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Civil War. 1861-1865 Grant v Lee: History Channel Documentary. ELECTION OF 1860. The Election of 1860: Quick Facts. 4 candidates, but really was 2 sectionalist elections North was Lincoln vs. Douglas South was Breckenridge vs. Bell - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Civil War
1861-1865
Grant v Lee: History Channel Documentary
ELECTION OF 1860
The Election of 1860:Quick Facts
• 4 candidates, but really was 2 sectionalist elections
• North was Lincoln vs. Douglas• South was Breckenridge vs. Bell• Lincoln did not even appear on a ballot in
several southern states• Douglas was seen in a poor light by
southerners – a traitor
SECESSION!• November 13, 1860 – one
week after Lincoln elected South Carolina convention to consider withdrawing from union– Four days later South
Carolina statement of reasons for secession
• Dec of I established right to abolish abusive gov’t and create new one
– Gov failed to protect slavery (property rights of slaveholders)
• Mississippi secedes January 9, 1861, Florida January 10, 1861, Alabama January 11, 1861, Georgia Louisiana & Texas on February 1, 1861
• Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas warn if force used against a state they would withdraw as well
The Secession Dominos Fall
Fighting Secession
"The Hercules of 1861"In this political cartoon, a Union
officer (unidentified) swings a club labeled "Union" in defense against a many-headed serpent labeled "Secession." The serpent's heads are: Floyd, Pickens, Beauregard, Twiggs, Davis, Stephens, and Toombs, all leaders of the Southern secession movement and the resulting Confederacy.
Southerners and Secession• Support not universal
• Only in SC was vote unanimous
• Other states have stipulations to secession
• Some states 30-40% were
opposed to secession
Northern Response
• Reaction to secession varied as in south
• Some felt nation better w/out slave states
• Some wanted south go in peace
• Others worried long term effects of secession
• “No state can lawfully, get out of the Union, without the consent of the others”
- Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln Waits
• In 1800s president term began March (not January as today)
• Lincoln refused to make any public statement
• Committed to preserving Union
Buchanan Lame Duck?
• President Buchanan did little to help – agree secession is illegal, but Constitution gave no power to federal gov to prevent it– Took stand when SC governor demanded
federal property in state be handed over to state authorities
– Included Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie in Charleston Harbor
• Fort’s commander moved all troops to Sumter = stronger of 2
The Confederate States of America
• Early February 1861 delegates of 7 seceded states met to form new nation
• Wanted gov in place before Lincoln took office• 5 days wrote constitution – modeled after US
Constitution. 2 key differences:– Specifically recognize and protected slavery– Recognized the sovereign and independent nature of
each state
• Jefferson Davis = president elect• Alexander Stephens = vp• Temporary until elections held in fall
Davis Becomes President
• He did not want presidency • Arrived February 16 and took oath of office
February 18
• “We are without means, without machinery, and threatened by a powerful opposition” Davis worried in a letter to his wife
Confederate Government
• New nation no currency
• Job of making currency was at first contracted to company in NY
• Held first cabinet meeting in hotel room
• Some cabinet members opposed secession
Compromise Fails
• Even after formation of Confederacy, US gov tried to keep Union together
• More than 30 compromise plans drafted and presented to Congress
The Crittenden CompromiseJanuary 1861
• Proposed amending US Constitution:– ban slavery north of old
Missouri Compromise line – guarantee slavery not be
interfered with below line– pay slaveholders for loss of
escaped slaves– prohibit Congress from
interfering with transport of slaves from one state to another
– guarantee none of these amendments could ever be repealed by future amendments
• Response– Leaders in both North and
South opposed– Lincoln especially opposed
The Peace Convention
• February 4, 1861 in Washington DC
• Nicknamed Old Gentlemen’s Club – many members leaders from time long past in America
• All could offer after month of debate was compromise similar to Crittenden
• 2 days before Lincoln take office rejected Peace Convention’s plan in Senate
Lincoln’s Inauguration• March 4, 1861 Abraham Lincoln became
president of the United States• “I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to
interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so” – AL inauguration address
• APRIL 12, 1861 Confederate guns fire on Fort Sumter starting the 4 year long American Civil War
Names for the Civil War
