civil engineering surveying prepaid by: 140670106083 140670106002

Civil Engineering Civil Engineering SurveyingSurveying

Prepaid by: 140670106083 140670106002

Planning A SurveyPlanning A Survey

Planning requires a well rounded Planning requires a well rounded understanding of surveying understanding of surveying practicespractices

Process:Process:1.1. Choice of accuracy required (depends Choice of accuracy required (depends

on use to be made)on use to be made)1.1. Basic ControlBasic Control

2.2. TopographicTopographic

3.3. PhotogrammetryPhotogrammetry


2.2. Existing ControlExisting Control1.1. Search records for existing control in areaSearch records for existing control in area

1.1. Illinois Geological Survey – Urbana, ILIllinois Geological Survey – Urbana, IL

2.2. National Geodetic Survey – Rolla, MO or National Geodetic Survey – Rolla, MO or Rockville, MarylandRockville, Maryland

3.3. Reconnaissance:Reconnaissance:1.1. Search Procedure:Search Procedure:

1.1. Description often datedDescription often dated

2.2. Can use GPS receiver (Lat. And Long)Can use GPS receiver (Lat. And Long)

3.3. Probe, detectors – often problems - Probe, detectors – often problems - brassbrass


4.4. Choice of Instruments and MethodsChoice of Instruments and Methods1.1. Depends on availability, location, existing Depends on availability, location, existing

features, and accuracyfeatures, and accuracy

5.5. Computation and DraftingComputation and Drafting

Accuracy and ErrorsAccuracy and Errors

Accuracy depends on:Accuracy depends on:1.1. Precise instrumentsPrecise instruments

2.2. Precise MethodsPrecise Methods

3.3. Good PlanningGood Planning Example: Angle turned with Example: Angle turned with

theodolite, pointed with care; theodolite, pointed with care; readings checked thus good readings checked thus good precision. Angle’s of 2-3” expected, precision. Angle’s of 2-3” expected, real results angle’s 15” = accuracyreal results angle’s 15” = accuracy

ErrorsErrors

3 Types3 Types1.1. Blunders Blunders

2.2. Systematic ErrorSystematic Error

3.3. Accidental ErrorAccidental Error Blunder is a mistake, to help Blunder is a mistake, to help

eliminate:eliminate:1.1. Every value to be recorded must be Every value to be recorded must be

checked by some independent field checked by some independent field observationobservation

ErrorsErrors

2.2. Once check indicates that there is no Once check indicates that there is no blunder, field record must never be blunder, field record must never be changed or destroyedchanged or destroyed

3.3. An overall check must be applied to An overall check must be applied to every control survey. Make as many every control survey. Make as many overall checks as possible.overall checks as possible.

ErrorsErrors

Systematic Error – an error that under the Systematic Error – an error that under the same conditions will always be of same size same conditions will always be of same size and sign.and sign.

Basic Rules to Eliminate:Basic Rules to Eliminate:1.1. All surveying equipment must be designed and All surveying equipment must be designed and

used so that whenever possible systematic used so that whenever possible systematic errors will be eliminated automaticallyerrors will be eliminated automatically

2.2. Systematic error which can not be eliminated Systematic error which can not be eliminated must be evaluated and their relationship to must be evaluated and their relationship to conditions that cause them must be determined.conditions that cause them must be determined.

Example: Temperature CorrectionsExample: Temperature Corrections

ErrorsErrors

Accidental Errors – (random errors) Accidental Errors – (random errors) represent the limit of precision in the represent the limit of precision in the determination of a valuedetermination of a value

Corrected be laws of probabilityCorrected be laws of probabilityCompass Rule and Least SquaresCompass Rule and Least Squares

Hydrographic SurveysHydrographic Surveys

1.1. Surveys and mapping of bodies of water Surveys and mapping of bodies of water and shorelines and shorelines

2.2. Rivers and Lakes – Process different Rivers and Lakes – Process different 2.2. Rivers Rivers

2.2. Normal process is to establish 2 parallel lines of Normal process is to establish 2 parallel lines of control points on opposite sidescontrol points on opposite sides

3.3. River Portion: 2 processesRiver Portion: 2 processes2.2. EDM similar to radialEDM similar to radial3.3. Dual instrument with position by angle and Dual instrument with position by angle and

intersectionintersection

3.3. LakesLakes2.2. Normal process same as river but generally do not Normal process same as river but generally do not

have current problemshave current problems

Overall Process:Overall Process:

1.1. Establish control points both horizontal Establish control points both horizontal and verticaland vertical

2.2. Preplan where sections are to be taken Preplan where sections are to be taken (this is basis for control points on shore)(this is basis for control points on shore)

