civilisation and discontents

8/13/2019 Civilisation and Discontents

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"&ings arepro'a'( no" so simpe,-ne of "&ese ecep"iona men cas &imsef m(friend in &is e""ers "o me, I &ad sen" &im m(

i""e 'oo* +&ic&"rea"s of reigion as an i%sion and &eans+ered "&a" &e agreed en"ire( +i"& m(vie+s on reigion) '%" "&a"&e +as sorr( I &ad no" proper( apprecia"ed"&e %"ima"e so%rce of reigio%s sen"imen"s,#&is consis"s in a

pec%iar feeing) +&ic& never eaves &impersona() +&ic& &e finds s&ared '( man(o"&ers) and +&ic& &ema( s%ppose miions more aso eperience, I"is a feeing +&ic& &e +o%d i*e "o ca asensa"ion of eternity,a feeing as of some"&ing imi"ess)

%n'o%nded) some"&ing ,oceanic,, I" is) &esa(s) a p%re( s%'jec"iveeperience) no" an ar"ice of 'eief3 i" impiesno ass%rance of persona immor"ai"() '%" i" is"&e so%rce of "&ereigio%s spiri" and is "a*en &od of '( "&evario%s C&%rc&es and reigio%s s(s"ems)

direc"ed '( "&em in"odefini"e c&annes) and aso) no do%'") %sed %pin "&em, -ne ma( rig&"( ca onesef reigio%son "&e gro%ndof "&is oceanic feeing aone) even "&o%g& onerejec" a 'eiefs and a i%sions, #&ese vie+s)epressed '(

m( friend +&om I so grea"( &ono%r and +&o&imsef once in poe"r( descri'ed "&e magic of


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i%sion) p%"me in a diffic%" posi"ion, I canno" discover "&is,oceanic,4 feeing in m(sef, I" is no" eas( "odea scien"ifica(

+i"& feeings, -ne ma( a""emp" "o descri'e"&eir p&(sioogica signs,5&ere "&a" is impossi'e,6I am afraid "&eoceanic feeing) "oo) +i def( "&is *ind ofcassifica"ion,6no"&ingremains '%" "o "%rn "o "&e idea"iona con"en"+&ic& mos" readi( associa"es i"sef +i"& "&e

feeing, If I &ave%nders"ood m( friend arig&") &e means "&esame "&ing as "&a" consoa"ion offered '( anorigina andsome+&a" %nconven"iona +ri"er "o &is &ero)con"empa"ing s%icide7 ,-%" of "&is +ord +ecanno" fa, , 1

So i" is a feeing of indisso%'e connec"ion) of'eonging insepara'( "o "&e e"erna +ord asa +&oe, #ome) persona() I ma( remar*) "&is seemssome"&ing more in "&e na"%re of anin"eec"%a j%dgmen") no", i"is "r%e) +i"&o%" an( accompan(ing feeing0

"one) '%" +i"& one of a *ind +&ic&c&arac"eri!es o"&er e8%a(far0reac&ing refec"ions as +e, I co%d no" inm( o+n person convince m(sef of "&e primar(na"%re of s%c&a feeing, .%" I canno" on "&a" acco%n" den("&a" i" in fac" occ%rs in o"&er peope, -ne can

on( +onder+&e"&er i" &as 'een correc"( in"erpre"ed and


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+&e"&er i" is en"i"ed "o 'e ac*no+edged as"&e fans et origo2 of "&e +&oe need for reigion,1 C&ris"ian Gra''e) Hannibal: .Ja, aus der

Welt werden wir nicht fallen. Wir sind einmaldarin. .2 So%rce and origin,I &ave no"&ing "o s%gges" +&ic& co%deffec"ive( se""e "&e so%"ion of "&is pro'em,#&e idea "&a" mans&o%d receive in"ima"ion of &is connec"ion

