citizen insecurity in venezuela: poverty or institutions? roberto briceño-león woodrow wilson...

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Base de datosTIPOS DE HOGARES URBANOS, SEGN SEXO DEL JEFE DE HOGARPolitical StabilityGovernment EffectivenessRegulatory QualityRule of LawControl of CorruptionInterpersonal trustConfidence in the PoliceLife expectancy at birth (years)Nuclear biparentalNuclear monoparentalCountryYearTasa de homicidiosPercentile RankGovernance ScorePercentile RankGovernance ScorePercentile RankGovernance ScorePercentile RankGovernance ScorePercentile RankGovernance ScoreYou can trust most peopleYou can never be too careful when dealing with othersA lot of confidenceSome confidenceLittle confidenceNo confidence at allReliability of police servicesBusiness costs of crime and violenceBusiness costs of organized crimePublic trust of politiciansDiversion of public fundsMaleFemaleAveragePopulation distribution ages 15-34Illiteracy rate of population aged 15+Human Development IndexMean Years of Schooling (of adults)Labor force participation rate (female-male ratio)HombresMujeresHombresMujeresGDP (current US$)GDP growth (annual %)GDP per capita (current US$)Income distribution (Gini coefficient)Unemployment rateTotal external debt as percentage of GDPInflation, current prices (annual %)Net Foreign Direct Investment (millions of dollars)Population living below the poverty linePopulation living below the extreme poverty lineNational Total Population below the indigence line (percentage)Urban population (% of total)Rural population (% of total)Population living on less than 1 dollar per dayPopulation living on less than 2 dollars per dayUrban population living in slums (% of urban population)Brazil199625.834.1-0.3549.8-0.1565.70.4141.1-0.3455.6-0.070.1130.8875.720.934.638.8657369839,683,246,7602.251090.6375.421.415.811 667.035.813.913.9782211.4329.09Brazil199725.44.995.113.518.539.428.6657369871,199,987,4883.452215.7236.918 608.0792111.9829.84Brazil199825.931.3-0.3751.2-0.1366.20.4443.5-0.3260.504.795.38.415.84233.8667370843,826,501,464049817.626.53.229 192.0802011.0329.18Brazil199926.266747096.93.11189586,863,191,4450.334130.647.638.44.926 886.037.512.912.9811911.1529.81Brazil200026.850.50.08580.0463.20.3543.5-0.3361.50.044.295.87.121.937.933.16674703613.10.6655.60.667644,701,831,1014.336967.133.6730 497.6811931.5Brazil200127.82.497.614.517.740.727.167747196.63.411.288.8553,582,178,3861.331300.6396.237.96.824 714.937.513.213.2821810.9628.8836.6Brazil200232.352.90.2458.50.0562.30.3144.5-0.32580.013.296.814.523.333.428.867757195.54.510.589.5504,221,228,9742.728120.63411.741.68.514 108.137.812.612.682189.8128.02Brazil200333.139.9-0.07620.1963.20.3339.2-0.5590.113.796.311.125.93825.167757195.64.410.889.2552,469,288,2681.130420.62112.338.914.79 894.238.714831710.4328.41Brazil200431.133.2-0.34590.0456.90.0639.2-0.4357.10.034.195.911.624.737.526.168757294.85.211.188.9663,760,000,0005.736100.61211.530.36.68 338.937.812.2841611.6827.36Brazil200529.237.5-0.2952.7-0.0954.40.0437.8-0.4951.2-0.175.794.314.624.532.928.13.282.633.61.862.768757235.411.10.6926.60.71292.97.110.989.1882,185,291,7013.247430.6139.819.26.912 549.636.410.784167.7624.7529Brazil200631.238-0.2550.7-0.1353.4-0.0442.6-0.4453.7-0.145.494.612.430.135.422.12.992.623.381.552.276876726.70.7291.98.110.589.51,088,917,279,412457930.6051015.84.2-9 380.333.498515Brazil200729.332.7-0.3551-0.152.9-0.0243.1-0.4456.3-0.115.794.310.325.63826.12.572.823.31.432.166976736.80.7288.211.811891,365,982,651,5426.171970.599.314.13.627 518.230.28.6851528Brazil200829.935.1-0.2654.9054.40.0743.3-0.3758.3-0.028.691.4831.635.125.32.823.094.071.562.486976736.90.73851511891,652,632,229,2285.286280.5947.9125.724 601.125.87.37.386144.2514.78Brazil200922.751.70.257.40.0256.90.1850.2-0.2156.5-0.17.692.49.325.238.227.33.663.284.231.582.36976730.7087.10.734851510.989.11,594,489,675,024-0.682510.5768.112.24.936 032.824.97786143.814.21Brazil201021.848.10.0556.90.07560.1955.5059.80.0610.289.89.631.133.126.14.113.343.941.772.337334.59.60.7157.22,087,889,553,8227.5107106.712536 918.98714Brazil2011214.253.383.972.072.63740.7187.2Colombia1996676.3-1.6748.8-0.1855.40.0819.1-0.9132.2-0.4923.176.95.21936.139.866747097,160,111,5732.1261811.226.920.82 783.8712913.7933.45Colombia199763326812.729.63720.6667470106,659,507,9643.428240.56912.427.118.54 