3.3. Cross sections takenCross sections taken4.4. If EDM, radials taken from control points If EDM, radials taken from control points

due to difficulty in obtaining shots under due to difficulty in obtaining shots under 300’300’

5.5. May have to combine cross sections and May have to combine cross sections and radial location to pick up anomalies not radial location to pick up anomalies not covered by cross sectionscovered by cross sections

Gauging StationsGauging Stations

Purpose is to install either manually read Purpose is to install either manually read or automatic gauges to determine stream, or automatic gauges to determine stream, river, lake, or ocean elevationsriver, lake, or ocean elevations

Process:Process:

1.1. Establish system of BM’s throughout area Establish system of BM’s throughout area gauges will be installedgauges will be installed

2.2. Establish elevation mark at site for Establish elevation mark at site for installationinstallation

3.3. After gauges are installed, check elevation After gauges are installed, check elevation of eachof each

Topographic SurveysTopographic Surveys

6 Basic Methods6 Basic Methods1.1. RadialRadial2.2. Plus/OffsetPlus/Offset

2.2. Plus OffsetPlus Offset2.2. Establish baseline (Often centerline), establish Establish baseline (Often centerline), establish

points at station interval 50’, 100’, 200’points at station interval 50’, 100’, 200’3.3. Tie planimetric data by distance down line plus Tie planimetric data by distance down line plus

distance right or left (looking up stationing)distance right or left (looking up stationing)4.4. Establish elevations on station points then Establish elevations on station points then

elevation out a predetermined distance with elevation out a predetermined distance with shots at breaksshots at breaks

Topographic SurveysTopographic Surveys4.4. Due additional section to locate features in Due additional section to locate features in

between stationsbetween stations5.5. Equipment: Tape, Level, Rod, Transit, - Right Equipment: Tape, Level, Rod, Transit, - Right

Angle Prism?Angle Prism?2.2. Grid MethodGrid Method

1.1. Take cross Section Groups and CombineTake cross Section Groups and Combine2.2. Establish Grid baseline – often property lineEstablish Grid baseline – often property line3.3. Establish Perpendicular lineEstablish Perpendicular line4.4. Both Marked at grid interval (25’, 50’)Both Marked at grid interval (25’, 50’)5.5. Planimetric tied plus/offset in each gridPlanimetric tied plus/offset in each grid6.6. Grid laid out by double tapingGrid laid out by double taping7.7. Field notes 1 – 2 grids/pageField notes 1 – 2 grids/page


3.3. PhotogrammetryPhotogrammetry1.1. LimitationsLimitations

1.1. Trees – Leaves off – no large growths of Trees – Leaves off – no large growths of coniferousconiferous

2.2. Ground Cover – grass, thick weeds and Ground Cover – grass, thick weeds and vines, snowvines, snow

3.3. Clear SkyClear Sky

4.4. Tall BuildingsTall Buildings Due to these Limitations Illinois only has on Due to these Limitations Illinois only has on

the average of 2 weeks flying timethe average of 2 weeks flying time

Topographic SurveysTopographic Surveys Scale – PhotoScale – Photo S = (f/H’)S = (f/H’) Coordinates From PhotosCoordinates From Photos XA = (xa/f)(H-ha)XA = (xa/f)(H-ha) YA = (ya/f)(H-ha)YA = (ya/f)(H-ha) Height of an objectHeight of an object r = radial dist. to topr = radial dist. to top d = radial dist. to top – d = radial dist. to top –

radial dist. to bottomradial dist. to bottom h= d (H’) / rh= d (H’) / r


4.4. GPS: Total Station SystemGPS: Total Station System1.1. Basic of GPSBasic of GPS

1.1. Topo with GPSTopo with GPS2.2. Topo: Trimble Total Station (RTK)Topo: Trimble Total Station (RTK)

2.2. Limitations:Limitations:1.1. Must be able to maintain satellite signal – Must be able to maintain satellite signal –

Trees, BuildingTrees, Building2.2. Signal Reflection (Multipath) – Buildings, Signal Reflection (Multipath) – Buildings,

Fences, RoofsFences, Roofs3.3. Debate over elevation (0.15’ +/- my Debate over elevation (0.15’ +/- my

belief)belief)


