal organ of the circulatory system the heart is responsible for pumpingblood throughout the entire body! The network that transports blood is made up ofthree main types of blood vessels – arteries, veins, and capillaries. The heart andblood vessels continuously work together to form the circulatory system, and moveblood to different parts of the body.

Your heart is about the size of your fist. It is a thick and hollow organ made primarilyof cardiac muscle. The heart has two sides, right and left, which are separated by awall of muscle called the septum. Four separate chambers make up the interior of theheart. The top chambers are called atria while the bottom chambers are called ven-tricles. Blood travels into the heart through veins and out through arteries. Thepassage below describes the cycle blood takes through the heart. As you read thepassage, label the parts of the heart in the diagram of the human heart.

Blood enters the heart from the body via two veins, the superior vena cava and theinferior vena cava. As you might have guessed the superior vena cava is the veinthat carries blood from the upper body while the inferior vena cava is the vein thatcarries blood from the lower body. From the vena cavas, blood enters into the first offour chambers in the heart, the right atrium. Blood from the right atrium is pumpedthrough one-way valves and into the chamber below called the right ventricle. Atthis point in the cycle, the blood is not oxygenated. Where in the body do you thinkblood needs to go in order to become oxygenated? Blood from the right ventricle ispumped through the pulmonary artery into the lungs. Here in the lungs, blood picksup oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood travels back into theheart from the lungs via the pulmonary vein and into the left atrium. From the leftatrium blood is pumped through another one-way valve and into the left ventricle.From here blood is pumped up through the largest artery in the body, the aorta, andout to the rest of the body.

A Journey ThroughA Journey ThroughA Journey ThroughA Journey ThroughA Journey Throughthe Heartthe Heartthe Heartthe Heartthe Heart


27 2003

A Journey ThroughA Journey ThroughA Journey ThroughA Journey ThroughA Journey Throughthe Heart the Heart the Heart the Heart the Heart (cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.


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Objective: In this activity students will locate their pulse and calculate their pulse rateunder different conditions.

Background: Arteries are the largest blood vessels in the body. Blood that exits the heartdoes so through the largest artery in the body, the aorta. From the aorta, blood travelsthroughout the body via many different branching arteries. When the heart pumps bloodthrough an artery close to the surface of the skin, the rhythmic pressure it creates can befelt. This pressure is called a pulse. A pulse is caused by the heart pumping blood throughthe body’s arteries. The pulse rate is the number of pulses counted during a one minutetime period. Many things influence the heart rate, including age, gender, health, rest, andexercise level. In the following activity you will experience different pulse rates by chang-ing the state of your body’s condition.

Materials:Clock or watch with second handCalculator

Procedure:1. Work in pairs. With each exercise, partners should take turns being the subject and the

timekeeper. The subject should count their own pulse rate while the timekeeper keepstrack of the time.

2. First, each partner should locate the pulse in their neck. To do so place two fingers,pointer and middle, at the back of the bottom jaw bone. Slide your two fingers slowlydown below your jawbone and onto your neck until you feel a pulse. Practice findingyour pulse a few times so that you will be able to do so quickly during the experiments.

3. The subject should sit quietly for one minute while the timekeeper keeps track of time.4. At the end of the minute, find your pulse and count each pulsation for 15 seconds. In

order to get your pulse rate per minute you need to multiply your pulse by 4. Repeattwo more times and record each result in the blanks below.1. ______________2. ______________3. ______________

Measuring Your PulseMeasuring Your PulseMeasuring Your PulseMeasuring Your PulseMeasuring Your PulseRateRateRateRateRate


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5. Add your results together and divide by three in order to calculate your average restingpulse rate. Fill in the blank below.

___________________ Average Resting Pulse Rate/Min.6. Switch roles and repeat steps 3-5.7. Stand straight for 2 minutes. At the end of the two minutes count you pulse for 15

seconds while the timekeeper keeps track of time. Determine your pulse rate perminute by multiplying your result by 4. Fill in the blank below.

___________________ Standing Pulse Rate/Min.8. Switch roles and repeat step 8.9. While seated take a deep breath, exhale part of it. While holding your breath count

your pulse rate for 15 seconds. Determine your pulse rate per minute by multiplyingyou result by 4. Fill in the blank below.

___________________ Breath-Holding Pulse Rate/Min.10. Switch roles and repeat step 9.11. Run in place or jump up and down for 1 minute. Immediately after you stop running,

locate your pulse and count the rate for 15 seconds. Record your pulse rate. Take yourpulse again after 15 seconds for 15 seconds until it returns to the resting pulse rate.

12. Determine your active pulse rate per minute by multiplying by 4. Record each pulse rate taken after the 15 second intervals. Fill in the blank below.

__________________ Active Pulse Rate/Min.13. Answer the questions below.

Questions:1. How does your resting pulse rate compare to your standing pulse?2. Why is it necessary to take a resting pulse?3. How does your standing pulse rate compare to your breath-holding pulse?4. How does your active pulse rate compare to all your other pulse rates?5. How long did it take for your active pulse rate to equal your resting pulse?

Conclusion:As a class, average together the resting pulses of females and then do the same for males.How do the two averages compare? What does this say about the resting pulses of femalesand males?

Measuring Your PulseMeasuring Your PulseMeasuring Your PulseMeasuring Your PulseMeasuring Your PulseRate Rate Rate Rate Rate (cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)


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a. flow of blood through tissues and organs of the body except the lungs and heartb. instrument used to listen to your heart soundc. a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the bodyd. blood vessels that carry blood to the hearte. the flow of blood from the heart, to the lungs, and backf. arteries that supply your brain with oxygenated bloodg. fluid that carries gases and other materials throughout the bodyh. the largest artery in the body, carries blood from the heart to the body i. the smallest blood vessels found in the body j. a network of tubes through which blood is transported

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___1) haetr__________________

___2) aotar_________________

___3) coartid artyer _________________

___4) cillapareis _________________

___5) doolb _______________

___6) bolod vsseels _________________

___7) visen _________________

___8) uplarmony uclircation ____________

___9) sttehocoeps _________________

___10) sstymice cucrilaiont _____________

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circulation and respiration - infobase · be quiet for several seconds and try to feel the rhythmic...

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