752.850.923.523.57129Colombia1998575.3-1.849.8-0.1453.40.0522.5-0.8139-0.4320.679.47.524.940.427.167747198,443,743,1910.6256115.331.218.72 032.8712915.8535.77Colombia19995967757197.42.612.487.686,186,156,584-4.222040.57219.435.710.91 392.454.926.826.8722817.1537.94Colombia2000537.7-1.6145.4-0.2556.40.1219.6-0.9342.4-0.414.985.17.734.13523.167757135.78.40.6526.50.462100,363,791,8714.4252417.336.29.22 111.1722816.6436.9322.3Colombia20016513.786.310.625.436.127.968757298,745,443,2401.7244318.239.982 525.8722821.8Colombia200270.22.4-2.0141.5-0.3956.40.0524.9-0.8449.3-0.24188213.333.830.122.868757295.94.113.186.998,229,102,1392.523910.59418.138.26.41 276.954.219.919.97327Colombia200356.40.5-2.4154.1-0.1152-0.0523.4-0.8651.7-0.1713.786.39.827.233.729.4687672964128894,916,590,0963.922740.57317.140.27.1782.851.617.1732715.3633.12Colombia200447.72.4-2.252.2-0.151.5-0.0723.4-0.7953.7-0.122.677.419.12929.222.66876729551288117,188,202,0555.327650.57915.833.75.92 873.251.317.17327Colombia200542.13.4-2.0151.2-0.1454.90.0632.1-0.6851.7-0.11208021.930.729.218.13.962.922.561.912.5569767334.77.10.6756.70.50394.85.212.487.6146,570,319,3344.734050.5814.326.355 590.050.615.8742617.9Colombia200640.06.3-1.8353.7-0.0556.40.1438.3-0.5355.6-0.118.281.815.727.234.222.94.363.022.961.972.826976736.80.507162,807,996,6756.7372613.124.74.35 557.7742616.0134.81Colombia200738.87.2-1.7654.40.0158.70.2539.7-0.4853.9-0.198.991.112.42932.317.14.133.233.272.12.9169777370.511207,410,686,3626.9467611.421.55.58 136.0742616.1Colombia200835.96.7-1.8356.30.0359.20.2739.9-0.4451-0.2214.885.218.730.729.214.64.13.263.332.323.26977737.10.52194.65.411.688.4244,645,672,4953.554360.58911.51978 342.446.117.919.97526Colombia200934.65.2-1.7653.6-0.02560.1642.7-0.4149.3-0.320.179.912.327.232.9184.142.642.662.192.927077740.7027.20.52494.15.911.388.7235,836,552,5971.551660.5781322.94.24 049.145.716.519.97525Colombia201033.49-1.4960.80.1460.30.3145-0.3343.1-0.3920.579.512.338.234.718.34.292.462.462.162.647434.35.90.7077.393.16.911.388.7288,188,988,8244.362250.57812.422.52.3202.844.314.87525Colombia2011334.332.762.732.422.46740.717.3Venezuela19962022.6-0.7425.4-0.6941.7-0.2220.1-0.8820.511.688.44.413.231.251.370757368,258,588,863-0.2303311.85099.91 676.0871315.236.16Venezuela19971911.288.812.614.837.135.570767385,837,385,7796.437390.50711.443.4505 645.04820.520.588129.5728.42Venezuela19982028.4-0.5820-0.8240.7-0.2121.5-0.8216.116.183.98.514.932.64470767391,338,542,5420.3390111.338.435.83 942.0891114.2430.47Venezuela19992570767395.54.512.687.497,974,136,437-641050.4981537.823.62 018.049.421.721.78911Venezuela20003323.1-0.7522-0.7934.8-0.3821.1-0.9133.715.684.413.722.3313370767335.17.50.6565.90.56117,147,614,5663.7481913.931.116.24 180.09010Venezuela20013516.883.213.921.234.130.8717674122,909,734,6013.4496313.328.812.53 479.0901040.7Venezuela200238.112.5-1.3911.7-128.4-0.613.4-1.1511.712.987.112.22028.83971777494.25.812.187.992,889,586,976-8.936830.515.838.222.4-24448.622.222.2919Venezuela200344.112.5-1.2916.1-0.9116.7-1.029.1-1.2612.713.586.57.119.532.540.970767383,622,191,419-7.832571848.431.172291918.6240.06Venezuela200437.111.5-1.3511.2-1.0414.2-1.099.6-1.231817.182.91224.63231.470767391.88.212.587.5112,451,400,42318.343040.4715.338.821.786445.419928Venezuela200537.414.4-1.1817.6-0.9412.7-1.1310-1.231826.973.110.926.434.128.63.462.13.311.351.6570767335.160.6926.50.61691.28.813.786.3145,513,489,65210.354750.4912.431.9161 422.037.115.992810.8426.732Venezuela200645.213.9-1.216.1-0.9812.7-1.146.2-1.3816.630.869.214.334.428.522.82.22.022.961.371.527076736.70.62690.29.812.387.7183,477,522,1249.967880.4471024.413.7-203230.29.99372.9715.96Venezuela200747.712.5-1.1915-1.026.8-1.382.9-1.5312.127.172.910.632.532.324.61.972.23.251.351.547177746.90.626891112.587.5226,537,506,2888.882430.4278.423.218.797828.58.5937Venezuela200852.011.5-1.2814.1-1.066.8-1.342.4-1.5610.723.776.34.32436.934.81.882.463.571.391.797177747.20.63788.111.913.286.8311,130,615,2775.3111380.4127.315.631.4-92427.69.99.9937Venezuela200949.010-1.4119.1-0.894.8-1.542.4-1.598.123774.717.141.736.51.962.433.51.61.827177740.7327.40.64487.212.812.287.8326,132,984,630-3.2114900.4167.819.328.6-493927.19.8946Venezuela20105710.4-1.3714.8-1.024.3-1.581.4-1.647.224.175.9526.141.627.32.112.272.961.481.947434.84.80.7347.687.912.11387391,847,491,772-1.5135900.3948.630.429.1-379427.810.7946Venezuela2011672.192.082.471.51.95740.7357.6

