Unit 3: The American Civil War: A Nation DividedFifth Grade Social Studies

MERIT

In this unit, student will learn and understand the causes and events of the Civil War. Students will use the theme of beliefs and ideals to understand the issues surrounding slavery and states’ rights. By learning about individuals, groups, and institutions, students will understand the roles of key leaders in the Civil War. Finally, students will understand how location affected some of the major battles of the war. To put this all together, students will discuss how conflict and change affected the United States during and following the Civil War.

StandardsSS5H1 The student will explain the causes, major events, and consequences of the Civil War.

a. Identify Uncle Tom’s Cabin and John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry and explain how each of these events wasrelated to the Civil War.

b. Discuss how the issues of states’ rights and slavery increased tensions between the North and South

c. Identify major battles and campaigns: Fort Sumter, Gettysburg, the Atlanta Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea, and Appomattox Court House.

d. Describe the roles of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Jefferson Davis, and Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson.

e. Describe the effects of war on the North and South.SS5G1 The student will locate important places in the United States.

b. Locate important man-made places; Gettysburg, PASS5E2 The student will describe the functions of four major sectors in the U. S. economy.

c. Describe the government function in taxation and providing certain goods and services.

Vocabularyabolitionist casualty industry sectionalismagriculture cavalry Lost Cause slaveryarsenal company North Southartillery Confederacy parole state’s rightsblockade Confederate popular

sovereigntyterritory

border state conscript ratify Unionbrigade Democratic Party Rebel volunteercampaign emancipation Republican Party Yankee (Yank)cash crop hardtack secession

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VocabularyStudents should create a Frayer Model* on each term.

Abolitionist: Someone who wishes to abolish or get rid of slavery.Agriculture: The science of growing crops or raising livestock; farming.Antebellum: (pronounced an-tee-bel-uhm) A term often used to describe the United States of America before the outbreak of the Civil War.Arsenal: A place where weapons and other military supplies are stored.Artillery: Cannon or other large caliber firearms; a branch of the army armed with cannon.Blockade: The effort by the North to keep ships from entering or leaving Southern ports.Border States: The states of Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri. Although these states did not officially join the Confederacy, many of their citizens supported the South.Brigade: A large group of soldiers usually led by a brigadier general. A brigade was made of four to six regiments. 1 company = 50 to 100 men, 10 companies = 1 regiment, about 4 regiments = 1 brigade, 2 to 5 brigades = 1 division, 2 or more divisions = 1 corps, 1 or more corps = 1 army.Campaign: A series of military operations that form a distinct phase of the War (such as the Shenandoah Valley Campaign).Cash Crop: A crop such as tobacco or cotton which was grown to be sold for cash --not grown for food like corn or wheat.Casualty: A soldier who was wounded, killed, or missing in action.Cavalry: A branch of the military mounted on horseback. Cavalry units in the Civil War could move quickly from place to place or go on scouting expeditions on horseback, but usually fought on foot. Their main job was to gather information about enemy movements. Until the spring of 1863, the Confederate cavalry force was far superior to its Federal counterpartCompany: A group of 50 to 100 soldiers led by a captain. 10 companies = 1 regiment, about 4 regiments = 1 brigade, 2 to 5 brigades = 1 division, 2 or more divisions = 1 corps, 1 or more corps = 1 army.Confederacy: Also called the South or the Confederate States of America, the Confederacy incorporated the states that seceded from the United States of America to form their own nation. Confederate states were: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and VirginiaConfederate: Loyal to the Confederacy. Also Southern or Rebel.Conscript: A draftee. The military draft became a necessity on both sides of the conflict. While many conscripts were excellent soldiers, veterans often considered draftees to be inferior, unreliable soldiers. Towns often posted pleas for volunteers in order to "avoid the draft".Democratic Party: The major political party in America most sympathetic to states’ rights and willing to tolerate the spread of slavery to the territories. Democrats opposed a strong Federal government. Most Southern men were Democrats before the War.Emancipation: Freedom from slaveryHardtack: Hardtack is a term used to describe the hard crackers often issued to soldiers of both sides during the Civil War. These crackers consisted of nothing

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more than flour, water, and salt. They were simple and inexpensive to make in very large quantities. However, these crackers became almost rock solid once they went staleIndustry: Manufacturing goods from raw materials, such as cloth from cotton or machine parts from iron."Lost Cause": Cultural movement in which Southern states attempted to cope - mentally and emotionally - with devastating defeat and Northern military occupation after the Civil War. The movement idealized life in the antebellum South, loudly protested against Reconstruction policies, and exalted Confederate figures such as "Stonewall" Jackson and Robert E. Lee.North: Also called the Union or the United States the North was the part of the country that remained loyal to the Federal government during the Civil War. Northern states were: Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Wisconsin. West Virginia became a Northern state in 1863 and California and Oregon were also officially Northern but they had little direct involvement in the War.Parole: A pledge by a prisoner of war or a defeated soldier not to bear arms. When prisoners were returned to their own side during the War (in exchange for men their side had captured) the parole was no longer in effect and they were allowed to pick up their weapons and fight. When the South lost the War and the Confederate armies gave their parole they promised never to bear weapons against the Union again.Popular Sovereignty: (pronounced sov-rin-tee) This doctrine was prominent during the debate over slavery in the territories. Popular sovereignty said that the people of each territory should be able to decide for themselves if slavery should be allowed in their territory when it became a state.Ratify: To formally approve or sanction.Rebel: Loyal to the Confederate States. Also Southern or Confederate.Republican Party: A political party created in the 1850s to prevent the spread of slavery to the territories. Eventually Republicans came to oppose the entire existence of slavery. Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president. Very few Southerners were Republicans.Secession: (pronounced si-sesh-uhn ) Withdrawal from the Federal government of the United States. Southern states, feeling persecuted by the North, seceded by voting to separate from the Union. Southerners felt this was perfectly legal but Unionists saw it as rebellion.Sectionalism: Promoting the interests of a section or region (such as the North or the South) instead of the entire country.Slavery: A state of bondage in which African Americans (and some Native Americans) were owned by other people, usually white, and forced to labor on their behalf.South: Also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States of America, or (by Northerners) the Rebel states, the South incorporated the states that seceded from the United States of America to form their own nation. Southern states were: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.States’ Rights: This doctrine held the powers of the individual states as greater

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than the powers of the Federal government. States’ rights meant that the Federal government held its power only through the consent of the states and that any powers not specifically given to the Federal government remained in control of the states.Territory: Land within the mainland boundaries of the country that had not yet become a state by 1861. Nevada Territory, Utah Territory, and Colorado Territory had basically the same boundaries they have today as states; Washington Territory encompassed today's states of Washington and Idaho; Dakota Territory is now the states of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and the northern part of Wyoming; Nebraska Territory today is the southern part of Wyoming and the state of Nebraska; New Mexico Territory included the states of Arizona and New Mexico; and the remaining unorganized land, also called the Indian Territory, filled the approximate boundaries of Oklahoma.Union: Also called the North or the United States, the Union was the portion of the country that remained loyal to the Federal government during the Civil War. Union states were: Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Wisconsin. West Virginia became a Northern state in 1863 and California and Oregon were also officially Northern but they had little direct involvement in the War.Volunteer: Someone who does something because they want to, not because they need to. Most Civil War soldiers, especially in the beginning of the War, were volunteers. Men joined the armies on both sides because they wanted to fight for their cause.Yankee: A Northerner; someone loyal to the Federal government of the United States. Also, Union, Federal, or Northern.

Complete a Frayer Model for each vocabulary term.

DefinitionSomeone who wishes to abolish or get rid ofslavery.

ExampleHarriet Beecher Stowe

John BrownNat Turner

Harriett Tubman

abolitionist

CharacteristicsThought slavery was morally wrongWanted slavery ended once and for allWilling to fight to end slaverySome were willing to die to end slavery

Illustration

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Harriett Tubman

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Definition Example

abolitionistCharacteristics Illustration

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agricultureCharacteristics Illustration

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antebellumCharacteristics Illustration

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Definition Example

arsenalCharacteristics Illustration

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artilleryCharacteristics Illustration

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blockadeCharacteristics Illustration

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border stateCharacteristics Illustration

Definition Example

brigadeCharacteristics Illustration

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campaignCharacteristics Illustration

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Definition Example

cash cropCharacteristics Illustration

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casualtyCharacteristics Illustration

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cavalryCharacteristics Illustration

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Definition Example

companyCharacteristics Illustration

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ConfederacyCharacteristics Illustration

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ConfederateCharacteristics Illustration

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Definition Example

conscriptCharacteristics Illustration

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Democratic PartyCharacteristics Illustration

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hardtackCharacteristics Illustration

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Definition Example

industryCharacteristics Illustration

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lost causeCharacteristics Illustration

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NorthCharacteristics Illustration

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Definition Example

paroleCharacteristics Illustration

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popular sovereigntyCharacteristics Illustration

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ratifyCharacteristics Illustration

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Definition Example

RebelCharacteristics Illustration

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Republican PartyCharacteristics Illustration

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secessionCharacteristics Illustration

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Definition Example

sectionalismCharacteristics Illustration

Definition Example

slaveryCharacteristics Illustration

Definition Example

SouthCharacteristics Illustration

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Definition Example

states’ rightsCharacteristics Illustration

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territoryCharacteristics Illustration

Definition Example

UnionCharacteristics Illustration

Definition Example

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volunteerCharacteristics Illustration

Definition Example

YankeeCharacteristics Illustration

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Date:Essential Question

Standards

What are the three main causes of the Civil War?

The economic differences between the North and SouthWith Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin in 1793, cotton became very profitable. This machine was able to reduce the time it took to separate seeds from the cotton. However, at the same time the increase in the number of plantations willing to move from other crops to cotton meant the greater need for a large amount of cheap labor, i.e. slaves. Thus, the southern economy became a one crop economy, depending on cotton and therefore on slavery. On the other hand, the northern economy was based more on industry than agriculture. In fact, the northern industries were purchasing the raw cotton and turning it into finished goods. This disparity between the two set up a major difference in economic attitudes. The South was based on the plantation system while the North was focused on city life. This change in the North meant that society evolved as people of different cultures and classes had to work together. On the other hand, the South continued to hold onto an antiquated social order.

The political issues of states’ rights verses federal rights and slavery

Since the time of the Revolution, two camps emerged: those arguing for greater states’ rights and those arguing that the federal government needed to have more control. The first organized government in the US after the American Revolution was under the Articles of Confederation. The thirteen states formed a loose confederation with a very weak federal government. However, when problems arose, the weakness of this form of government caused the leaders of the time to come together at the Constitutional Convention and create, in secret, the US Constitution. Strong proponents of state’ rights like Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry were not present at this meeting. Many felt that the new constitution ignored the rights of states to continue to act independently. They felt that the states should still have the right to decide if they were willing to accept certain federal acts. This resulted in the idea of nullification, whereby the states would have the right to rule federal acts unconstitutional. The federal government denied states this right. However, proponents such as John C. Calhoun fought vehemently for nullification. When nullification would not work and states felt that they were no longer respected, they moved towards secession.

As America began to expand, first with the lands gained from the Louisiana Purchase and later with the Mexican War, the question of whether new states admitted to the union would be slave or free. The Missouri Compromise passed in 1820 made a rule that prohibited slavery in states from the former Louisiana Purchase the latitude 36 degrees 30 minutes north except in Missouri. During the Mexican War, conflict started about what would happen with the new territories that the US expected to gain upon victory. David Wilmot proposed the Wilmot

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Proviso in 1846 which would ban slavery in the new lands. However, this was shot down after much debate. The Compromise of 1850 was created by Henry Clay and others to deal with the balance between slave and free states, northern and southern interests. One of the provisions was the fugitive slave act that was discussed in number one above. Another issue that further increased tensions was the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. It created two new territories that would allow the states to use popular sovereignty to determine whether they would be free or slave. The real issue occurred in Kansas where proslavery Missourians began to pour into the state to help force it to be slave. They were called "Border Ruffians." Problems came to a head in violence at Lawrence Kansas. The fighting that occurred caused it to be called "Bleeding Kansas." The fight even erupted on the floor of the senate when antislavery proponent Charles Sumner was beat over the head by South Carolina's Senator Preston Brooks.

Increasingly, the northerners became more polarized against slavery. Sympathies began to grow for abolitionists and against slavery and slaveholders. This occurred especially after some major events including: the publishing of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, the Dred Scott Case, John Brown's Raid, and the passage of the fugitive slave act that held individuals responsible for harboring fugitive slaves even if they were located in non-slave states.

The election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States.