• The War between the States• The War for Southern Independence• The War for Southern Rights• The Second War for Independence• The War to Suppress Yankee Arrogance• The War Against Slavery• The War Against Northern Aggression• The Yankee Invasion• The War for Abolition
CHOOSING SIDESThe Confederate States of AmericaEvery man must be for the United States or against it, there can be no neutrals
in this war, only patriots – or traitors” –Stephen Douglas
• By Feb of 1861 a constitution had been created and Jefferson Davis had been chosen as President
• The New Confederacy was formed
Lower South(Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, Louisiana, & Texas)
Upper/Middle South (South Carolina Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas)
Border Slave States (Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri, & parts of VA [West Virginia})
-Importance of the Border States for both sides
FORT SUMTER FALLS
• April 12, 1861 Confederates fire on FS in Charleston, SC harbor
• Month earlier Lincoln gets message from Anderson: provisions running low
• Lincoln did not want to reassure South of North unwillingness to fight or anger North by implying South a separate nation
Fort Sumter: Ken Burns
Lincoln gets sneaky• Decided not to surrender but to tell
Confed. that only sending nonmilitary supplies (ie) food
• Jefferson Davis did not want Northern symbol of federal authority in South
• 4/12/1861 Confed open fire on Fort and it surrenders next AM
• April 14 Confederate flag replaces American flag over fort
FUN FACT
• During the 100-gun salute to the U.S. flag—Anderson's one condition for withdrawal—a pile of cartridges blew up from a spark, killing one soldier instantly (Private Daniel Hough) and seriously injuring the rest of the gun crew, one mortally (Private Edward Galloway); these were the first fatalities of the war. The salute was stopped at fifty shots.
“Blood is thicker than water”
• Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers to serve 90 days to put down rebellion
• Northerners rushed to enlist
• Forced 8 slave states still in Union to choose a side April 17 VA seceded followed by Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina– Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri (the border
states) no decision yet
MARYLAND
• Border states = slaveholding states still in Union
• Maryland most critical border state – Washington, DC would be completely surrounded by Confed if it seceded
• Lincoln put MD under martial law
MISSOURI
• MISSOURI - Confeds never gain enough control here to get her to secede
• KENTUCKY – 700 miles of Ohio River at stake– Initially chose not to take a side, but invaded
by Confed. in 9/1861 and chose to side with Union
SOUTHERN SECESSION!!
Border State Conflicts• Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, & Missouri: slave-holding
states that remained in the Union• These states were important geographically as well as
philosophically• Maryland
– was extremely critical – near D.C.– When Confederates made an advance on Maryland Lincoln,
fearing a move on Washington, put down Martial Law – a pro-Union leg. will be elected next election.
• Missouri– Loyalties were divided and critical for control of the Mississippi– Half the state were secessionist others were pro-Union– Lincoln moved in Union troops to keep control
War Objectives
Lincoln & The North- Secession was an attack
on popular government- Rejected Gen. W. Scott’s
plan for economic sanctions & a blockade – THE ANACONDA PLAN(see next slide)
- Lincoln insisted on an aggressive military strategy & a policy of unconditional surrender.
Jefferson Davis & the Confederate
South
- “all we ask is to be left alone”
- Believed they only needed a stalemate to achieve the goal of independence.
The Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) 1861
Union General: Irvin McDowell– Marched into Virginia; took 2 ½ days
Confederate General: P.T. Beauregard - discovered the Union march; called reinforcement
• Both had inexperienced armies• Battle became chaotic and a free for all going back & forth• Union began to advance until Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson appeared• Confederates began to force union retreat.. Stop Drop & RUN!!!!!!!!• Confederates could have driven the Union deep; but stopped because of
disorganization Impact
– Confederates suffered nearly 2,000 casualties; – Union 2,900– Ended Union hopes for a short war– Lincoln replaced McDowell with George McClellan
who formed a real army & The Army of the Potomac
- New technologies developed
First Battle of Bull Run
War in the WestGoal: Control the Ohio, Mississippi, & Missouri Rivers so as to:
a) divide the Confederacy b) reduce the mobility of the southern army
General U.S. Grant – Accomplishments: 1) Ft. Henry (Tenn. River)
2) Ft. Donelson (Cumberland River), 3) Seized critical RR lines
SURPRISE - Battle of Shiloh: large # of casualties: (April 1862) - Southerners surprised a encamped Union soldiers at Shiloh Church- Confederates pushed the Union soldiers back against the Tennessee River.