HomicidiosHomicidesBrazilColombiaVenezuela199625.86720199725.46319199825.95720199926.25925200026.85333200127.86535200232.370.238.1200333.156.444.1200431.147.737.1200529.242.137.4200631.240.045.2200729.338.847.7200829.935.952.0200922.734.649.0201021.833.4572011213367Source: UN Office on Drugs and Crimehttp://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/homicide.htmlAND source for other data (before 2002)

Political StabilityPolitical Stability (percentile rank)BrazilColombiaVenezuela199634.16.322.6199732.75.825.5199831.35.328.4199940.96.525.75200050.57.723.1200151.75.0517.8200252.92.412.5200339.90.512.5200433.22.411.5200537.53.414.42006386.313.9200732.77.212.5200835.16.711.5200951.75.210201048.1910.4Source: Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi. Worldwide Governance Indicators. 2011. The World Bank Group. 24 Feb 2012.

Government EffectivenessGovernment Effectiveness (percentile rank)BrazilColombiaVenezuela199649.848.825.4199750.549.322.7199851.249.820199954.647.62120005845.422200158.2543.4516.85200258.541.511.720036254.116.120045952.211.2200552.751.217.6200650.753.716.120075154.415200854.956.314.1200957.453.619.1201056.960.814.8Source: Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi. Worldwide Governance Indicators. 2011. The World Bank Group. 24 Feb 2012.

Regulatory QualityRegulatory QualityBrazilColombiaVenezuela199665.755.441.7199765.9554.441.2199866.253.440.7199964.754.937.75200063.256.434.8200162.7556.431.6200262.356.428.4200363.25216.7200456.951.514.2200554.454.912.7200653.456.412.7200752.958.76.8200854.459.26.8200956.9564.820105660.34.3Source: Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi. Worldwide Governance Indicators. 2011. The World Bank Group. 24 Feb 2012.