Even though things were already coming to a head, when Lincoln was elected in 1860, South Carolina issued its "Declaration of the Causes of Secession." They believed that Lincoln was anti-slavery and in favor of Northern interests. Before Lincoln was even president, seven states had seceded from the Union: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas

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Date:Essential Question

Standards

Background Information

The transformation of America between the years of 1815-1848 took two kinds ofdecisions. Of individuals looking for a better future and public policy where leaders hadto make conscious decisions about the direction of the country. The changes took placewithin a continental and global context.

America in 1815 was similar to a third world country today. Most people lived onisolated farms. Difficult transportation routes and modes along with limited ways tocommunicate kept most Americans lives primitive. Most Americans grew their own foodand made their own clothing. Difficulty of communication and transportation made theirlife isolated. Only those that lived along waterways could move about. Informationfrom the outside world was limited and seen as a luxury. The invention of the telegraphby Samuel Morse in 1844 transformed the ability to communicate by long distances in ashorter time than previous means of communication (horse or mail). Americans believedthe telegraph would promote democracy, peace, and justice all over the world. By 1848,the United States had become transcontinental with improvements in transportation. Therailroad, Erie Canal and steamboat provided Americans the opportunity to integrate into aglobal economy. At this time America was extending its territory westward andpromoting Manifest Destiny. The ability to communicate long distances and

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improvements in transportation revolutionized American life. Improvements intransportation and innovations in printing techniques allowed the dissemination of booksand newspapers. The post office delivered news on politics making nationwide masspolitics possible. Most Americans of this time period expected changes in their country.Some looked at geographic expansion across the Continent; others wanted enrichment oftheir lives which could be accomplished through industrialization, increased educationalopportunities and better treatment of racial groups and women. Religion played animportant role for Americans during this time period. Revivals were commonoccurrences in rural America. During the early 19th century almost everybody believedin intelligent design. Most Americans believed in progress and felt a divine providencewould guide their progress.

Many Americans were looking for a way to get ahead and build a better life. This wasaccomplished by getting ahead in material terms. Technology introducedindustrialization and a mass of migration of Americans from rural to urban areas.American life sped up and a promise through a better life with material advances. Theability to have power, the advances in communication and transportation changed theway of life in America. The power revolution included the first steam engine, and thenthe electric revolution. Communications improved with the invention of the telegraphand then the telephone. Transportation began with the steamboat and then the railroad.The use of power provided Americans the opportunity to compete on a world market withgoods made by machine rather than by hand. The railroad opened the ability to traveltranscontinental in seven days rather than six months. The telegraph was important to theCivil War. Wartime correspondences depended on the telegraph for both sides. Therailroad also played a major role in the Civil War, providing fresh troops, artillery, andfood for those on the front lines.

Americans believed democracy promoted the belief of diversity while in fact it imposed aconformity shaped by Protestant public opinion. They made a pretense of tolerance, buthad minimal tolerance in matters of public behavior. Both religion and liberty were

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entwined to “unite” Americans. During the period of Jacksonian Democracy Americansbecame divided, poor against rich, white against black, Protestant against Catholic, nativeagainst immigrant. The Whig party was against the Democratic Party, the abolitionistagainst proslavery believers and the North was against both the South and the West. Onesource of anxiety came from not knowing the purpose or direction of the nation; anotherwas that one faction might become more powerful than the other. Most Americansbelieved God’s plan for America’s destiny depended on the preservation of theconstitution and the union. This made the idea of secession unforgivable and sinful. By1860 many Northerners became part of the Republican Party promoting industry, tariffs,and free soil in the west. Southerners were devoted to state’s rights, free trade, andslavery.

Most of the 10 million enslaved Africans brought to the New World came to Americabefore 1807. In 1790 slaves comprised about one fifth of Americans. Most slaves wereconcentrated in slave states and due to the Missouri Compromise slavery was eliminatednorth of the Ohio and Missouri Compromise line. White superiority was virtuallyuniversal among whites and justified slavery. Many whites saw the evils of slavery butshrugged them off as a “necessary evil”. Legally, slaves could not marry, own property,or testify in courts against whites. By law slaves were defined as property, andeconomically, seen as valuable property. Frederick Douglas wrote three autobiographiesand challenged the beliefs on the causes and consequences of slavery, freedom, andmoral accountability in the Civil War era.

Information about the North & South:When contrasting the North and South you must consider the differences in climate, geography, population, cities, economy, culture and transportation.

The South has a climate that is generally warm and sunny, with long, hot, humidsummers, and mild winters, and heavy rainfall. It has a climate ideal for agriculture andthe ability to grow many different crops in large amounts. The Southeast is bordered bythe Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico and had many broad, slow moving, navigable

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rivers. Cities developed along these rivers and as ports along the Gulf and Atlanticcoasts. The Atlantic Coastal Plain is an area of fertile, rich soil and swamps. To the westof the Atlantic Coast Plain is the Piedmont, another area of good farmland and forests.

Population of the South was made up of Europeans (mostly of English and Scotch-Irishdescent) and enslaved Africans. By 1860 there were 4 million slaves in America and theUnited States was the largest slave holding republic. The total population of the Southreached 12 million, one third of who were slaves. The south was an overwhelminglyagricultural region of mostly farmers. Most farmers lived in the backcountry on mediumsized farms, while a small number of planters ran large farms, or plantations. Only onefourth of the Southern population owned slaves and most of these were the planters. Therest of the population was made up of white independent farmers, tenant farmers (whorented land and paid the landowners in crops or money), laborers, or frontier families.

Most Southerners lived on farms, scattered along the coastal plains and the small farmersin the backcountry. Since the economy was based on agriculture, industries and townsdeveloped at a slower pace than in the North. There were many small towns along thebanks of rivers and the coasts. Only a few large cities developed as trading centers in theSouth. Plantations were so large and so distant from each other that they became almostself-sufficient, like small towns.

The Southern economy was based on agriculture. Crops such as cotton, tobacco, rice,sugar cane and indigo were grown in great quantities. These crops were known as cashcrops, ones that were raised to be sold or exported for a profit. They were raised on largefarms, known as plantations, which were supported by slave labor. After Eli Whitneyinvented the cotton gin in 1793, cotton took over as “king” of the southern economy. The

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cotton gin was a machine that separated the seed from the cotton fiber much faster than itcould be done by hand. The cotton industry began to develop rapidly, spreading overmany parts of the South. In 1793 Southern farmers produced about 10,000 bales ofcotton. By 1835, they were growing over 1,000,000. Cotton exports made up two thirdsof the total value of American exports. To clear land and grow cotton Southerners startedusing slave labor. Slavery was essential for the prosperity of the Southern economy. TheSouth had little manufacturing, the Southerners wanted cheap imports. Since theyexported most of their cotton and tobacco they believed that high tariffs –taxes onimported goods—would scare away the foreign markets that bought their goods. Forthese reasons the South was against tariffs.

Life in the South revolved around the small, wealthy class of planter and the agriculturalsystem they controlled. Planters were the aristocracy—the upper class—of the South.They lived like country gentleman of England and ran the political and economic life ofthe South. Plantations were far apart and developed their own communities.Recreational activities included such things as fox hunting, dancing, horseracing, andwatching cockfights. There were few schools or churches in the South, since neithereducation nor religion were very organized. The best educated were the sons of planters.On plantations there were sometimes small schools, and often planters hired privatetutors to teach their children until they were sent off to private schools. Small farmers hadlittle or no education.

Methods of long-distance transports, such as steamships and railroads, affected the Southbecause products could more easily be sold to more distant markets. By 1860 about10,000 miles of railroad spread across the Southern states. Still, this was not nearly asvast a railroad system as the North. Meanwhile, hundreds of steamboats moved Southerncrops to the North and to European markets.

The North has a climate of warm summers and snowy cold winters. The terrain is rocky,

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hilly, and not good for farming. These conditions along with a short growing seasonmade farming difficult. Most of the forest was made up of timber used for shipbuilding.There are many sheltered bays and inlets on the Atlantic coast. Settlers found that shipscould sail along wide rivers into many of these bays. Most of the rivers are fast, shallow,and hard to navigate. At a certain point, called the Fall Line—a plateau over whicheastward-flowing rivers fell onto the plain—the many waterfalls of most rivers madethem no longer navigable. At the Fall Line many ships dropped their cargo. Cities,which served as trading centers, grew up at these points. Soon people realized that thewaterfalls were a cheap source of energy, and the waterpower began to be used to runfactories.

The period between 1800 and 1860 brought rapid population growth throughout theUnited States. In the North the overall population rose from about 5 million to 31 millionduring this time. Part of this increase was due to massive immigration. Between 1830and 1850 along, over 2 million Irish, German and other northern Europeans arrived in theUnited States. Most of them settled in the North.

Cities in the North thrived as centers of commerce. They were set up along the Atlanticcoast and served as centers of trade between the North and Europe. They were hubs ofmanufacturing of textiles (cloth goods) and other products. Many people from rural NewEngland moved to the cities looking for employment opportunities. In 1800 about 5percent of the population lived in cities, but by 1850 nearly 15 percent did. Increasedtrade and manufacturing drew many laborers to town to work. Cities were often crowdedand dirty. Not until after 1830’s were harbors and streets improved, sanitation systemswere started, and police forces were created. Public services such as education began totake root. Cities were important centers of art, culture, and education. Most citiesprinted newspapers and books and provided many forms of recreation, such as dancing,card playing, and theater.

The Northern economy was based on many different industries. These industries

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included shipping, textiles, lumber, furs, and mining. The majority of people lived onsmall farms and found that much of the land was suited for subsistence farming—raisingfood crops and livestock for family use—rather than producing goods to export, or sendto other countries. Northerners stated to use their “ingenuity” to manufacture all kinds ofgoods. With the use of waterpower and coal for steam plants, manufacturing developedquickly. Items such as textiles, iron, and ships were manufactured in great quantities.These goods were traded for foreign products, transported to and from all continents bytrading ships. To protect its industries from foreign competition, the North favored hightariffs or taxes on goods coming in from other countries.

The growth of trade, manufacturing and transportation brought many changes to cities inthe North. Cities took on an increasingly important role in determining the culture of theNorth. Merchants, manufacturers, wage earners, and new business owners brought newideas to the North. Merchants, manufacturers, wage earners, and new business ownersbrought new ideas to the North. The majority of Northerners were Protestant believers.Villages became strong centers of community activities. Both religion and educationwere organized institutes. Most towns had both schools and churches. Public educationgrew in the north after the 1830’s. Although, a minimum of boys went to secondaryschool and college was reserved mostly for the wealthy.

During the first half of the 1800’s transportation vastly improved and the size of theUnited States more than doubled. By 1860 there were over 88,000 miles of surfacedroads. Canals, mostly built in the North, were a cheap source of transportation. The ErieCanal was clearly a success for New York commercial activities. Many other citiesbegan to follow suit and within a decade a system of over 3,000 canals provided watertransportation between the Eastern seaboard and rivers in the West. Not long after thefirst railroad were laid, and by 1850, 30,000 miles of tracks connected distant parts of the

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United States. Most of the new rail lines were in the North.

Background to the ConflictDifferences in the North and South in the 1800s

North SouthEconom

y

Population

Slavery

The Slave Economy1860 1860 1860

White Free SlaveNonwhite

451,504 8,643 - Connecticut90,589 19,829 1,798 Delaware591,550 3,538 462,198 Georgia515,918 83,942 87,189 Maryland

1,221,432 9,634 - Massachusetts325,579 494 - New Hampshire646,699 25,318 - New Jersey

3,831,590 49,145 - New York629,942 31,621 331,059 North Carolina

2,849,259 56,956 - Pennsylvania170,649 3,971 - Rhode Island291,300 10,002 402,406 South Carolina

1,047,299 58,154 490,865 Virginia12,663,310 361,247 1,775,515 United States

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NOTES:

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Date:Essential Question

Standards

Writing Assignment: Write a five paragraph essay to explain the causes of the Civil War.

Date:Essential Question

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Standards

United States Railroads in 1860

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Date:Essential Question

Standards

Timeline of Important Events Associated with the Civil War

Before the WarThe Missouri Compromise (March 3, 1820)The Missouri Compromise was the first real attempt to find a solution to the issue of slavery.As new states entered the Union, the question of whether the new states would be slave or free arose. And when Missouri sought to enter the Union as a slave state, the issue became enormously controversial. The Missouri Compromise, which was partly engineered by Henry Clay, balanced the numbers of slave and free states, and for three decades seemed to keep the slavery crisis from entirely dominating the nation. Maine was allowed to enter the Union as a free state while Missouri entered the Union as a slave state. That made the balance 12 free states and 12 slave states.The Compromise of 1850 (September 1850)After the Mexican War, the United States gained territory in the West, and the slavery issue ignited again over the question of whether slavery would be allowed to exist in the new states and territories.The Compromise of 1850 was a series of bills in Congress which sought to settle the issue, and it did postpone the Civil War by a decade. But the compromise, which contained five major provisions, was destined to be a temporary solution:

California was admitted as a free state. Territories of New Mexico and Utah were given the option of legalizing

slavery. The border between Texas and New Mexico was fixed. A stronger fugitive slave law was enacted. The slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia, though slavery

remained legal.The Kansas-Nebraska Act (May 1854)The Kansas-Nebraska Act was the last major compromise that sought to hold the Union together, and it proved to be the most controversial.Engineered by Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, the legislation almost immediately had an incendiary effect. Instead of lessening tensions over slavery, it inflamed them, and led to outbreaks of violence that led the legendary newspaper editor Horace Greeley to coin the term "Bleeding Kansas."The Kansas-Nebraska Act also led to bloody attack in the Senate chamber of the U.S. Capitol, and it prompted Abraham Lincoln, who had given up on politics, to return to the political arena.