- in the morning Grant counter-attacked and drove the Confederates in retreat - 2 day battle was the bloodiest producing 13,000 Union losses & 10,000 Confederate losses
The Mississippi River Campaign“New Orleans gone- and with it the Confederacy. Are we not cut in two? The
Mississippi ruins us if lost…Death, not life, seems to be our fate now
Goal:• Split the Confederacy• Gain complete control of the Mississippi
Who: David Farragut – Naval Commander
How: 1) Land at Pittsburg landing and move south along the Mississippi
2) Control the Gulf of Mexico, 3) Capture New Orleans (south’s financial center)
4) continue to move northward cutting the south in half
The War in the East
Plan– Grant moves south through
Tennessee; McClellan's Army moves East – both meet up and conquer the Confederacy
– McClellan wanted to attack Richmond from the East (weakest side) but was never quite ready
Conducting the War in the EastA. The Peninsula Campaign
– March 1862 McClellan begins to move– Met 15,000 Confederates at Yorktown, but delayed an order of attack asking
for reinforcements (probably not even needed)– Lincoln refuses because of Stonewall Jackson causing trouble elsewhere and
fearing an attack on Washington D.C.– Lincoln gives order to McClellan to engage – ACTION– McClellan ignores the order and when he finally does attack it is to late, the
Confederates retreated to Richmond– Lee realized the caution of McClellan, and pretended to mount an attack
against D.C.; meanwhile Stonewall Jackson was gaining ground elsewhere– Lincoln became bothered by the leadership and caution of McClellan– McClellan will be engaged in a battle with Lee & Jackson, and although
victorious he retreated to regroup
B. The Second Battle of Bull Run– Lincoln ordered McClellan & Gen. Pope to trap Lee’s forces – McClellan was overcautious and refused leaving Pope in command– Pope loses and McClellan is back in command
Civil War at Sea
A. Running the Blockade– Union used blockades to stop southern trade with the rest of the world– By 1862 southern ports were under northern control– South responded with blockade runner ships that were built for speed– South was running low on supplies so these were necessary to deliver food,
medicine, & military supplies– Somewhat successful
B. The Monitor vs. the Merrimack– Confederates wanted to destroy the blockade– Took the heavily damage northern ironclad ship the Merrimack, covered it
with thick iron & renamed it the Virginia– Union officials responded with the Monitor– Met off the coast of Virginia on March 9, 1862– No winner, but changed naval warfare
Monitor vs. Merrimack (Virginia)
The Union is Invaded• Recent Confederate momentum had north nervous – “the nation is
rapidly sinking…”• General Lee & Davis were aware of this and saw opportunity.“The present seems to be the most favorable time for the Confederate
army to enter Maryland”• Motivating factors:
1) a Confederate victory may cause the Union to seek peace2) possible recognition by France and/or England3) move fighting out of Virginia and help southern farmers
• Sept 1862 Lee’s army crosses the Potomac into Maryland with McClellan in pursuit
• Careless Confederate drops Lee’s Plans; found by a Union soldier• McClellan now believes he has Lee right where he wants him,
“If I cannot whip Bobbie Lee, I will be willing to go home.”
The Union is Invaded: Battle of Antietam
• McClellan (70,000 troops) caught Lee’s army (40,000 troops)
• McClellan delayed attack for 16 hours, giving the Confederates time to organize their defenses
• Sept 17, 1862 the bloodiest single day battle took place at Antietam.