Rule of LawRule of LawBrazilColombiaVenezuela199641.119.120.1199742.320.820.8199843.522.521.5199943.521.0521.3200043.519.621.120014422.2517.25200244.524.913.4200339.223.49.1200439.223.49.6200537.832.110200642.638.36.2200743.139.72.9200843.339.92.4200950.242.72.4201055.5451.4Source: Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi. Worldwide Governance Indicators. 2011. The World Bank Group. 24 Feb 2012.

Control of CorruptionControl of CorruptionBrazilColombiaVenezuela199655.632.220.5199758.0535.618.3199860.53916.119996140.724.9200061.542.433.7200159.7545.8522.720025849.311.720035951.712.7200457.153.718200551.251.718200653.755.616.6200756.353.912.1200858.35110.7200956.549.38.1201059.843.17.2Source: Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi. Worldwide Governance Indicators. 2011. The World Bank Group. 24 Feb 2012.

Life expectancyLife expectancyBrazilColombiaVenezuela1996697073199769707319987071731999707173200070717320017172742002717274200371727320047272732005727373200672737320077373742008737374200973747420107374742011747474Source: The World Bankhttp://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.MA.IN/countries?page=4*Source for 2010, 2011 data: UNDPhttp://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/69206.html

GDPGDPBrazilColombiaVenezuela1996839,683,246,76097,160,111,57368,258,588,8631997871,199,987,488106,659,507,96485,837,385,7791998843,826,501,46498,443,743,19191,338,542,5421999586,863,191,44586,186,156,58497,974,136,4372000644,701,831,101100,363,791,871117,147,614,5662001553,582,178,38698,745,443,240122,909,734,6012002504,221,228,97498,229,102,13992,889,586,9762003552,469,288,26894,916,590,09683,622,191,4192004663,760,000,000117,188,202,055112,451,400,4232005882,185,291,701146,570,319,334145,513,489,65220061,088,917,279,412162,807,996,675183,477,522,12420071,365,982,651,542207,410,686,362226,537,506,28820081,652,632,229,228244,645,672,495311,130,615,27720091,594,489,675,024235,836,552,597326,132,984,63020102,087,889,553,822288,188,988,824391,847,491,772

Source: The World Bankhttp://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/countries?page=4GDP (in ten billions)Homicides per 1 million inhabitants19968425819978725419988425919995926220006426820015527820025032320035533120046631120058829220061093122007137293200816529920091592272010209218GDP (in billions)Homicides per 1 million inhabitants19969767019971076301998985701999865902000100530200199650200298702.0200395564.02004117477.02005147421.02006163400.02007207388.02008245359.02009236346.02010288334.0GDP (in billions)Homicides per 1 million inhabitants19966820019978619019989120019999825020001173302001123350200293381.0200384441.02004112371.02005146374.02006183452.02007227477.02008311520.02009326490.02010392570

GDP per capitaGDP per capitaBrazilColombiaVenezuela199651092618303319975221282437391998498125613901199934132204410520003696252448192001313024434963200228122391368320033042227432572004361027654304200547433405547520065,7933,7266,78820077,1974,6768,24320088,6285,43611,13820098,2515,16611,490201010,7106,22513,590

Source: The World Bankhttp://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD/countries?page=4GDP per capita (in tens)Homicides per 1 million inhabitants1996510.92581997522.12541998498.12591999341.32622000369.926820013132782002281.23232003304.233120043613112005474.3292200657931220077202932008863299200982522720101,071218GDP per capita (in tens)Homicides per 1 million inhabitants1996261.86701997282.46301998256.15701999220.45902000252.45302001244.36502002239.1702.02003227.4564.02004276.5477.02005340.5421.02006373400.02007468388.02008544359.02009517346.02010623334.0GDP per capita (in tens)Homicides per 1 million inhabitants1996303.32001997373.91901998390.12001999410.52502000481.93302001496.33502002368.3381.02003325.7441.02004430.4371.02005547.5374.02006679452.02007824477.020081,114520.020091,149490.020101,359570