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The Kansas-Nebraska Act was a classic case of legislation having unintended consequences.Open violence in Kansas reached a peak in 1856, when pro-slavery forces burned the "free soil" settlement of Lawrence, Kansas. In response, the fanatical abolitionist John Brown and his followers murdered men who supported slavery.

The Missouri Compromise (March 3,

1820)

The Compromise of 1850 (September 1850)

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

(May 1854)Write a description of each of the compromises in your own words. You description must be at least five sentences for each compromise.

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Harpers Ferry Raid (October 16, 1859) - Abolitionist John Brown attempts to start a slave rebellion by taking over the Harpers Ferry arsenal. The uprising is quickly put down and John Brown is hanged for treason. Many people in the North, however, consider him a hero. Abraham Lincoln Elected President (November 6, 1860) - Abraham Lincoln was from the northern part of the country and wanted to put an end to slavery. The southern states didn't want him president or making laws that would affect them. South Carolina Secedes (Dec. 20, 1860) - South Carolina became the first state to secede, or leave, the United States. They decided to make their own country rather than be part of the USA. Within a few months several other states including Georgia, Mississippi, Texas, Florida, Alabama, and Louisiana would also leave the Union.The Confederation is formed (Feb. 9, 1861) - The southern states form their own country called the Confederate States of America. Jefferson Davis is their president. Abraham Lincoln becomes President (March 4, 1861) - Now that President Lincoln is in office, he wants to restore the Union. In other words, get all the states back into the same country.The Civil War Begins (April 12, 1861) - The South attacks Fort Sumter South Carolina and starts the war. More States leave the Union (April 1861) - within a short period of time Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas all leave the Union to join the Confederacy. Union Blockade (April 19, 1861) - Abraham Lincoln announces the Union Blockade where the Union Navy will attempt to keep supplies from entering or leaving the Confederacy. This blockade will weaken the Confederacy later in the war. Many Battles of 1861 and 1862 - Throughout 1861 and 1862 there were many battles where lots of soldiers from both sides were wounded and killed. Some of the major battles include the First and Second Battles of Bull Run, The Battle of Shiloh, The Battle of Antietam, and the Battle of Fredericksburg. There was also the famous sea battle between the two ironclad battleships the Monitor and the Merrimac. These ships had iron or steel plates on their sides for armor making them much stronger and changing war on the seas forever. Emancipation Proclamation (Jan. 1, 1863) - President Lincoln issues an executive order freeing many slaves and laying the groundwork for the Thirteenth Amendment.

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The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1, 1863) - A major battle where the North not only wins the battle, but starts to win the Civil War. Sherman Captures Atlanta (Sept. 2, 1864) - General Sherman captures the city of Atlanta, Georgia. Later in the year he would march to the sea and capture Savannah, Ga. On his way he would destroy and burn much of the land his army passed through.

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Civil War Timeline1820

1830

1840

1850

1851

1852

1853

1854

1855

1856

1857

1858

1859

1860

1861

1862

1863

1864

1865

1866

Date:

Legendblue Union States gray Confederate do not color Territories

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States

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Date:Essential Question

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John Brown and the Harpers Ferry Raid

In 1859, around a year and a half before the start of the Civil War, abolitionist John Brown tried to lead a slave uprising in Virginia. His efforts cost him his life, but his cause lived on when the slaves were set free six years later.

John Brown

Abolitionist John Brown

John Brown was an abolitionist. This means that he wanted to abolish slavery. John tried to help black people who had escaped from slavery in the South. He became passionate about ending slavery once and for all. He also became frustrated with the peaceful nature of the abolitionist movement. John felt that slavery was a horrible crime and that he should use any means necessary to put an end to it, including violence.

A War to End Slavery

After many years of protesting slavery, John Brown came up with a radical plan to put an end to slavery in the South once and for all. He believed that if he could organize and arm the slaves in the South, they would revolt and gain their freedom. After all, there were around 4 million slaves in the South. If all the slaves revolted at once, they could easily gain their freedom.

Planning the War

In 1859, Brown began to plan his slave rebellion. He would first take over the federal weapons arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. There were thousands and thousands of muskets and other weapons being stored at Harpers Ferry. If Brown could get control of these weapons, he could arm the slaves and they could begin to fight back.

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Raid on Harpers Ferry Arsenal

On October 16, 1859 Brown gathered his small force together for the initial raid. There were 21 total men who participated in the raid: 16 white men, three free black men, one freed slave, and one fugitive slave.

The initial part of the raid was successful. Brown and his men captured the arsenal that night. However, Brown had planned on the local slaves coming to his aid. He expected that, once he had control of the weapons, hundreds of local slaves would join in the fight. This never happened.

Brown and his men were soon surrounded by the local townspeople and militia. Some of Brown's men were killed and they moved to a small engine house that is today known as John Brown's Fort.

Captured

On October 18, two days after the start of the raid, a group of marines led by Colonel Robert E. Lee arrived. They offered Brown and his men the opportunity to surrender, but Brown refused. Then they attacked. They quickly broke down the door and subdued the men inside the building. Many of Brown's men were killed, but Brown survived and was taken prisoner.

Hanging

Brown and four of his men were convicted of treason and were hanged to death on December 2, 1859.

Results

Despite the quick failure of Brown's planned slave revolt, Brown became a martyr for the abolitionists' cause. His story became famous throughout the United States. Although many in the North didn't agree with his violent actions, they did agree with his belief that slavery should be abolished. It would be less than a year later that the Civil War would begin.

Facts About Harpers Ferry and John Brown

Brown was involved in the "Bleeding Kansas" violence when he and his sons killed five settlers in Kansas who were for legalizing slavery in the state.

Brown tried to get abolitionist leader and former slave Frederick Douglass to participate in the raid, but Douglass felt the raid was a suicide mission and declined.

Harpers Ferry was in the state of Virginia at the time of the raid, but today it is in the state of West Virginia.

Ten of Brown's men were killed during the raid. One US Marine and 6 civilians were killed by Brown and his men.

Two of John Brown's sons were killed in the raid. A third son was captured and was hanged to death.

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Write a three paragraph essay to explain how the beliefs and ideals of John Brown influenced his decisions at Harper’s Ferry.

Date:Essential Question

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Standards

Harriett Beecher StoweUncle Tom’s Cabin

Uncle Tom's Cabin is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel "helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War", according to Will Kaufman.

Stowe, a Connecticut-born teacher at the Hartford Female Academy and an active abolitionist, featured the character of Uncle Tom, a long-suffering black slave around whom the stories of other characters revolve. The novel depicts the reality of slavery while also asserting that Christian love can overcome something as destructive as enslavement of fellow human beings. Uncle Tom's Cabin told the story about a kind slave named Tom. Tom is sold a few times between masters until he ends up being owned by plantation owner Simon Legree. Simon Legree is an evil man who likes to beat his slaves. Tom's kindness toward his fellow slaves only makes Simon angrier. When two women slaves escape, Simon tries to force Tom to tell him where they went. Tom refuses and is eventually beaten to death by Simon.

Growing up in Connecticut, Harriet had little contact or knowledge with the reality of slavery in the Southern part of the United States. However, Cincinnati, Ohio was just across the river from Kentucky where slavery was legal. Harriet began to see firsthand how poorly slaves were treated. The more she learned, the more horrified she became.

Uncle Tom's Cabin was the best-selling novel of the 19th century and the second best-selling book of that century, following the Bible. It is credited with helping fuel the abolitionist cause in the 1850s. In the first year after it was published, 300,000 copies of the book were sold in the United States; one million copies were sold in Great Britain. In 1855, three years after it was published, it was called "the most popular novel of our day.” The impact attributed to the book is great, reinforced by a story that when Abraham Lincoln met Stowe at the start of the Civil War, Lincoln declared, "So this is the little lady who started this great war."

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Write a three paragraph essay to explain how the actions of Harriett Beecher Stowe lead to conflict and change.

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Essential Question

Standards

Nathaniel "Nat" Turner (October 2, 1800 – November 11, 1831) was an American slave who led a slave rebellion in Virginia on August 21, 1831 that resulted in 60 white deaths and at least 100 black deaths. He gathered supporters in Southampton County, Virginia. Turner was convicted, sentenced to death, and hanged. In the aftermath, the state executed 56 blacks accused of being part of Turner's slave rebellion. Two hundred blacks were also beaten and killed by white militias and mobs reacting with violence. Across Virginia and other southern states, state legislators passed new laws prohibiting education of slaves and free blacks, restricting rights of assembly and other civil rights for free blacks, and requiring white ministers to be present at black worship services.

Turner started with a few trusted fellow slaves. The rebels traveled from house to house, freeing slaves and killing the white people they found. The rebels ultimately included more than 70 enslaved and free blacks. Because the rebels did not want to alert anyone to their presence as they carried out their attacks, they initially used knives, hatchets, axes, and blunt instruments instead of firearms. The rebellion did not discriminate by age or sex, until it was determined that the rebellion had achieved sufficient numbers. Nat Turner only confessed to killing one of the rebellion's victims, Margret Whitehead, whom he killed with a blow from a fence post.

Before a white militia was able to respond, the rebels killed 60 men, women, and children. They spared a few homes "because Turner believed the poor white inhabitants 'thought no better of themselves than they did of Negros." Turner also thought that revolutionary violence would serve to awaken the attitudes of whites to the reality of the inherent brutality.

The rebellion was suppressed within two days, but Turner eluded capture until October 30, when he was discovered hiding in a hole covered with fence rails. On November 5, 1831, he was tried for "conspiring to rebel and making insurrection", convicted and sentenced to death. Turner was hanged on November 11 in Jerusalem, Virginia. His body was flayed, beheaded and quartered. In the aftermath of the insurrection there were 45 slaves, including Turner, and 5 free blacks tried for insurrection and related crimes in Southampton. Of the 45 slaves tried, 15 were acquitted. Of the 30 convicted, 18 were hanged, while 12 received mercy and were sold out of state. Of the 5 free blacks tried for participation in the

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insurrection, one was hanged, while the others were acquitted. In total, the state executed 56 blacks suspected of having been involved in the uprising. In the aftermath, close to 200 blacks, many of whom had nothing to do with the rebellion, were murdered

Write a three paragraph essay to explain how the actions of the individual Nat Turner had an impact on groups and institutions of the Civil War era.

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Date:Essential Question

Standards

Leaders of the Civil War

Abraham Lincoln

JeffersonDavis

U. S.Grant

RobertE. Lee

Stonewall Jackson

William T. Sherman

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Leaders of the Civil War NotesAbraham LincolnIn 1854, Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise, and allowed individual states and territories to decide for themselves whether to allow slavery. The law provoked violent opposition in Kansas and Illinois. And it gave rise to the Republican Party. This awakened Abraham Lincoln’s political zeal once again, and his views on slavery moved more toward moral indignation. Lincoln joined the Republican Party in 1856.

In 1857, the Supreme Court issued its controversial decision in the Dred Scott case, declaring African Americans were not citizens and had no inherent rights. Though Abraham Lincoln felt African Americans were not equal to whites, he

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believed the America’s founders intended that all men were created with certain inalienable rights. Lincoln decided to challenge sitting U.S. Senator Stephen Douglas for his seat. In his nomination acceptance speech, he criticized Douglas, the Supreme Court, and President Buchanan for promoting slavery and declared “a house divided cannot stand.” The 1858 Senate campaign featured seven debates held in different cities all over Illinois. The two candidates didn’t disappoint the public, giving stirring debates on issues ranging from states’ rights to western expansion, but the central issue in all the debates was slavery. Newspapers intensely covered the debates, often times with partisan editing and interpretation. In the end, the state legislature elected Douglas, but the exposure vaulted Lincoln into national politics.