5.5. Trace ContourTrace Contour1.1. Used to identify several contours Used to identify several contours

around an areaaround an area

6.6. Plane Table SurveysPlane Table Surveys1.1. Rarely usedRarely used

2.2. Method prepares a manuscript map in Method prepares a manuscript map in the fieldthe field

Mapping and Map DraftingMapping and Map Drafting

2 Basic Types of Maps used in 2 Basic Types of Maps used in EngineeringEngineering

1.1. Line DrawingLine Drawing

2.2. Photogrametrically prepared Photogrametrically prepared manuscript or orthophoto mapmanuscript or orthophoto map


1.1. Datum in Mapping:Datum in Mapping: Datum used to correlate measurements, Datum used to correlate measurements,

to determine elevations and horizontal to determine elevations and horizontal positions for points at different locationspositions for points at different locations

Topographic Maps using Symbols Show:Topographic Maps using Symbols Show:1.1. Spatial configuration of Earths surface Spatial configuration of Earths surface

(contours)(contours)

2.2. Natural Features (Lakes, Rivers, etc.)Natural Features (Lakes, Rivers, etc.)

3.3. Physical Changes caused by manPhysical Changes caused by man


2.2. Planning MapsPlanning Maps Used in planning Engineering work or Used in planning Engineering work or

overall planning at the urban, overall planning at the urban, Regional, or National LevelsRegional, or National Levels

3.3. Plotting Contours:Plotting Contours: Interpolation:Interpolation:

1.1. EstimationEstimation

2.2. ComputationComputation


4.4. ContoursContours Characteristics of Contours:Characteristics of Contours:

1.1. Horizontal distance between contour lines is Horizontal distance between contour lines is inversely proportionate to the slopeinversely proportionate to the slope

2.2. Uniform slopes have contours evenly spaced Uniform slopes have contours evenly spaced

3.3. Along plane surfaces (manmade) contour lines are Along plane surfaces (manmade) contour lines are straight and parallelstraight and parallel

4.4. Contour lines are perpendicular to lines of steepest Contour lines are perpendicular to lines of steepest slope slope

5.5. All contours close upon themselvesAll contours close upon themselves

6.6. Different contours do not merge or cross one another Different contours do not merge or cross one another (except vertical walls, overhangs, cliffs) on map(except vertical walls, overhangs, cliffs) on map


Factors that influence choice of map Factors that influence choice of map scalescale1.1. Clarity with which features can be shownClarity with which features can be shown

2.2. Cost (larger scale – higher cost) Cost (larger scale – higher cost)

3.3. Correlation of Map data with related mapsCorrelation of Map data with related maps

4.4. Desired size of map sheetDesired size of map sheet

5.5. Physical factors (number and character), Physical factors (number and character), nature of terrain, required contour intervalnature of terrain, required contour interval


5.5. Map ClassificationsMap Classifications Based on American Society of Civil Based on American Society of Civil

Engineering, Surveying, and Mapping Engineering, Surveying, and Mapping DivisionDivision

1.1. Design Maps:Design Maps: Used to design and construct Used to design and construct

6.6. Information shown on Maps:Information shown on Maps:


1.1. The following should be on a map:The following should be on a map:1.1. Direction of Meridian (North)Direction of Meridian (North)

2.2. Graphical Scale (Bar in case of reduction)Graphical Scale (Bar in case of reduction)

3.3. Legend or key of symbolsLegend or key of symbols

4.4. Title Block (identifiers)Title Block (identifiers)

5.5. Contour IntervalContour Interval

6.6. Datum to which both Horizontal and Datum to which both Horizontal and Vertical are ReferencedVertical are Referenced

7.7. If coordinate base used – what systemIf coordinate base used – what system


2.2. If map is to become public record If map is to become public record (subdivision). It must contain in addition (subdivision). It must contain in addition to the above:to the above:1.1. Length of each lineLength of each line

2.2. Direction of each line (bearing or angles)Direction of each line (bearing or angles)

3.3. Subdivision numbering system (lot and block)Subdivision numbering system (lot and block)

4.4. Location and Kind of monumentsLocation and Kind of monuments

5.5. Names of property owners (on site and Names of property owners (on site and adjacent)adjacent)

6.6. Full description of BoundaryFull description of Boundary

7.7. Certificate of Surveyor that map is correctCertificate of Surveyor that map is correct

Planning and Estimating from Planning and Estimating from Topo MapsTopo Maps

1.1. Purpose of Topo mapsPurpose of Topo maps

2.2. ProfilesProfiles

3.3. Grade contourGrade contour

4.4. Drainage AreaDrainage Area Limits determined by following characteristics:Limits determined by following characteristics:

1.1. Begins and ends at the point in the stream to which it Begins and ends at the point in the stream to which it appliesapplies

2.2. Passes through every saddle that divides drainage Passes through every saddle that divides drainage areaarea

3.3. Often follows ridgesOften follows ridges

5.5. Reservoir CapacityReservoir Capacity

civil engineering surveying prepaid by: 140670106083 140670106002

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