GiniGiniBrazilColombiaVenezuela19960.6370.5903333330.519970.6380.5690.50719980.6390.57050.502519990.640.5720.49820000.63950.5793333330.49866666620010.6390.5866666670.49933333320020.6340.5940.520030.6210.5730.48520040.6120.5790.4720050.6130.580.4920060.6050.5830.44720070.590.5860.42720080.5940.5890.41220090.5760.5780.41620100.5780.394

Source: CEPAL

[A] ECLAC: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean: Statistics and Economic Projections Division, Social Statistics Unit, based on special tabulations of the respective country's household survey data.Gini indexHomicide rate (in hundredths)19960.6370.25819970.6380.25419980.6390.25919990.640.26220000.63950.26820010.6390.27820020.6340.32320030.6210.33120040.6120.31120050.6130.29220060.6050.31220070.590.29320080.5940.29920090.5760.22720100.218Gini indexHomicide rate (in hundredths)19960.5903333330.6719970.5690.6319980.57050.5719990.5720.5920000.5793333330.5320010.5866666670.6520020.5940.720030.5730.620040.5790.520050.580.420060.5830.420070.5860.420080.5890.420090.5780.320100.5780.3Gini indexHomicide rate (in hundredths)19960.50.219970.5070.1919980.50250.219990.4980.2520000.4986666660.3320010.4993333330.3520020.50.420030.4850.420040.470.420050.490.420060.4470.520070.4270.520080.4120.520090.4160.520100.3940.57

External DebtExternal debtBrazilColombiaVenezuela199621.426.95019972327.143.4199826.531.238.4199938.435.737.8200033.636.231.1200137.939.928.8200241.638.238.2200338.940.248.4200430.333.738.8200519.226.331.9200615.824.724.4200714.121.523.22008121915.6200912.222.919.320101222.530.4Source: CEPAL[A] ECLAC: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean : Estimaciones propias basadas en fuentes nacionales

Unemployment RateUnemployment rate (ECLAC)

BrazilColombiaVenezuela19965.411.211.819975.712.411.419987.615.311.319997.619.41520007.117.313.920016.218.213.3200211.718.115.8200312.317.118200411.515.815.320059.814.312.420061013.11020079.311.48.420087.911.57.320098.1137.820106.712.48.6

Sources

[A] ECLAC: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean: Economic Development Division.

Poverty linePoverty (percentage of pop)BrazilColombiaVenezuela199635.8 51.433333333348.2 199736.4 50.9 48.0 199836.9 52.948.7 199937.5 54.9 49.4 200037.5 54.666666666749.1 200137.5 54.433333333348.9 200237.8 54.2 48.6 200338.7 51.6 47.0 200437.8 51.3 45.4 200536.4 50.6 37.1 200633.4 49.130.2 200730.2 47.628.5 200825.8 46.1 27.6 200924.9 45.7 27.1 201044.3 27.8 Sources

[A] ECLAC: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean: Statistics and Economic Projections Division, Social Statistics Unit, based on special tabulations of the respective country's household survey data.% of population living below poverty lineHomicide rate199635.8 25.8199736.4 25.4199836.9 25.9199937.5 26.2200037.5 26.8200137.5 27.8200237.8 32.3200338.7 33.1200437.8 31.1200536.4 29.2200633.4 31.2200730.2 29.3200825.8 29.9200924.9 22.7201021.8% of population living below poverty lineHomicide rate199651.433333333367199750.9 63199852.957199954.9 59200054.666666666753200154.433333333365200254.2 70.2200351.6 56.4200451.3 47.7200550.6 42.1200649.140.0200747.638.8200846.1 35.9200945.7 34.6201044.3 33.4% of population living below poverty lineHomicide rate199648.2 20199748.0 19199848.7 20199949.4 25200049.1 33200148.9 35200248.6 38.1200347.0 44.1200445.4 37.1200537.1 37.4200630.2 45.2200728.5 47.7200827.6 52.0200927.1 49.0201027.8 57

Extreme povertyExtreme poverty (% of pop)BrazilColombiaVenezuela199613.9 25.166666666720.0666666667199713.6 23.5 20.5 199813.2 25.1521.1199912.9 26.8 21.7 200013.1 24.521.8666666667200113.2 22.222.0333333333200212.6 19.9 22.2 200314.0 17.1 20.6200412.2 17.1 19.0 200510.7 15.8 15.9 20069.0 16.59.9 20078.6 17.28.5 20087.3 17.9 9.9 20097.0 16.5 9.8 201014.8 10.7 Sources