In 1860, political operatives in Illinois organized a campaign to support Lincoln for the presidency. On May 18th at the Republican National Convention in Chicago, Abraham Lincoln surpassed better known candidates such as William Seward of New York and Salmon P. Chase of Ohio. Lincoln’s nomination was due in part to his moderate views on slavery, his support for improving the national infrastructure, and the protective tariff. In the general election, Lincoln faced his friend and rival, Stephan Douglas, this time besting him in a four-way race that included John C. Breckinridge of the Northern Democrats and John Bell of the Constitution Party. Lincoln received not quite 40 percent of the popular vote, but carried 180 of 303 Electoral votes.

Abraham Lincoln selected a strong cabinet composed of many of his political rivals, including William Seward, Salmon P. Chase, Edward Bates and Edwin Stanton

Formed out the adage “Hold your friends close and your enemies closer”, Lincoln’s Cabinet became one of his strongest assets in his first term in office… and he would need them. Before his inauguration in March, 1861, seven Southern states had seceded from the Union and by April the U.S. military installation Fort Sumter, was under siege in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. In the early morning hours of April 12, 1861, the guns stationed to protect the harbor blazed toward the fort signaling the start of America’s costliest and most deadly conflict.

Civil War

Abraham Lincoln responded to the crisis wielding powers as no other present before him. He distributed $2,000,000 from the Treasury for war materiel without an appropriation from Congress; he called for 75,000 volunteers into military service without a declaration of war; and he suspended the writ of habeas corpus, arresting and imprisoning suspected Confederate sympathizers without a warrant. Crushing the rebellion would be difficult under any circumstances, but the Civil War, with its preceding decades of white-hot partisan politics, was especially onerous. From all directions, Lincoln faced disparagement and defiance. He was often at odds with his generals, his Cabinet, his party, and a majority of the American people.

The Union Army’s first year and a half of battlefield defeats made it especially 48

difficult to keep morale up and support strong for a reunification the nation. With the hopeful, but by no means conclusive Union victory at Antietam on September 22, 1862, Abraham felt confident enough to reshape the cause of the war from “union” to abolishing slavery. Gradually, the war effort improved for the North, though more by attrition then by brilliant military victories. But by 1864, the Confederacy had hunkered down to a guerilla war and Lincoln was convinced he’d be a one-term president. His nemesis, George B. McClellan, the former commander of the Army of the Potomac, challenged him for the presidency, but the contest wasn’t even close. Lincoln received 55 percent of the popular vote and 212 of 243 Electoral votes. On March 28, 1865, General Robert E. Lee, commander of the Army of Virginia, surrendered his forces to Union General Ulysses S. Grant and the war for all intents and purposes was over.

Assassination

Reconstruction began during the war as early as 1863 in areas firmly under Union military control. Abraham Lincoln favored a policy of quick reunification with a minimum of retribution. But he was confronted by a radical group of Republicans in the Senate and House that wanted complete allegiance and repentance from former Confederates. Before a political battle had a chance to firmly develop, Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865, by well-known actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C. Lincoln was taken from the theater to a Petersen House across the street and laid in a coma for nine hours before dying the next morning. His body lay in state at the Capitol before a funeral train took him back to his final resting place in Springfield, Illinois.

Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis was born in Christian County, Kentucky, on June 3, 1808. After a

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distinguished military career, Davis served as a U.S. senator and as Secretary of War under Franklin Pierce before his election as the president of the secessionist Confederate States of America. He was later indicted for treason, though never tried, and remained a symbol of Southern pride until his death in 1889.

Military leader and statesman Jefferson Finis Davis was born on June 3, 1808, in Christian County, Kentucky (now called Fairview). One of 10 children born into a military family, his birth took place just 100 miles from and eight months earlier than President Abraham Lincoln’s. Davis's father and uncles were soldiers in the American Revolutionary War, and all three of his older brothers fought in the War of 1812. His grandfather was a public servant to the U.S. southern colonies.

Though born in Kentucky, Davis primarily grew up on a plantation near Woodville, Mississippi, eventually returning to Kentucky to attend boarding school in Bardstown. After completing his boarding school education, Davis enrolled at Jefferson College in Mississippi, later transferring to Transylvania University in Kentucky.

In 1824, when Davis was 16 years old, President James Monroe requested that Davis become a cadet at the United States Military Academy at West Point (New York). One of Davis’s fellow cadets later described the burgeoning young leader as "distinguished in his corps for manly bearing and high-toned and lofty character." In 1828, Davis graduated from West Point, 23rd in his class

Upon graduating from West Point, Jefferson Davis was assigned to the post of second-lieutenant of the First Infantry. From 1828 to 1833, he carried out his first active service with the U.S. Army. Davis fought with his regiment in the Blackhawk War of 1831, during which they captured Chief Blackhawk himself. The Indian chief was placed under Davis’s care, with Davis winning Blackhawk over through his kind treatment of the prisoner.

In March 1833, Davis was promoted to first lieutenant and transferred to the First Dragoons, a newly formed regiment. He also served as the unit’s staff officer. Until the summer of 1835, Davis continued his service on the battlefield against Indian tribes, including the Comanche and Pawnees. In June 1835, Davis married his commanding officer’s daughter, Sarah Knox Taylor. Because his commanding officer, none other than future president Zachary Taylor, was opposed to the marriage, Davis abruptly resigned his military post to take up civic duties prior to the wedding. Sadly, Sarah died of malaria just a few months later, in September 1835.

After leaving the military, Davis became a cotton farmer while preparing for a career in politics as a Democrat. In 1843, he participated in the gubernatorial campaign and served as a delegate at the Democratic National Convention. His powerful speeches there placed him in high demand.

One year later, he became an elector for Pork and Dallas, taking the stance of state protection against federal interference and supporting Texas’ annexation in

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the process.

In December 1845, Davis won election to the U.S. House of Representatives and claimed a seat in Congress, which caused him to gain more public attention. Additionally, he remarried, this time to a woman named Varina Howell. The marriage helped further forge his connection with Mississippi planters, as Varina’s family was of that class.

As a congressman, Davis was known for his passionate and charismatic speeches, and he quickly became actively involved in debates about Texas, Oregon and tariffs. Davis’s congressional accomplishments include orchestrating the conversion of forts into military training schools. Throughout his congressional term, his support of states’ right remained unwavering.

In June 1846, Jefferson Davis resigned from his position in Congress to lead the First Regiment of the Mississippi Riflemen in the Mexican-American War. He held the rank of colonel under his former father-in-law, General Zachary Taylor. During the Mexican-American War, Davis fought in the Battles of Monterrey and Buena Vista, in 1846 and 1847, respectively. At the Battle of Monterrey, he led his men to victory in an assault at Fort Teneria. He was injured at the Battle of Buena Vista when he blocked a charge of Mexican swords—an incident that earned him nationwide acclaim. So impressed was General Taylor that he admitted he had formerly misjudged Davis’s character. "My daughter, sir, was a better judge of man than I was," Taylor reportedly conceded.

In 1847, following Davis’s heroic feat, Zachary Taylor appointed him U.S. senator from Mississippi—a seat that had opened as a result of Senator Jesse Speight’s death. After serving the rest of Speight’s term, from December to January of 1847, Davis was re-elected for an additional term. As a senator, he advocated for slavery and states’ rights, and opposed the admission of California to the Union as a free state—such a hot button issue at the time that members of the House of Representatives sometimes broke into fistfights. Davis held his Senate seat until 1851 and went on to run for the Mississippi governorship, but lost the election.

Explaining the way his position on the Union had evolved during his time in the Senate, David once stated, "My devotion to the Union of our fathers had been so often and so publicly declared; I had on the floor of the Senate so defiantly challenged any question of my fidelity to it; my services, civil and military, had now extended through so long a period and were so generally known, that I felt quite assured that no whisperings of envy or ill-will could lead the people of Mississippi to believe that I had dishonored their trust by using the power they had conferred on me to destroy the government to which I was accredited. Then, as afterward, I regarded the separation of the states as a great, though not the greater evil."

In 1853, Davis was appointed secretary of war by President Franklin Pierce. He served in that position until 1857, when he returned to the Senate. Although opposed to session, while back in the Senate, he continued to defend the rights of southern slave states. Davis remained in the Senate until January 1861, resigning

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when Mississippi left the Union. In conjunction with the formation of the Confederacy, Davis became was named president of the Confederate States of America on February 18, 1861. On May 10, 1865, he was captured by Union forces near Irwinville, Virginia, and charged with treason. Davis was imprisoned at Fort Monroe in Virginia from May 22, 1865, to May 13, 1867, before being released on bail paid partly by abolitionist Horace Greely.

Following his term as president of the Confederacy, Davis traveled overseas on business. He was offered a job as president of Texas A&M University, but declined. He was also elected to the Senate a third time, but was unable to serve due to restrictions included in the 14th Amendment. In 1881, he wrote The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government in an effort to defend his political stance. Davis lived out his retirement years at an estate called Beauvoir in Mississippi.

Around 1 a.m. on December 6, 1889, Jefferson Davis died of acute bronchitis in New Orleans, Louisiana. His body was temporarily interred at New Orleans’s Metairie Cemetery. It was later relocated to a specially constructed memorial at Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia.

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U. S. GrantUlysses S. Grant was born April 27, 1822, in Point Pleasant, Ohio. During the Civil War, he relentlessly pursued the enemy and in 1864 was entrusted with command of all U.S. armies. In 1869, at age 46, he became the youngest president theretofore. Though Grant was highly scrupulous, his administration was tainted with scandal. He left the presidency to write his best-selling memoirs.

Ulysses S. Grant was born Hiram Ulysses Grant on April, 27, 1822 in Point Pleasant, Ohio, near the mouth of the Big Indian Creek at the Ohio River. His famous moniker “U.S. Grant” came after he joined the military. Hiram was the first son of Jesse Root Grant, a tanner and businessman, and Hannah Simpson Grant. A year after Hiram was born, the family moved to Georgetown, Ohio, where he grew up in what he described as an “uneventful” childhood. He did, however, show great aptitude as a horseman in his youth.

Hiram Ulysses Grant was not a standout as a boy. Shy and reserved, he took after his mother rather than his outgoing father. He hated the idea of working in his father’s tannery business, a fact that Jesse begrudgingly had to acknowledge. When Hiram was 17, Jesse arranged for him to enter West Point. A clerical error had listed him as Ulysses S. Grant. Not wanting to be rejected, he changed his name on the spot. Grant didn’t excel at West Point, earning average grades and finding the academy “had no charms” for him. He received several demerits for slovenly dress and tardiness. He did well in mathematics and geology and excelled in horsemanship. In 1843, he graduated 21st out of 39 and was glad to be out. He planned to resign from the military after he served his mandatory four years of duty.

After graduation, Lieutenant Ulysses S. Grant was stationed at St. Louis, Missouri, where he met his future wife, Julia Dent. Grant proposed marriage in 1844, and Julia accepted. But before the couple could wed, he was shipped off for duty. During the Mexican-American War, Grant served as quartermaster, efficiently overseeing the movement of supplies. Serving under General Zachary Taylor and then later General Winfield Scott, he closely observed their military tactics and leadership skills. He got the opportunity to lead a company into combat and was credited for his bravery under fire. He also developed strong feelings that the war was wrong and was being waged only to increase American’s territory for the spread of slavery.

In 1844, Ulysses and Julia finally married. Over the next six years, Grant was 53

assigned to several posts, and the couple had four children. In 1852, Grant was sent to Fort Vancouver, in what is now Washington State. He missed Julia and his two sons, the second of whom he had not even seen. Grant became involved in several failed business ventures, trying to get his family to the coast so they could be closer to him. He began to drink, and a reputation was forged that dogged him all through his military career. In the summer of 1853, he was promoted to captain and transferred to Fort Humboldt on the Northern California coast, where he had a run-in with the fort’s commanding officer, Lt.

Col. Robert C. Buchanan. On July, 31, 1854, Ulysses S. Grant resigned from the Army amid allegations of heavy drinking and warnings of disciplinary action.

In 1854, Ulysses S. Grant moved his family back to Missouri, but the return to being a civilian led to a low point in his life. He tried to farm land given to him by his father-in-law, but after a few years it failed. Grant then failed in a real estate venture and was denied employment as an engineer and clerk in St. Louis. To support his family, he was reduced to selling firewood on a St. Louis street. Finally, in 1860, he humbled himself and went to work in his father’s tannery business as a clerk, supervised by his two younger brothers.

On April 13, 1861, Confederate troops attacked Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. This act of rebellion sparked Ulysses S. Grant’s patriotism, and he volunteered his military services. Again he was initially rejected for appointments, but with the aid of an Illinois congressman, he was appointed to command an unruly Twenty-first Illinois volunteer regiment. Applying lessons he learned from his commanders during the Mexican-American War, Grant got the regiment combat-ready by September 1861.