• Combined casualties 23,000 +• McClellan had about 25,000 troops in reserve to deliver
the final blow – he never gave the orders• Lincoln ordered him to “destroy the rebel army”• McClellan did not, allowing the Confederates to retreat
back to Virginia • Lincoln ordered McClellan in pursuit, he refused• Lincoln fired McClellan for the second & final time
The Union is Invaded:Battle of Fredericksburg
• Lincoln replaced McClellan with Gen. Ambrose Burnside
• Met up with Lee as he marched towards Richmond
• Decided to do a direct frontal attack• Burnside believed his superior numbers would
defeat Lee’s • Ordered his troops to charge forward 14 times, a
horrible slaughter• Union army lost about 13,000 men• Disaster at Fredericksburg launched the north
into gloom
On the Road to Emancipation• Frederick Douglass - wanted to redefine the war as a struggle against
slavery. • Lincoln – defined the conflict as a struggle to preserve the Union
and to destroy slaveryQuestions raised:
1) Was saving the Union still enough?2) Should the south be punished for their actions? If so how much
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------April 1862 – Slavery ends in Washington D.C.January 1863 – Emancipation Proclamation - legally abolished
slavery in all states that remained out of the union; left slavery intact in the slave border states
The key- The only way the proclamation would work depended upon two things:
1)success of the Rep. Party 2) Union military victories
The Emancipation Proclamation
• Issued on January 1, 1863• Lincoln was not initially sure the Constitution gave him
this power, but aids convinced him that “This rebellion has its source and life in slavery.
Reaction:
North SouthOpposed – fearing the increase in Jefferson Davis Reading
job competition (Riots)
In Favor – thought it might help shorten the war
Battle of Chancellorsville
• Gen. Joseph Hooker was in charge of the Union army now
• Hooker took more than 70,000 hoping to surprise the Confederates
• Lee expected this and marched west, leaving 10,000 behind in Fredericksburg to decoy the Union army
• Lee divided his army with Stonewall Jackson (Map)• Stonewall marched 1 day west to surround with 30,000
troops to surprise attack Hooker• Surprise attack could have destroyed the Union had it
not been for darkness• Battle lasted 2 more days with Hooker retreating and
suffering 17,000 casualties (Lee -13,000 including Stonewall)
Decisive Battles:Result & Impact of Chancellorsville• Lee’s greatest and most brilliant military
victory
• Northern morale sank even lower
• Anti-war advocates used this as an example that the war could not be won
VICKSBURG - July 1863
• A major offensive in the west led by General Grant.• Goal/Objective:
Split the Confederacy in two• Accomplishments:
1) Established complete control of the Mississippi2) 31,000 prisoners3) Cut off Arkansas, Texas, & Louisiana4) Encouraged slaves to rebel & leave plantations
• Result:1) Lee retreats from Gettysburg & begins
a last effort invasion of the North. 2) Union forces control Mississippi
Battle of Vicksburg
• Union Casualties: 10,142
Confed. Casualties: 9,091
• Ulysses S. Grant fights his way to Vicksburg: After crossing the Mississippi and leaving behind his supply lines, he struck at the rebels five times, captured Jackson, the state capital, and came up on the Confederate stronghold from behind
Invading the North: GettysburgJuly 1-3 1863
Goal: 1) Draw Union armies to the east to relieve the
pressure on Vicksburg and give the Confed. a major victory to ensure continued support for the war;
2) maybe get the Union to call for peace??• Lee Moved North; Army of the Potomac moved south
and met on July 1, 1863 at Gettysburg.• Battle of Gettysburg – Lee’s forces stood for three days,
but the damage was to devastating and retreated back to Virginia, never to regain the offensive
Breaking Down Gettysburg
• DAY ONE – Confederate troops engaged by small number of Union troops. When Union reinforcements arrive, full scale battle begins
• DAY TWO – Union takes high ground. Both sides heavy losses. Little Round Top – Gettysburg movie clip
• DAY THREE – Pickett’s Charge. Lost over 7500 men on the effort. Lee blamed himself personally for the defeat at Gettysburg & began retreat July 4th
Civil War Trust Video: Gettysburg in 4 minutes
Gettysburg Address
• Jeff Daniels reading Address:
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V4bM9geY0do
• Why is this important? What is Lincoln saying?
THE CIVIL WAR1864-1865
The Union Heads Toward Victory
Changing Northern Leadership• March 1864 – Lincoln appoints Grant leader of Union forces following
Grant’s Union victory at Chattanooga » Lincoln became convinced that Grant was his man! » In return Grant appointed William Tecumseh Sherman to replace
him at the western front
• Why Grant?1) both (Lincoln & Grant) agreed to advance simultaneously against all major
Confed. armies.