[A] ECLAC: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean: Statistics and Economic Projections Division, Social Statistics Unit, based on special tabulations of the respective country's household survey data.% of population under extreme poverty lineHomicide rate199613.9 25.8199713.6 25.4199813.2 25.9199912.9 26.2200013.1 26.8200113.2 27.8200212.6 32.3200314.0 33.1200412.2 31.1200510.7 29.220069.0 31.220078.6 29.320087.3 29.920097.0 22.7201021.8% of population under extreme poverty lineHomicide rate199625.166666666767199723.5 63199825.1557199926.8 59200024.553200122.265200219.9 70.2200317.1 56.4200417.1 47.7200515.8 42.1200616.540.0200717.238.8200817.9 35.9200916.5 34.6201014.8 33.4% of population under extreme poverty lineHomicide rate199620.066666666720199720.5 19199821.120199921.7 25200021.866666666733200122.033333333335200222.2 38.1200320.644.1200419.0 37.1200515.9 37.420069.9 45.220078.5 47.720089.9 52.020099.8 49.0201010.7 57

Less than $1Population living on less than 1 dollar per day, PPP values BrazilColombiaVenezuela199611.43 13.79 15.20 199711.98 14.82 9.57 199811.03 15.85 14.24 199911.15 17.15 15.12 200011.06 16.64 15.99 200110.96 16.21 16.87 20029.81 15.79 17.74 200310.43 15.36 18.62 200411.68 15.58 14.73 20057.76 15.79 10.84 20066.54 16.01 2.97 20075.32 20084.25 20093.80

Sources

[A] IBRD: World Bank: Povcal Net, Online Database.

Less than $2Population living on less than 2 dollars per day, PPP values BrazilColombiaVenezuela199629.09 33.45 36.16 199729.84 34.6128.42 199829.18 35.77 30.47 199929.81 37.94 32.388200029.35 36.93 34.306200128.88 35.6636.224200228.02 34.3938.142200328.41 33.12 40.06 200427.36 33.683333333333.38200524.75 34.246666666726.70 200621.43 34.81 15.96 200718.10 200814.78 200914.21 Sources

[A] IBRD: World Bank: Povcal Net, Online Database.

Urban populationUrban population (% of total)BrazilColombiaVenezuela199678718719977971881998807189199981728920008172902001827290200282739120038373912004847392200584749220068574932007857493200886759320098675942010877594Source: The World Bankhttp://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?page=4BUrban population (% of total)Homicide rate19967825.819977925.419988025.919998126.220008126.820018227.820028232.320038333.120048431.120058429.220068531.220078529.320088629.920098622.720108721.8CUrban population (% of total)Homicide rate19967167199771631998715719997259200072532001726520027370.220037356.420047347.720057442.120067440.020077438.820087535.920097534.620107533.4

VUrban population (% of total)Homicide rate19968720199788191998892019998925200090332001903520029138.120039144.120049237.120059237.420069345.220079347.720089352.020099449.020109457

Ages 15-34Ages 15-34BrazilColombiaVenezuela19903637.335.5199536.236.635.520003635.735.1200535.434.735.1201034.534.334.8Source: CEPALUN POP.: United Nations Population Division: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2011). World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision.% of population between 15-34Homicide rateB19903620199536.22420003626.8200535.429.2201034.521.8% of population between 15-34Homicide rateC199037.370199536.666200035.753200534.742.1201034.333.4% of population between 15-34Homicide rateV199035.513199535.521200035.133200535.137201034.857

IlliteracyIlliteracy rate of population aged 15 years and over(Percentage)BrazilColombiaVenezuela19901811.611.1199515.39.99.1200013.18.47.5200511.17.1620109.65.94.8Sources: CEPAL

[A]UNESCO-UIS: Institute for Statistics of the United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture:UIS online database (Literacy)

Illiteracy rate (% of total population)Homicide rateB19901820199515.324200013.126.8200511.129.220109.621.8Illiteracy rate (% of total population)Homicide rateC199011.67019959.96620008.45320057.142.120105.933.4Illiteracy rate (% of total population)Homicide rateV199011.11319959.12120007.533200563720104.857

HDIHuman Development IndexBrazilColombiaVenezuela19900.60.5940.62920000.6650.6520.65620050.6920.6750.69220090.7080.7020.73220100.7150.7070.73420110.7180.710.735Source: UNDPhttp://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table2.pdf