When Kentucky’s fragile neutrality fell apart in the fall of 1861, Ulysses S. Grant and his volunteers took the small town of Paducah, Kentucky, at the mouth of the Tennessee River. In February 1862, in a joint operation with the U.S. Navy, Grant’s ground forces applied pressure on Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, taking them both. In the assault on Fort Donelson, he earned the moniker “Unconditional Surrender” Grant and he was promoted to major general of volunteers.

In April 1862, Ulysses S. Grant moved his men cautiously into enemy territory in what would prove to be one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War. Confederate commanders Albert Sidney Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard led a surprise attack against Grant’s forces bivouacked nine miles south at Pittsburgh Landing. During the first wave of assault, fierce fighting occurred at an area known as the “Hornets’ Nest.” Confederate General Johnston was mortally wounded, and his second-in-command, General Beauregard, decided against a night assault on Grant’s forces. Reinforcement finally arrived and Grant was able to defeat the Confederates in the second day of battle. The Battle of Shiloh proved to be a watershed for the American military and a near disaster for Ulysses S. Grant. Though he was supported by President Abraham Lincoln, Grant faced heavy criticism from members of Congress and the military brass for the high casualties and for a time

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was demoted. A War Department investigation had him reinstated.

Union war strategy called for taking control of the Mississippi River and cutting the Confederacy in half. In December 1862, Ulysses S. Grant moved overland to take Vicksburg, a key fortress city of the Confederacy, but his attack was stalled by Confederate cavalry raider Nathan Bedford Forest and by getting bogged down in the bayous north of Vicksburg

In his second attempt Grant cut some, but not all, of his supply lines, moved his army down the western bank of the Mississippi River and crossed south of Vicksburg. Failing to take the city after several assaults, he settled into a long siege, and Vicksburg eventually surrendered on July 4, 1863.

Although Vicksburg was Ulysses S. Grant’s greatest achievement up to then and a moral boost for the Union, rumors of Grant’s drinking and being drunk followed him through the rest of the Western Campaign. Grant suffered from intense migraine headaches due to stress, which nearly disabled him and did much to spread the rumors he had been drinking and was suffering from a hangover. However, his closest associates said he was sober, polite and displayed deep concentration, even in the midst of a battle.

After Grant’s victory at Vicksburg and Chattanooga, Ulysses S. Grant was given command of all the Union armies. Grant saw the military objectives of the Civil War differently than most of his predecessors, who believed that capturing territory was most important to winning the war. Grant, however, believed that the Confederate armies were most important. To that end he set out to track down General Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia and destroy it. From March 1864 until April 1865, Grant doggedly tracked Lee in the forests of Virginia, inflicting unsustainable casualties on Lee’s army. On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered his army and the war was over. The two generals met at a farm near the village of Appomattox Court House and agreed to peace terms. In a magnanimous gesture, Grant allowed Lee’s men to keep their horses and return to their homes; none would be prisoners of war.

During the post-war reorganization, Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to full general and oversaw the military portion of Reconstruction. Grant was put in an awkward position during President Andrew Johnson’s fight with the Radical Republicans and his impeachment, and was eventually elected as the 18th president of the United States in 1868. When he entered the White House the following year, he was politically inexperienced and at age 46 was the youngest man theretofore elected president. Although scrupulously honest, Grant appointed people who were not of good character. Though he had some success pushing through ratification of the 15th Amendment and establishing the National Parks Service, his administration’s scandals rocked both his presidential terms and he lost his opportunity for a third term.

After he left the White House, Ulysses S. Grant’s poor luck at civilian life continued. He became a partner in the financial firm of Grant and Ward only to have his

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partner, Ferdinand Ward, embezzle investors’ money. The firm went bankrupt in 1884, as did Grant. That same year, he learned he was suffering from throat cancer, and although his military pension was reinstated, he was strapped for cash. He started selling short magazine articles about his life and then negotiated a contract with a friend, the novelist Mark Twain, to publish his memoirs. The two-volume set sold some 300,000 copies and became a classic work of American literature. Ultimately, this earned his family nearly $450,000. Grant died on July 23, 1885, just as his memoirs were being published, and is buried in New York City.

Robert E. LeeBorn on January 19, 1807 in Stratford, Virginia, Robert E. Lee came to military prominence during the U.S. Civil War, commanding his home state's armed forces and becoming general-in-chief of the Confederate forces towards the end of the conflict. Though the Union won the war, Lee has been revered by many while others debate his tactics. He went on to become president of Washington College.

Confederate General who led southern forces against the Union Army in the American Civil War, Robert Edward Lee was born January 19, 1807, in Stratford Hall, Virginia.

Lee was cut from Virginia aristocracy. His extended family members included a president, a chief justice of the United States, and signers of the Declaration of Independence. His father, Colonel Henry Lee, also known as "Light-Horse Harry," had served as a cavalry leader during the Revolutionary War and gone on to become one of the war's heroes, winning praise from General George Washington.

Lee saw himself as an extension of his family's greatness. At 18, he enrolled at West Point Military Academy, where he put his drive and serious mind to work. He was one of just six cadets in his graduating class who finished without a single

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demerit, and wrapped up his studies with perfect scores in artillery, infantry and cavalry.

After graduating from West Point, Lee met and married Mary Custis, the great-granddaughter of George and Martha Washington. Together, they had seven children: three sons (Custis, Rooney and Rob) and four daughters (Mary, Annie, Agnes and Mildred).

But while Mary and the children spent their lives on Mary's father's plantation, Lee stayed committed to his military obligations. His Army loyalties moved him around the country, from Savannah to Baltimore, St. Louis to New York.

In 1846, Lee got the chance he'd been waiting his whole military career for when the United States went to war with Mexico. Serving under General Winfield Scott, Lee distinguished himself as a brave battle commander and brilliant tactician. In the aftermath of the U.S. victory over its neighbor, Lee was held up as a hero. Scott showered Lee with particular praise, saying that in the event the U.S. went into another war, the government should consider taking out a life insurance policy on the commander.

But life away from the battlefield proved difficult for Lee to handle. He struggled with the mundane tasks associated with his work and life. For a time, he returned to his wife's family's plantation to manage the estate, following the death of his father-in-law. The property had fallen under hard times, and for two long years, he tried to make it profitable again.

In 1859 Lee returned to the Army, accepting a thankless position at a lonely cavalry outpost in Texas. In October of that year, Lee got a break when he was summoned to put an end to a slave insurrection led by John Brown at Harper's Ferry. Lee's orchestrated attack took just a single hour to end the revolt, and his success put him on a short list of names to lead the Union Army should the nation go to war.

But Lee's commitment to the Army was superseded by his commitment to Virginia. After turning down an offer from President Abraham Lincoln to command the Union forces, Lee resigned from the military and returned home. While Lee had misgivings about centering a war on the slavery issue, when Virginia voted to secede from the nation on April 18, 1861, Lee agreed to help lead the Confederate forces.

Over the next year, Lee again distinguished himself on the battlefield. In May 1862, he took control of the Army of Northern Virginia and drove back the Union Army in Richmond in the Seven Days Battle. In August of that year, he gave the Confederacy a crucial victory at Second Manassas.

But not all went well. He courted disaster when he tried to cross the Potomac, just barely escaping at the bloody battle known as Antietam. In it, nearly 14,000 of his

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men were captured, wounded or killed.

From July 1 to July 3, 1863, Lee's forces suffered another round of heavy casualties in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The three-day stand-off, known as the Battle of Gettysburg, almost destroyed his army, ending Lee's invasion of the North and helping to turn the war around for the Union.

By the summer of 1864 Ulysses S. Grant had gained the upper hand, decimating much of Richmond, the Confederate's capital, and Petersburg. By early 1865 the fate of the war was clear, a fact driven home on April 2 when Lee was forced to abandon Richmond. A week later, a reluctant and despondent Lee surrendered to Grant at a private home in Appomattox, Virginia.

"I suppose there is nothing for me to do but go and see General Grant," he told an aide. "And I would rather die a thousand deaths."

Saved from being hanged as a traitor by a forgiving Lincoln and Grant, Lee returned to his family in April 1865. He eventually accepted a job as president of a small college in western Virginia, and kept quiet about the nation's politics following the war.

In October of 1870, he suffered a massive stroke. He died at his home, surrounded by family, on October 12, 1870.

Stonewall JacksonStonewall Jackson was born in Clarksburg (then Virginia), West Virginia, on January 21, 1824. A skilled military tactician, he served as a Confederate general under Robert E. Lee in the American Civil War, leading troops at Manassas, Antietam and Fredericksburg. Jackson lost an arm and died after he was accidentally shot by

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Confederate troops at the Battle of Chancellorsville.

Stonewall Jackson was born Thomas Jonathan Jackson on January 21, 1824, in Clarksburg (then Virginia), West Virginia. His father, a lawyer named Jonathan Jackson, and his mother, Julia Beckwith Neale, had four children. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson was the third born.

When Jackson was just 2 years old, his father and his older sister, Elizabeth, were killed by typhoid fever. As a young widow, Stonewall Jackson’s mother struggled to make ends meet. In 1830 Julia remarried to Blake Woodson. When the young Jackson and his siblings butted heads with their new stepfather, they were sent to live with relatives in Jackson’s Mill, Virginia (now West Virginia). In 1831, Jackson lost his mother to complications during childbirth. The infant, Jackson’s half-brother William Wirt Woodson, survived, but would later die of tuberculosis in 1841. Jackson spent the rest of his childhood living with his father’s brothers.

After attending local schools, in 1842 Jackson enrolled in the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York. He was admitted only after his congressional district’s first choice withdrew his application a day after school started. Although he was older than most of his classmates, Jackson at first struggled terribly with his course load. To make matters worse, his fellow students often teased him about his poor family and modest education. Fortunately, the adversity fueled Jackson’s determination to succeed. In 1846, he graduated from West Point, 17th in a class of 59 students.

Jackson graduated from West Point in the nick of time to fight in the Mexican-American War. In Mexico he joined the 1st U.S. Artillery as a 2nd lieutenant. Jackson quickly proved his bravery and resilience on the field, serving with distinction under General Winfield Scott. Jackson participated in the Siege of Veracruz, and the battles of Contreras, Chapultepec and Mexico City. It was during the war in Mexico that Jackson met Robert E. Lee, with whom he would one day join military forces during the American Civil War. By the time the Mexican-American War ended in 1846, Jackson had been promoted to the rank of brevet major and was considered a war hero. After the war, he continued to serve in the military in New York and Florida.

Jackson retired from the military and returned to civilian life in 1851, when he was offered a professorship at the Virginia Military Institute in Lexington, Virginia. At VMI, Jackson served as professor of natural and experimental philosophy as well as of artillery tactics. Jackson’s philosophy syllabus was composed of topics akin to those covered in today’s college physics courses.

His classes also covered astronomy, acoustics and other science subjects.

As a professor, Jackson’s cold demeanor and strange quirks made him unpopular among his students. Grappling with hypochondria, the false belief that something was physically wrong with him, Jackson kept one arm raised while teaching, thinking it would hide a nonexistent unevenness in the length of his extremities. Although his students made fun of his eccentricities, Jackson was generally

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acknowledged as an effective professor of artillery tactics. In 1853, during his years as a civilian, Jackson met and married Elinor Junkin, daughter of Presbyterian minister Dr. George Junkin. In October of 1854, Elinor died during childbirth, after giving birth to a stillborn son. In July 1857, Jackson remarried to Mary Anna Morrison. In April 1859, Jackson and his second wife had a daughter. Tragically, the infant died within less than a month of her birth. In November of that year, Jackson reengaged in military life when he served as a VMI officer at abolitionist John Brown’s execution following his revolt at Harper’s Ferry. In 1862 Jackson’s wife had another daughter, whom they named Julia, after Jackson’s mother.

Between late 1860 and early 1861, several Southern U.S. states declared their independence and seceded from the Union. At first it was Jackson’s desire that Virginia, then his home state, would stay in the Union. But when Virginia seceded in the spring of 1861, Jackson showed his support of the Confederacy, choosing to side with his state over the national government.

On April 21, 1861, Jackson was ordered to VMI, where he was placed in command of the VMI Corps of Cadets. At the time, the cadets were acting as drillmasters, training new recruits to fight in the Civil War. Soon after, Jackson was commissioned a colonel by the state government and relocated to Harper’s Ferry. After preparing the troops for what would later be called the "Stonewall Brigade," Jackson was promoted to the roles of brigadier commander and brigadier general under the command of General Joseph E. Johnston.

It was at the First Battle of Bull Run in July of 1861, otherwise known as the First Battle of Manassas, that Jackson earned his famous nickname, Stonewall. When Jackson charged his army ahead to bridge a gap in the defensive line against a Union attack, General Barnard E. Bee, impressed, exclaimed, "There is Jackson standing like a stone wall." Afterward, the nickname stuck, and Jackson was promoted to major general for his courage and quick thinking on the battlefield.