2) Grant knew how to fight a modern war using technology and total war strategy.Had a reputation of being rutheless
3) Grant was willing to accept heavy casualties – nicknamed “the butcher”
• Grant & Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman began the two-offensive campaign
Election of 1864
• Lincoln’s hopes for re-election depended upon recent Union victories.
• Confederates were rooting for a Lincoln loss in 1864 hoping the new POTUS would be willing to end the war and accept southern independence
• Grant & Sherman campaigns were already underway!!
• Republicans still supported Lincoln anda) Demanded unconditional surrenderb) Called for a constitutional amendment to abolish slavery
Election of 1864
National Union Party
Lincoln
Andrew Johnson
Democrats
General George McClellan
Peace Dem or War Dem??
P.D = cease hostilities
W.D. = war to the end
McClellan was a War Dem
with a Peace Dem Platform
The Virginia CampaignPart I of the Two-Headed Monster
• Grant begins advancement towards Richmond• A series of conflict between Grant & Lee will now occur (#1 vs. #1)
– (See next slide: Comparing Generals)
• Lee remained defensive; suffering great casualties.• North suffered more casualties than the South
• Pushing Towards Richmond: Lee vs. Grant• Battle of the Wilderness:
– heavy losses, but Grant accepted the casualties and continued to push south– Union Army had the momentum; troop spirits were high
• Battle of Spotsylvania:– Battled for 20 hours with heavy casualties (Union 32,000 – Conf. 18,000)
• Battle of Cold Harbor:– “It was not war, It was murder (Union casualties -7,000 in 30 minutes)– Morlae was lower feeling as though they (Union) were going to die– Actually began to pin their names & addresses to their uniform before the battle
• Petersburg– Cut off the South from reinforcing Richmond & wait for Sherman
Comparing Generals
Ulysses S. Grant• West Point Graduate (1843) • Ranked #21 in class of 39• Age in 1864: 42
• Major Battles Resume:– Missionary Ridge– Shiloh– Vicksburg
Robert E. Lee• West Point Graduate (1829)• Ranked #2 in class of 46• Age in 1864: 57
• Major Battles Resume:– 2nd Bull Run
– Fredericksburg
– Chancerllorsville
The Virginia Campaign • Beginning on May 5, 1864,
and continuing without a break for the six bloodiest weeks of the war, Grant tried again and again to get around the right flank of Lee's army, destroy it, then move on Richmond and end the war. And again and again, Lee saw what he was trying to do and managed to thwart him. The struggle continued along a hundred-mile crescent before two exhausted armies settled in for a siege at Petersburg, southeast of the Confederate capital
Sherman’s March Through the Confederacy: Part II of the Two-Headed Monster
Sherman’s March Through the Confederacy
Sept. 2, 1864 – Atlanta falls to Sherman Political Impact:
- earns Lincoln a 2nd term - border states & occupied states begin emancipation
(Maryland, Missouri, Tenn, Arkansas, & Louisiana) - Jan 31, 1865: 13th Amendment approved by Congress
prohibiting slavery throughout the US Military Impact:
- Confederates begin to see the end in sight-”We are gaining strength…” – Lincoln
Political Impact- assures Lincoln’s re-election- Passage of the 13th Amendment
Reading: Sherman on War
Sherman’s March Through the Confederacy
• After Atlanta, ( ) moved on hard-war tactics moving towards the sea.
• Goal/Objectives:
- destroy the Confederate economy
- destroy their will to resist
“We are not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people, and must make old, young, rich,
and poor, feel the hard hand of war”
Finishing off the Confederates
• Dec.1864 – Took Savannah w/o much opposition
• Feb.1865 – Invaded S.C. and headed to Columbia to link up w/Grant and punish the secession state.
• March 1865: Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural Address
Desperate Confederate measures: Lee grants freedom to enlisted black soldiers
April 1865 – Lee abandons Richmond; Grant cuts off escape
United Streaming Video:
Appomattox Court HouseApril 9, 1865