circulatory disturbances 3: hemorrhagepeople.upei.ca/smartinson/circ3-hem-16_sam_final.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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Circulatory Disturbances 3: Hemorrhage
Shannon Martinson, Feb 2016
http://people.upei.ca/smartinson/ VPM 152 General Pathology
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Circulatory Disturbances 3: Hemorrhage
Learning Objectives
• Recognize and describe hemorrhage as to its size and location using proper terminology
• Outline the pathogenesis of hemorrhage
• Describe the outcome of hemorrhagic lesions
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Edema Congestion and Hyperemia
Hemorrhage Thrombosis and Embolism
Infarction Shock
HEMORRHAGE
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HEMORRHAGE
• Escape of blood from the cardiovascular system Hemorrhage
Internal External
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HEMORRHAGE
Causes
Trauma
Sepsis, viruses, or toxins
Abdominal neoplasia
Coagulation disorders
Platelet disorders
Congestion (capillary hemorrhage)
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HEMORRHAGE
Causes
Trauma
Sepsis, viruses, or toxins
Abdominal neoplasia
Coagulation disorders
Platelet disorders
Congestion (capillary hemorrhage)
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HEMORRHAGE
Causes
Trauma
Sepsis, viruses, or toxins
Abdominal neoplasia
Coagulation disorders
Platelet disorders
Congestion (capillary hemorrhage)
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HEMORRHAGE
Causes
Trauma
Sepsis, viruses, or toxins
Abdominal neoplasia
Coagulation disorders
Platelet disorders
Congestion (capillary hemorrhage)
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HEMORRHAGE
www.merckvetmanual.com
Causes
Trauma
Sepsis, viruses, or toxins
Abdominal neoplasia
Coagulation disorders
Platelet disorders
Congestion (capillary hemorrhage)
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HEMORRHAGE
Causes
Trauma
Sepsis, viruses, or toxins
Abdominal neoplasia
Coagulation disorders
Platelet disorders
Congestion (capillary hemorrhage)
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Significance
HEMORRHAGE
Location:
Brain
Pericardium
Volume and rate:
↑worse -
Hemorrhagic shock
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HEMORRHAGE
• Blood accumulation beneath / above the dura Subdural / Epidural
hemorrhage
Compresses the brain
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HEMORRHAGE
• Heart failure due to massive accumulation of fluid/blood in the pericardial sac
Cardiac Tamponade
Compresses the atria and ventricles - restricts diastolic cardiac filling
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HEMORRHAGE
• Hemorrhage from a tear in blood vessel or heart Hemorrhage by
Rhexis
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HEMORRHAGE
• Hemorrhage from a tear in blood vessel or heart Hemorrhage by
Rhexis
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HEMORRHAGE
• Hemorrhage from a tear in blood vessel or heart Hemorrhage by
Rhexis
Results in moderate to marked hemorrhage
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HEMORRHAGE
• Bleeding from a small defect Hemorrhage by
Diapedesis
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HEMORRHAGE
• Bleeding from a small defect Hemorrhage by
Diapedesis
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HEMORRHAGE
• Bleeding from a small defect Hemorrhage by
Diapedesis
• RBCs passing through a wall in inflammation or vasculitis
• RBCs entering alveoli with lung congestion
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HEMORRHAGE
• Increased tendency to hemorrhage from usually insignificant injuries
Hemorrhagic Diathesis
Seen in a wide variety of clinical disorders • Platelet disorders • Coagulation deficiency
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HEMORRHAGE
• Extravascular 3D blood clot
• Hemorrhage enclosed within a tissue Hematoma
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HEMORRHAGE
Photos: Dr R Lofstedt, AVC
• Extravascular 3D blood clot
• Hemorrhage enclosed within a tissue Hematoma
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HEMORRHAGE
• Blood in the pericardial sac Hemopericardium
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HEMORRHAGE
• Blood in the pericardial sac Hemopericardium
Can lead to cardiac tamponade
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HEMORRHAGE
• Blood in the thorax (pleural cavity) Hemothorax
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HEMORRHAGE
• Blood in the abdomen (peritoneal cavity) Hemoabdomen
(Hemoperitoneum)
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HEMORRHAGE
• Blood in the abdomen (peritoneal cavity) Hemoabdomen
(Hemoperitoneum)
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HEMORRHAGE
• Blood in the joint spaces Hemarthrosis
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HEMORRHAGE
• Coughing blood from the lungs or airways Hemoptysis
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HEMORRHAGE
• Bleeding from the nose Epistaxis
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HEMORRHAGE
• Vomiting up blood Hematemesis
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HEMORRHAGE
• Presence of fresh blood in the stool Hematochezia
• Presence of tarry blood in the stool Melena
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HEMORRHAGE
• Pinpoint (~1-2 mm) hemorrhages
• Most common in the skin, mucosa, serosa Petechia(e)
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HEMORRHAGE
• 3 mm – 1 cm hemorrhages
• Most common in the skin, mucosa, serosa Purpura
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HEMORRHAGE
• Hemorrhages larger than 1 cm
• Often blotchy and irregular
Ecchymosis
(Ecchymoses)
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HEMORRHAGE
• Hemorrhage which looks like red paint was applied with a brush
Paint brush hemorrhage
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HEMORRHAGE
• Areas of hemorrhage larger than ecchymoses and contiguous
Suffusive hemorrhage
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HEMORRHAGE
• Areas of hemorrhage larger than ecchymoses and contiguous
Suffusive hemorrhage
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HEMORRHAGE
• Refer to petechiae and ecchymoses that are associated with the death struggle (terminal hypoxia)
Agonal hemorrhage
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HEMORRHAGE
• Arrest of hemorrhage occurs as a result of hemostasis (next lecture)
• Resolution depends on the amount of hemorrhage
Resolution of Hemorrhage
• A small amount can be resorbed
1. Resorption
• Larger amounts require breakdown and removal of RBCs by macrophages
• Hemoglobin pigment broken down sequentially
• Connective tissue organization occurs in large hematomas
2. Organization
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Hemoglobin
Bilirubin
Hemosiderin
Blue-Green
Yellow-Brown
Red - Blue
HEMORRHAGE
Resolution of Hemorrhage
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HEMORRHAGE
• Center contains fibrin and RBCs that are phagocytosed by macrophages
• Outside is composed of vascularized fibrous tissue
Organizing hematoma
Aural hematoma
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Questions?
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Coelomic cavity of male turkey with ruptured aorta – which term is correct for this lesion?
1. Hemorrhage by diapedesis
2. Hemorrhage by rhexis
3. Hemarthrosis
4. Petechiae
5. Hemoptysis
REVIEW
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What’s your diagnosis?
1. Hemothorax
2. Hydrothorax
3. Chylothorax
4. Hemopericardium
5. Hydropericardium
REVIEW
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Morphologic Diagnosis and Speculate on cause...
1. Hydroperitoneum - Ruptured small intestine
2. Ascites - Left Heart Failure
3. Hydroperitoneum - Liver Failure
4. Ascites - Right heart failure
REVIEW
Morphologic Diagnosis and Speculate on cause...
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1. Ecchymoses
2. Paintbrush hemorrhage
3. Purpura
4. Petechiae
5. Suffusive hemorrhage
What type of hemorrhage is this?
REVIEW
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This aortic rupture could have resulted in which of the following? (tissue from a horse)
REVIEW
1. Hemothorax
2. Cardiac tamponade
3. Cor pulmonale
4. Hemoptysis
5. Hemopericardium