In the spring of the next year, Jackson launched the Valley of Virginia, or Shenandoah Valley, Campaign. He began the campaign by defending western Virginia against the Union Army’s invasion. After leading the Confederate Army to several victories, Jackson was ordered to join General Robert E. Lee’s army in 1862. Joining Lee in the Peninsula, Jackson continued to fight in defense of Virginia.

From June 15 to July 1, 1862, Jackson exhibited uncharacteristically poor leadership while trying to defend Virginia’s capital city of Richmond against General George McClellan’s Union troops.

During this period, dubbed the Seven Days Battles, Jackson did, however, manage to redeem himself with his quick-moving "foot cavalry" maneuvers at the battle of Cedar Mountain.

At the Second Battle of Bull Run in August of 1862, John Pope and his Army of Virginia were convinced that Jackson and his soldiers had begun to retreat. This

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afforded Confederate General James Longstreet the opportunity to launch a missile assault against the Union Army, ultimately forcing Pope’s forces to retreat.

Against terrible odds, Jackson also managed to hold his Confederate troops in defensive position during the bloody battle of Antietam, until Lee ordered his Army of Northern Virginia to withdraw back across the Potomac River.

In October of 1862, General Lee reorganized his Army of Virginia into two corps. After being promoted to lieutenant general, Jackson took command of the second corps, leading them to decisive victory at the Battle of Fredericksburg.

Jackson achieved a whole new level of success at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May of 1863, when he struck General John Hooker’s Army of the Potomac from the rear. The attack created so many casualties that, within a few days, Hooker had no choice but to withdraw his troops.

On May 2, 1863, Jackson was accidentally shot by friendly fire from the 18th North Carolina Infantry Regiment. At a nearby field hospital, Jackson’s arm was amputated. On May 4, Jackson was transported to a second field hospital, in Guinea Station, Virginia. He died there of complications on May 10, 1863, at the age of 39, after uttering the last words, "Let us cross over the river and rest under the shade of trees."

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William T. ShermanWilliam Tecumseh Sherman, although not a career military commander before the war, would become one of "the most widely renowned of the Union’s military leaders next to U. S. Grant.”

Sherman, one of eleven children, was born into a distinguished family. His father had served on the Supreme Court of Ohio until his sudden death in 1829, leaving Sherman and his family to stay with several friends and relatives. During this period, Sherman found himself living with Senator Thomas Ewing, who obtained an appointment for Sherman to the United States Military Academy, and he graduated sixth in the class of 1840. His early military career proved to be anything but spectacular. He saw some combat during the Second Seminole War in Florida, but unlike many of his colleagues, did not fight in the Mexican-American War, serving instead in California. As a result, he resigned his commission in 1853. He took work in the fields of banking and law briefly before becoming the superintendent of the Louisiana Military Academy in 1859. At the outbreak of the Civil War, however, Sherman resigned from the academy and headed north, where he was made a colonel of the 13th United States Infantry.

Sherman first saw combat at the Battle of First Manassas, where he commanded a brigade of Tyler’s Division. Although the Union army was defeated during the battle, President Abraham Lincoln was impressed by Sherman’s performance and he was promoted to brigadier general on August 7, 1861, ranking seventh among other officers at that grade. He was sent to Kentucky to begin the Union task of keeping the state from seceding. While in the state, Sherman expressed his views that the war would not end quickly, and he was replaced by Don Carlos Buell. Sherman was moved to St. Louis, where he served under Henry W. Halleck and completed logistical missions during the Union capture of Fort Donelson. During the battle of Shiloh, Sherman commanded a division, but was overrun during the battle by Confederates under Albert Sydney Johnston. Despite the incident, Sherman was promoted to major general of volunteers on May 1, 1862.

After the battle of Shiloh, Sherman led troops during the battles of Chickasaw Bluffs and Arkansas Post, and commanded XV Corps during the campaign to capture Vicksburg. At the battle of Chattanooga Sherman faced off against Confederates under Patrick Cleburne in the fierce contest at Missionary Ridge. After Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to commander of all the United States armies, Sherman was made commander of all troops in the Western Theatre, and began to wage warfare that would bring him great notoriety in the annals of history.

By 1864 Sherman had become convinced that preservation of the Union was contingent not only on defeating the Southern armies in the field but, more

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importantly, on destroying the Confederacy's material and psychological will to wage war. To achieve that end, he launched a campaign in Georgia that was defined as “modern warfare”, and brought “total destruction…upon the civilian population in the path of the advancing columns [of his armies].” Commanding three armies, under George Henry Thomas, James B. McPherson, and John M. Schofield, he used his superior numbers to consistently outflank Confederate troops under Joseph E. Johnston, and captured Atlanta on September 2, 1864. The success of the campaign ultimately helped Lincoln win reelection. After the fall of Atlanta, Sherman left the forces under Thomas and Schofield to continue to harass the Confederate Army of Tennessee under John Bell Hood. Meanwhile, Sherman cut off all communications to his army and commenced his now-famous “March to the Sea," leaving in his wake a forty to sixty mile-wide path of destruction through the heartland of Georgia. On December 21, 1864 Sherman wired Lincoln to offer him an early Christmas present: the city of Savannah.

I am tired and sick of war. Its glory is all moonshine. It is only those who have neither fired a shot nor heard the shrieks and groans of the wounded who cry aloud for blood, for vengeance, for desolation. War is hell. - William Tecumseh Sherman

Following his successful campaign through Georgia, Sherman turned his attentions northward and began marching through the Carolinas, chasing the Confederates under the command of Joseph E. Johnston. He continued his campaign of destruction, in particular targeting South Carolina for their role in seceding from the Union first. He captured Columbia, South Carolina, on February 17, 1865, setting many fires which would consume large portions of the city. He went on to defeat the forces of Johnston in North Carolina during the Battle of Bentonville, and eventually accepted the surrender of Johnston and all troops in Georgia, Florida, and the Carolinas on April 26, 1865, becoming the largest surrender of Confederate troops during the war.

After the war, Sherman remained in the military and eventually rose to the rank of full general, serving as general-in-chief of the army from 1869 to 1883. Praised for his revolutionary ideas on "total warfare," William T. Sherman died in 1891.

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Write a one paragraph summary of each of the six men discussed and explain why these men are remembered when we study the Civil War.

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Date:Essential Question

Standards

Important Battles of the Civil War

Fort Sumter Gettysburg Atlanta Campaign

Sherman’sMarch to the

Sea

AppomattoxCourthouse

When When When When When

Where Where Where Where Where

Who Who Who Who Who

What What What What What

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Important Battles of the Civil War NotesFort Sumter

When South Carolina seceded from the Union on December 20, 1860, United States Maj. Robert Anderson and his force of 85 soldiers were positioned at Fort Moultrie near the mouth of Charleston Harbor. On December 26, fearing for the safety of his men, Anderson moved his command to Fort Sumter, an imposing fortification in the middle of the harbor. While politicians and military commanders wrote and screamed about the legality and appropriateness of this provocative move, Anderson’s position became perilous. Just after the inauguration of President Abraham Lincoln on March 4, 1861, Anderson reported that he had only a six week supply of food left in the fort and Confederate patience for a foreign force in its territory was wearing thin.

On Thursday, April 11, 1861, Confederate Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard dispatched aides to Maj. Anderson to demand the fort’s surrender. Anderson refused. The next morning, at 4:30 a.m., Confederate batteries opened fire on Fort Sumter and continued for 34 hours. The Civil War had begun! Anderson did not return the fire for the first two hours. The fort's supply of ammunition was not suited for an equal fight and Anderson lacked fuses for his exploding shells--only solid shot could be used against the Rebel batteries. At about 7:00 A.M., Union Capt. Abner Doubleday, the fort's second in command, was afforded the honor of firing the first shot in defense of the fort.

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The firing continued all day, although much less rapidly since the Union fired aimed to conserve ammunition. "The crashing of the shot, the bursting of the shells, the falling of the walls, and the roar of the flames, made a pandemonium of the fort," wrote Doubleday. The fort's large flag staff was struck and the colors fell to the ground and a brave lieutenant, Norman J. Hall, bravely exposed himself to enemy fire as he put the Stars and Stripes back up. That evening, the firing was sporadic with but an occasional round landing on or in Fort Sumter.

On Saturday, April 13, Anderson surrendered the fort. Incredibly, no soldiers were killed in battle. The generous terms of surrender, however, allowed Anderson to perform a 100-gun salute before he and his men evacuated the fort the next day. The salute began at 2:00 P.M. on April 14, but was cut short to 50 guns after an accidental explosion killed one of the gunners and mortally wounded another. Carrying their tattered banner, the men marched out of the fort and boarded a boat that ferried them to the Union ships outside the harbor. They were greeted as heroes on their return to the North.

Write a one paragraph summary of the battle at Fort Sumter.

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Emancipation Proclamation

The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order given on January 1, 1863 by Abraham Lincoln to free the slaves.

Were all the slaves immediately free? No. Only about 50,000 of the 4 million slaves were immediately set free. The Emancipation Proclamation had some limitations. First, it only freed the slaves in the Confederate States that were not under Union control. There were some areas and border states where slavery was still legal, but were part of the Union. The slaves in these states were not immediately freed. For the rest of the Southern states, the slaves would not be free until the Union was able to defeat the Confederacy.

However, the Emancipation Proclamation did eventually set millions of slaves free. It also made clear that in the near future all slaves should and would be set free.

The Emancipation also allowed for Black men to fight in the Union Army. Around 200,000 black soldiers fought on the side of the Union Army helping the North win the war and also helping to expand the area of freedom as they marched through the South.

Lincoln felt like he needed a major victory in order to have the full support behind the Emancipation. If he issued the order without public support, it might fail and he wanted to be sure that it was successful and seen as a major moral victory for the North. When the Union Army turned back Robert E. Lee and the Confederates in the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862 Lincoln knew it was time. The initial announcement that the Emancipation Proclamation order was coming was given a few days later on September 22, 1862.

The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order. It wasn't fully law per the Constitution yet. However, it did pave the way for the Thirteenth Amendment. The advantage of the Proclamation was that it could happen quickly. The Thirteenth Amendment took a few more years to get passed by congress and implemented,

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but on December 6, 1865 the Thirteenth Amendment was adopted and became part of the United States Constitution.

Here is the wording of the Thirteenth Amendment: Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment

for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation

Facts The proclamation gained the Union the support of international countries

such as Great Britain and France, where slavery had already been abolished. It did not free the slaves in the loyal border states. They would have to wait

until the war was over. The order declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebel states

"are, and henceforward shall be free."

GettysburgConfederate Gen. Robert E. Lee concentrated his army around Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, upon the approach of Union Gen. George G. Meade’s forces. On July 1, Confederates drove Union defenders through Gettysburg to Cemetery Hill. The next day Lee struck the flanks of the Union line resulting in severe fighting at Devil's Den, Little Round Top, the Wheatfield, Peach Orchard, Culp’s Hill and East Cemetery Hill. Southerners gained ground but failed to dislodge the Union host. On the morning of July 3rd, fighting raged at Culp’s Hill with the Union regaining its lost ground. That afternoon, after a massive artillery bombardment, Lee attacked the Union center on Cemetery Ridge and was repulsed with heavy losses in what is known as Pickett’s Charge. Lee's second invasion of the North had failed.

Elements of the two armies collided west and north of the town on July 1, 1863. Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. John Buford slowed the Confederate advance until Union infantry, the Union 1st and 11th Corps, arrived. More Confederate reinforcements under generals A.P. Hill and Richard Ewell reached the scene, however, and 30,000 Confederates ultimately defeated 20,000 Yankees, who fell back through Gettysburg to the hills south of town--Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill.

On the second day of battle, the Union defended a fishhook-shaped range of hills and ridges south of Gettysburg with around 90,000 soldiers. Confederates essentially wrapped around the Union position with 70,000 soldiers. On the afternoon of July 2, Lee launched a heavy assault on the Union left flank, and fierce fighting raged at Devil's Den, Little Round Top, the Wheatfield, the Peach Orchard and Cemetery Ridge. On the Union right, demonstrations escalated into full-scale assaults on Culp's Hill and East Cemetery Hill. Although the Confederates gained ground, the Union defenders still held strong positions by the end of the day.

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On July 3, fighting resumed on Culp's Hill, and cavalry battles raged to the east and south, but the main event was a dramatic infantry assault by 12,000 Confederates against the center of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge--Pickett's Charge. The charge was repulsed by Union rifle and artillery fire, at great losses to the Confederate army. Lee led his army on a torturous retreat back to Virginia. As many as 51,000 soldiers from both armies were killed, wounded, captured or missing in the three-day battle. Four months after the battle, President Lincoln used the dedication ceremony for Gettysburg's Soldiers National Cemetery to honor the fallen Union soldiers and redefine the purpose of the war in his historic Gettysburg Address.

Fact 1: The battle was fought at Gettysburg because of the area road system—it had nothing to do with shoes. The Town of Gettysburg, population 2,000, was a town on the rise. It boasted three newspapers, two institutes of higher learning, several churches and banks, but no shoe factory or warehouse. The ten roads that led into town are what brought the armies to Gettysburg. The shoe myth can be traced to a late-1870s statement by Confederate general Henry Heth.Fact 2: The First Day’s battle was a much larger engagement than is generally portrayed. The first day’s fighting (at McPherson’s Ridge, Oak Hill, Oak Ridge, Seminary Ridge, Barlow’s Knoll and in and around the town) involved some 50,000 soldiers of which roughly 15,500 were killed, wounded, captured or missing. The first day in itself ranks as the 12th bloodiest battle of the Civil War—with more casualties than the battles of Bull Run and Franklin combined.Fact 3: The Second Day’s Battle was the largest and costliest of the three days. The second day’s fighting (at Devil’s Den, Little Round Top, the Wheatfield, the Peach Orchard, Cemetery Ridge, Trostle’s Farm, Culp’s Hill and Cemetery Hill) involved at least 100,000 soldiers of which roughly 20,000 were killed, wounded, captured or missing. The second day in itself ranks as the 10th bloodiest battle of the Civil War—with far more casualties than the much larger Battle of FredericksburgFact 4: Of 120 generals present at Gettysburg, nine were killed or mortally wounded during the battle.On the Confederate side, generals Semmes, Barksdale, Armistead, Garnett, and Pender (plus Pettigrew during the retreat). On the Union side, generals Reynolds, Zook, Weed, and Farnsworth (and Vincent, promoted posthumously). No other battle claimed as many general officers.Fact 5: Culp’s Hill and Cemetery Hill were far more important than Little Round Top.While Little Round Top is far more popular today, its importance to the Union army is at least debatable. The same cannot be said for Culp’s Hill and Cemetery Hill. The two latter hills formed the center and right of the Union’s main position and also protected the Union army’s only real lifeline on July 2 and 3—the Baltimore Pike. Had Confederates captured and

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controlled either of these two hills, the Union army would have had to leave the Gettysburg area. It is as simple as that. Even with its sweeping views and commanding height, the same cannot be said for Little Round Top.Fact 6: Pickett’s Charge was large and grand but by no means the largest charge of the Civil War. Not even close.Pickett’s Charge involved some 12,000 Confederate soldiers, but the Confederate charge at Franklin had roughly 20,000. Even that pales in comparison to the grand Confederate charge at Gaines’ Mill which involved more than 50,000 Confederate troops. Even the well-known 260-gun bombardment that preceded Pickett’s Charge was not the largest of the war. There was at least one bombardment at Petersburg with more than 400 cannons involved.Fact 7: The Battle of Gettysburg is by far the costliest battle of the Civil War but not necessarily the largest.While each of the three days of the Battle of Gettysburg rank in the top 15 bloodiest battles of the Civil War—the 160,000 troops present at Gettysburg are eclipsed by the more than 185,000 at Fredericksburg.Fact 8: 63 Medals of Honor awarded to Union soldiers for their actions at GettysburgThe deeds spanned the battlefield and were awarded from wartime into the 20th century. Eight were awarded for actions on July 1, and 28 each for actions on July 2 and July 3.Fact 9: The Gettysburg Address essentially said the same thing as the famous orator Edward Everett’s speech but in 1/60th the time.When Lincoln uttered these two sentences, “We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this,” he was essentially repeating an idea that had already been stated—only more succinctly. Everett used more than 5,500 words to make the same point. Most every part of the corresponding speeches can be examined this way and leaves no doubt as to why Everett wrote to Lincoln: "I should be glad, if I could flatter myself that I came as near to the central idea of the occasion, in two hours, as you did in two minutes."Fact 10: While the Gettysburg Battlefield is well-preserved, there are still numerous parcels to be saved.The Civil War Trust and the National Park Service have identified several unpreserved parcels which are important to the story of America’s greatest battle. The battlefield itself is among the best resources for historians and others to learn about the battle. The unique terrain, when used in conjunction with the words of those who fought here, images created on the ground, and monuments placed by the veterans, provides an unparalleled learning opportunity. We must continue to work to preserve this hallowed ground.

Gettysburg Address:Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that "all men are created equal."

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Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of it, as a final resting place for those who died here, that the nation might live. This we may, in all propriety do. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow, this ground—The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have hallowed it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here; while it can never forget what they did here.

It is rather for us, the living, we here be dedicated to the great task remaining before us —that, from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here, gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve these dead shall not have died in vain; that the nation, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people by the people for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Location of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania: 39.8308° N, 77.2314° WRelative Location: Pennsylvania is positioned in both the northern and western hemispheres. As a part of North America, Pennsylvania is located in the Middle Atlantic region of the United States. It's bordered by the states of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia and Ohio, and by Lake Erie and the Delaware River. Gettysburg is located in southeast Pennsylvania, west of Philadelphia, east of Pittsburg, and south of Harrisburg. Gettysburg is north of the state of Maryland border.

Write a one paragraph summary on each of following: Battle of 74

Gettysburg. Emancipation Proclamation and Gettysburg Address.

The Atlanta CampaignIn the spring of 1864 William Tecumseh Sherman was placed in charge of the Military Division of the Mississippi comprised of George H. Thomas' Army of the Cumberland, James B. McPherson's Army of the Tennessee, and John Schofield's

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Army of the Ohio, a total of about 100,000 men. Sherman's superior numbers, well fed and equipped, faced a Confederate force of 65,000 men whose biggest problems were getting blankets, shoes and small arms. In December, 1863, Joseph E. Johnston assumed command of the Army of Tennessee when Braxton Bragg resigned following the defeat of his forces at Chattanooga. The stage was set for what is known as the Atlanta Campaign.

During the winter of 1863-64 operations in the west had not ceased. In late February Sherman marched on Meridian, Alabama to attack Leonidas Polk. Thomas feinted against the Rebel fortifications in Dalton from his base at Ringgold to prevent Johnston from reinforcing Polk. He was easily repulsed. All during the winter, preparations continued for the campaign coming in the spring. "Uncle Billy" ordered his soldiers trained not only in military tactics but rail work as well, since he realized the Western and Atlantic would be his lifeline, and any Rebel damage would have to be quickly repaired.

General Ulysses S. Grant told Sherman that his mission was "...inflicting all the damage you can against their War resources." The destruction of the Southern war machine played a key role in Lincoln's "divide and conquer" strategy. Atlanta lay as Sherman's prize with the Appalachian Mountains and the Confederate Army as its protector.

General George Thomas moved to attack Johnston's entrenchments around the city of Dalton. The frontal assault from Ringgold would be supported by Major General John Schofield moving south through Varnell and the Crow Valley from the Tennessee-Georgia border. James B. McPherson began to move from his position at Lee and Gordon Mill towards Ship's Gap and cross the valley through Villanow to Snake Creek Gap. From here he would move on Resaca, strategically important because of two bridges the railroad used. Both Thomas and Schofield had been ordered to advance slowly to give McPherson time to get to Snake Gap. After a brief encounter with Confederates stationed at Tunnel Hill on May 7, Thomas began the Battle of Rocky Face with attacks at Dug and Mill Creek Gaps on May 8.

Sherman, realizing the challenge that faced his men in taking Rocky Face, ordered his men to move south from Dalton on May 10 in support of the Army of the Tennessee. McPherson had his men to dig in after finding stronger than expected Rebel resistance in Resaca. Faced with a larger force in his rear, Johnston hastily moved south, forming a line east of Snake Creek Gap. During the Battle of Resaca (May 14-15), Johnston held his position in spite of a numerically superior enemy. However, after the battle Johnston again withdraws because of enemy troops in his rear.

After deciding not to fight near Adairsville because the Oothcaloga Valley was too wide, Johnston decides to set a trap for Sherman on May 18-19. With the Union Army spread out across twenty miles of difficult terrain west of Cassville, Johnston ordered his men to attack the eastern column. Prior to the attack, Hood received word of Federals to his rear and withdrew.

By the end of the day Hood and Polk were concerned about their positions. Despite 76

strong objections from Hardee, Johnston withdraws. Sherman paused. His occupation of the city of Kingston gave him a base from which he could move one of two ways. He could continue along the Western and Atlantic Railroad, his all-weather lifeline, or move south towards Dallas, a small town west of Marietta.

East of Kingston, Georgia, General William Tecumseh Sherman saw the Allatoona Mountains. As a young officer he had marveled at a pass through these mountains, while traveling to visit the Etowah Indian Mounds in Cartersville. Easily defended, the high ridge on either side of the railroad tracks would be expensive to take. Instead, the Union general decided to move south, into the rugged hills of present-day Paulding County.

Dallas, Georgia was a small farming community at a crossroads. Although no railroad serviced the community, the crossroads offered many strategic possibilities. While the move from Chattanooga to Kingston had taken 10 days, as Sherman crossed "The Rubicon of Georgia" (his somewhat egotistical name for Georgia's Etowah River), his advance slowed to a crawl.

Johnston, who had disappeared into the Allatoona Mountains with his entire army quickly discovered Sherman's action and moved troops west along an arc of ridges that stretch from Kennasaw Mountain to Dallas. Sherman's XX Corps, under the command of "Fighting Joe" Hooker, ran headlong into Hood's Rebels at New Hope Church during a driving rainstorm. Hood and his men stubbornly held their ground. Sherman decided to flank the Rebel Army to the east with an attack near a small farm settlement (now a state park) known as Pickett's Mill.

Unknown to Sherman, his men came up against Patrick Cleburne, the tough Arkansasan who had held off Sherman himself during the fighting at Missionary Ridge. Cleburne repulsed the Federal attack. Sherman was in desperate need of a railroad to feed his men. In the middle of "a hell hole," supply lines extended and vulnerable and facing stiff rebel resistance, Sherman ordered his men to withdraw. Realizing the movement, Johnston ordered Hardee to advance in force on a reconnaissance at the western end of Sherman's line. Heavy Confederate losses resulted in the battle of Dallas. As Sherman moved northeast from Dallas to the Western and Atlantic Railroad, General George Stoneman captured Allatoona Pass on June 1.

From his base in Acworth, Sherman slowly pushed the Rebel Army back towards Marietta. On June 14, General Leonidas Polk was killed by an artillery shell fired under the personal direction of Sherman. Although Polk was not a great military leader he was beloved by his men and respected by both Johnston and Hood, whom he had baptized during the campaign.

On June 18 the Confederate line ran north to south from Kennesaw Mountain to Peter Kolb's farm. The Union line was less than a mile west.

A frontal assault on Johnston's entrenched position would be expensive in terms of lives. Sherman decided to try the flanking movement that had worked so well

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further north. Sensing the movement, Hood attacked Hooker's XX Corps in the vicinity of Kolb's (or Culp's) Farm without orders on June 22 (Battle of Kolb's Farm). The move prevented Sherman from turning the Rebel flank, but the 1,000 Confederate dead was an exceeding high cost.

For 5 days the Union Army organized under the watchful eyes of the Confederates. Supply wagons and men stretched as far the eye could see. On Monday, June 27, 1864, Sherman launched The Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, a full frontal attack on the entrenched Rebel line. It would be the worst defeat of the Federal forces during the Atlanta campaign.

Further Union Army movement after the battle finally exposed Johnston's flank. During the night of July 1-2 the Confederate commander withdrew to fortified positions between Marietta and Atlanta. The battles for Kennesaw were over. Now Sherman turned his attention to Atlanta.

With Kennesaw Mountain secure, Sherman began his move on Atlanta. Vining's Station fell on July 4, 1864. On July 7, in response to multiple requests from Joe Johnston for more men, President Jefferson Davis informed Johnston of his decision not to send any additional troops. Skirmishing continued across a wide front, mostly to the north and west of Atlanta over the next few days. Braxton Bragg arrived to "investigate" Johnston's "failure to stop" General Sherman. Davis had already asked Robert E. Lee who should be Johnston's replacement. On July 17, Davis relieved Johnston of command, giving it to John Bell Hood.

Hood's first action was an attack against the Army of the Cumberland at Peachtree Creek (July 20). Although successful at first, the battle turned into a bloodbath of Confederate soldiers with losses totaling 5,000 men. Union losses were well under 2,000. During the battle the first artillery shells fell directly on the city of Atlanta.

Two days later, on July 22, Hood once again attacked. The Battle of Atlanta was a devastating blow to the Confederate Army, with estimated casualties as high as to one-quarter of the 40,000 men engaged, although official numbers are lower (8,499). While Federal losses were significantly less (3,641), one of them was General James McPherson.

Ezra Church (July 28) would be the same story, with the aggressive Hood losing more men than his opponents. For the next month Sherman and Hood would use cavalry to fight skirmishes around the city. One exception was heavy fighting in the vicinity of Utoy Creek on Aug. 5-7.

Sherman had been successful in cutting Rebel lines of supply for short periods of time, but Hood's men quickly repaired any damage done to the railroad tracks. Late in August, 1864, Sherman decided to completely sever the lines by massing his forces south of Atlanta.

Moving six of his seven divisions west of the city, Sherman was massed to the west and below Hood's extended line. On August 31, Hood dispatched William Hardee to

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hold the supply lines south of the city, unaware that most of the Union Army was now advancing on his rear. The last communication with Hardee took place just after 2 p.m. that day.

Unable to reestablish communication with Hardee and with a significant Union force at his rear, Hood had no options but to abandon the city. Since Sherman had cut off his line of transportation Hood had to blow up the munitions that could not be carried. Sherman felt the explosion in Jonesboro, 15 miles south of Atlanta. General Henry Slocum's XX Corps received the surrender from Atlanta mayor James Calhoun on September 2, 1864.

With the defeat of the Rebels in Atlanta, Sherman had effectively broken the back of the Confederate war machine. The loss of Atlanta had far more devastating effects on the South than anyone had expected. Democrats that aligned with the peace movement withdrew their support after the fall of Atlanta when George B. McClellan called for union as "the one condition of peace." Within 6 months the Confederacy would surrender and begin the painful process of "reconstruction" forced upon them by their brethren in blue.Write a one paragraph summary of the Atlanta Campaign.

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Sherman’s March to the SeaThe March to the Sea, the most destructive campaign against a civilian population during the Civil War (1861-65), began in Atlanta on November 15, 1864, and concluded in Savannah on December 21, 1864. Union general William T. Sherman abandoned his supply line and marched across Georgia to the Atlantic Ocean to prove to the Confederate population that its government could not protect the people from invaders. He practiced psychological warfare; he believed that by marching an army across the state he would demonstrate to the world that the Union had a power the Confederacy could not resist. "This may not be war," he said, "but rather statesmanship."

After Sherman's forces captured Atlanta on September 2, 1864, Sherman spent several weeks making preparations for a change of base to the coast. He rejected the Union plan to move through Alabama to Mobile, pointing out that after Rear Admiral David G. Farragut closed Mobile Bay in August 1864, the Alabama port no longer held any military significance. Rather, he decided to proceed southeast toward Savannah or Charleston. He carefully studied census records to determine which route could provide food for his men and forage for his animals. Although U.S. president Abraham Lincoln was skeptical and did not want Sherman to move into enemy territory before the presidential election in November, Sherman persuaded his friend Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant that the campaign was possible in winter. Through Grant's intervention Sherman finally gained permission, although he had to delay until after election day.

After General John Bell Hood abandoned Atlanta, he moved the Confederate Army of Tennessee outside the city to recuperate from the previous campaign. In early October he began a raid toward Chattanooga, Tennessee, in an effort to draw Sherman back over ground the two sides had fought for since May. But instead of tempting Sherman to battle, Hood turned his army west and marched into Alabama, abandoning Georgia to Union forces. Apparently, Hood hoped that if he invaded Tennessee, Sherman would be forced to follow. Sherman, however, had anticipated this strategy and had sent Major General George H. Thomas to Nashville to deal with Hood. With Georgia cleared of the Confederate army, Sherman, facing only scattered cavalry, was free to move south.

Sherman divided his approximately 60,000 troops into two roughly equal wings. The right wing was under Oliver O. Howard. Peter J. Osterhaus commanded the

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Fifteenth Corps, and Francis P. Blair Jr. commanded the Seventeenth Corps. The left wing was commanded by Henry W. Slocum, with the Fourteenth Corps under Jefferson C. Davis and the Twentieth Corps under Alpheus S. Williams. Judson Kilpatrick led the cavalry. Sherman had about 2,500 supply wagons and 600 ambulances. Before the army left Atlanta, the general issued an order outlining the rules of the march, but soldiers often ignored the restrictions on foraging.

The two wings advanced by separate routes, generally staying twenty miles to forty miles apart. The right wing headed for Macon, the left wing in the direction of Augusta, before the two commands turned and bypassed both cities. They now headed for the state capital at Milledgeville. Opposing Sherman's advance was Confederate cavalry, about 8,000 strong, under Major General Joseph Wheeler and various units of Georgia militia under Gustavus W. Smith. Although William J. Hardee had overall command in Georgia, with his headquarters at Savannah, neither he nor Governor Joseph E. Brown could do anything to stop Sherman's advance. Sherman's foragers quickly became known as "bummers" as they raided farms and plantations. On November 23 the state capital peacefully surrendered, and Sherman occupied the vacant governor's mansion and capitol building.

There were a number of skirmishes between Wheeler's cavalry and Union troopers, but only two battles of any significance. The first came east of Macon at the factory town of Griswoldville on November 22, when Georgia militia faced Union infantry with disastrous results. The Confederates suffered 650 men killed or wounded in a

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one-sided battle that left about 62 casualties on the Union side. The second battle occurred on the Ogeechee River twelve miles below Savannah. Union infantry under William B. Hazen assaulted and captured Fort McAllister on December 13, thus opening the back door to the port city. The most controversial event involved contrabands (escaped slaves) who followed the liberating armies. At Ebenezer Creek on December 9, Jefferson C. Davis removed the pontoon bridge before the slaves crossed. Frightened men, women, and children plunged into the deep water, and many drowned in an attempt to reach safety. After the march Davis was soundly criticized by the Northern press, but Sherman backed his commander by pointing out that Davis had done what was militarily necessary.

Confederate lieutenant general Hardee, realizing his small army could not hold out long and not wanting the city leveled by artillery as had happened at Atlanta, ordered his men to abandon the trenches and retreat to South Carolina. Sherman, who was not with the Union army when Mayor Richard Arnold surrendered Savannah (he had gone to Hilton Head, South Carolina, to make preparations for a siege and was on his way back to Georgia), telegraphed President Lincoln on December 22 that the city had fallen. He offered Savannah and its 25,000 bales of cotton to the president as a Christmas present.

Sherman's march frightened and appalled Southerners. It hurt morale, for civilians had believed the Confederacy could protect the home front.

Sherman had terrorized the countryside; his men had destroyed all sources of food and forage and had left behind a hungry and demoralized people. Although he did not level any towns, he did destroy buildings in places where there was resistance. His men had shown little sympathy for Millen, the site of Camp Lawton, where Union prisoners of war were held. Physical attacks on white civilians were few, although it is not known how slave women fared at the hands of the invaders. Often male slaves posted guards outside the cabins of their women.

Confederate president Jefferson Davis had urged Georgians to undertake a scorched-earth policy of poisoning wells and burning fields, but civilians in the army's path had not done so. Sherman, however, burned or captured all the food stores that Georgians had saved for the winter months. As a result of the hardships on women and children, desertions increased in Robert E. Lee's army in Virginia. Sherman believed his campaign against civilians would shorten the war by breaking the Confederate will to fight, and he eventually received permission to carry this psychological warfare into South Carolina in early 1865. By marching through Georgia and South Carolina he became an arch villain in the South and a hero in the North.

Interesting Facts about Sherman's March to the Sea •The tactic of destroying much in an army's path is called "scorched earth".

• The Union soldiers would heat up rail road ties and then bend them around tree trunks. They were nicknamed "Sherman's neckties".• Sherman's decisive victories are thought to have assured Abraham

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Lincoln's reelection as president.• The soldiers who went out to forage for food for the army were called "bummers".• Sherman estimated that his army did $100m in damage and that's in 1864 dollars. In 2013 dollars that would be 1.9 billion dollars! Sherman’s path of destruction was 300 mile long and 100 mile wide

marching from Atlanta to Savannah and destroying everything in the path.

Write a one paragraph summary of Sherman’s March to the Sea.

Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse

On April 9, 1865 General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox, Virginia. This signaled the start of the end of the American Civil War.

In early 1865, the Union Army began marching through the state of Virginia, pushing back the Confederate forces. In hopes of uniting with more Confederate troops in North Carolina, General Robert E. Lee and the Confederate Army abandoned the capital of Richmond and retreated. However, the Union Army soon cut off their retreat and they were forced to stop at Appomattox, Virginia.

General Grant and the Union Army had the Confederates surrounded. The Confederates were low on supplies, many soldiers were deserting, and they were greatly outnumbered. Upon looking at the conditions and the odds, General Lee felt he had no choice but to surrender.

The two Generals, Lee and Grant, met on April 9, 1865 to discuss the surrender of Lee's army. General Grant came and met Lee at the McLean house in Appomattox. Grant had great respect for Lee and, before they got down to surrender terms, he actually made some small talk with Lee.

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General Grant had already discussed terms with President Lincoln. President Lincoln wanted peace to come to the Union and felt he needed to treat the Confederate soldiers such that they would not rebel again. The terms of the surrender were generous: Confederate soldiers would have to turn in their rifles, but they could return home immediately and keep their horses or mules. They were also given food as many of them were very hungry.

These terms were more than Lee and the Confederate Army could ask for. Although they were crushed to have to surrender, they could not dispute the fairness with which they were treated by the North.

There were many more soldiers and armies throughout the south that had not yet surrendered. However, when they heard of Lee's surrender at Appomattox, many of them knew the war was over. General Joseph Johnston surrendered his army to General Sherman on April 26, 1865. Many other officers followed in surrendering. The last Confederate general to surrender was General Stand Watie who surrendered on June 23, 1865.

On May 5, 1865 Confederate President Jefferson Davis held the last meeting of his cabinet. They officially dissolved, or ended, the Confederate government. Davis tried to escape, but was soon captured. He spent the next two years in prison.

On August 20, 1866 President Andrew Johnson signed a document stating that the American Civil War was over and all of America was at peace.Write a one paragraph summary of the surrender at Appomattox Courthouse.

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Date:Essential Question

Standards

Effects of the War

North South

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Write a four paragraph essay to explain how the Civil War impacted the North and the South.

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Date:Essential Question

Standards

U. S. EconomyThe Four Sectors

Householdsp. 132

Private Businessp. 133

Bankingp.134

Governmentp. 136

Function Function Function Function

Terms Terms Terms Termsresources resources Checking account national defense

consumer goods consume transportationSavings Account

consumer service labor education

Loangoods people income security

services Veterans’ benefits

Taxes make it happen

Write a six paragraph essay to explain the four sectors of the economy.

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Unit 2-3 Review:Students should complete a notecard for each question. They should print the question on the front and print the answer on the back of the card

FRONT of NOTECARD (blank side) BACK of NOTECARD (lined side)The three causes of the Civil War are:

economic differences between the 89

What are the three causes of the Civil War?

North and South

political issues of states’ rights verses federal rights and slavery

election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States.

1. Name three causes of the Civil War.2. What does the concept of states’ rights mean?3. What does the term tariff mean?4. Amendment I5. Amendment II6. Amendment III7. Amendment IV8. Amendment V9. Amendment VI10. Amendment VII11. Amendment VIII12. Amendment IX13. Amendment X14. What does the term migration mean?15. What does the term immigration mean?16. What is a republic?17. What is a democracy?18. What does the term scarcity mean?19. What does the term opportunity cost mean?20. Who was Harriet Beecher Stowe?21. Define plantation22. What is a cash crop?23. Who was Abraham Lincoln?24. Who was Jefferson Davis?25. Who was Ulysses S. Grant?26. Who was Robert E. Lee?27. Who was William Tecumseh Sherman?28. Who was Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson?29. What was the Missouri Compromise?30. What was the Compromise of 1850?31. What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?32. What was the Fugitive Slave Act?33. The Northern economy was based upon __________________________.34. The Southern economy was based upon __________________________.35. What was an abolitionist?36. What ruling did the Dred Scott case make?37. What is a push factor?38. What is a pull factor?39. What is sectionalism?

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40. Who was Nat Turner?41. Why is Gettysburg considered a turning point in the Union victory over the

Confederacy?42. Why was Fort Sumter important to the Confederacy?43. What does the term scorched earth mean?44. What is important about Appomattox Courthouse, Va.?45. Why did the Emancipation Proclamation not produce the results Lincoln had

hoped it would produce?46. What are the four sectors of the economy?47. What is the role of a household in the economy?48. What are the roles of privates businesses in the economy?49. How do banks function in the economy?50. How does the government function in the economy?

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