+i"& "&e s%rro%nding +ord '( a direc" feeing+&ic& aims from"&e o%"se" a" serving "&is p%rpose so%nds sos"range and is so incongr%o%s +i"& "&es"r%c"%re of o%rps(c&oog( "&a" one is j%s"ified in a""emp"inga ps(c&o0ana("ic) "&a" is) gene"ic epana"ion

of s%c& a feeing,5&ere%pon "&e foo+ing ines of "&o%g&"presen" "&emseves, Norma( "&ere is no"&ing+e are morecer"ain of "&an "&e feeing of o%r sef) o%r o+nego, I" seems "o %s an independen" %ni"ar("&ing) s&arp(

o%"ined agains" ever("&ing ese, #&a" "&is is adecep"ive appearance) and "&a" on "&econ"rar( "&e egoe"ends in+ards +i"&o%" an( s&arpdeimi"a"ion) in"o an %nconscio%s men"aen"i"( +&ic& +e ca "&e id and"o +&ic& i" forms a facade) +as firs"

discovered '( ps(c&o0ana("ic researc&) and"&e a""er s"i &as m%c& "o


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"e %s a'o%" "&e rea"ions of "&e ego "o "&e id,.%" "o+ards "&e o%"er +ord) a" an( ra"e) "&eego seems "o *eepi"sef cear( and s&arp( o%"ined and

deimi"ed, #&ere is on( one s"a"e of mind in+&ic& i" fais "o do"&is,6an %n%s%a s"a"e) i" is "r%e) '%" no" one"&a" can 'e j%dged as pa"&oogica, A" i"s&eig&") "&e s"a"e of00'eing in ove "&rea"ens "o o'i"era"e "&e

'o%ndaries 'e"+een ego and o'jec", Agains"a "&e evidence of &issenses) "&e man in ove decares "&a" &e and&is 'eoved are one) and is prepared "o 'e&aveas if i" +ere afac", A "&ing "&a" can 'e "emporari( effaced'( a p&(sioogica f%nc"ion m%s" aso of co%rse

'e ia'e "odis"%r'ance '( mor'id processes, Frompa"&oog( +e &ave come "o *no+ a argen%m'er of s"a"es in +&ic&"&e 'o%ndar( ine 'e"+een ego and o%"er+ord 'ecome %ncer"ain) or in +&ic& "&e( areac"%a( incorrec"(

perceived,6cases in +&ic& par"s of a man,/so+n 'od() even componen" par"s of &is o+nmind) percep"ions)"&o%g&"s) feeings) appear "o &im aien and no"'eonging "o &imsef3 o"&er cases in +&ic& aman ascri'es"o "&e e"erna +ord "&ings "&a" cear(

origina"e in &imsef) and "&a" o%g&" "o 'eac*no+edged '( &im,


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So "&e ego,/s cogni!ance of i"sef is s%'jec" "odis"%r'ance) and "&e 'o%ndaries 'e"+een i"and "&e o%"er +ordare no" immova'e,

F%r"&er refec"ion s&o+s "&a" "&e ad%",/ssense of &is o+n ego canno" &ave 'een "&esame from "&e'eginning, I" m%s" &ave %ndergone adeveopmen") +&ic& na"%ra( canno" 'edemons"ra"ed) '%" +&ic&admi"s of recons"r%c"ion +i"& a fair degree of

pro'a'ii"(, 5&en "&e infan" a" "&e 'reas"receives s"im%i)&e canno" as (e" dis"ing%is& +&e"&er "&e(come from &is ego or from "&e o%"er +ord, $eearns i" grad%a(as "&e res%" of vario%s eigencies, I" m%s"ma*e "&e s"ronges" impression on &im "&a"

man( so%rces ofeci"a"ion) +&ic& a"er on &e +i recogni!e as&is o+n 'odi( organs) can provide &im a" an("ime +i"&sensa"ions) +&ereas o"&ers 'ecome"emporari( o%" of &is reac&,6amongs" "&ese+&a" &e +an"s mos" of a)

&is mo"&er,/s 'reas",6and reappear on( as ares%" of &is cries for &ep, #&%s an object firs"presen"s i"sef "o"&e ego as some"&ing e0is"ing outside, +&ic&is on( ind%ced "o appear '( a par"ic%ar ac", Af%r"&er s"im%%s"o "&e gro+"& and forma"ion of "&e ego) so

"&a" i" 'ecomes some"&ing more "&an a '%ndeof sensa"ions) i,


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e,) recogni!es an outside, "&e e"erna +ord,is afforded '( "&e fre8%en") %navoida'e andmanifod painsand %npeasan" sensa"ions +&ic& "&e peas%re0

principe) s"i in %nres"ric"ed domina"ion) 'idsi" a'ois&or avoid, #&e "endenc( arises "o dissocia"efrom "&e ego ever("&ing +&ic& can give rise "opain) "o cas" i" o%"and crea"e a p%re peas%re0ego) in con"ras" "oa "&rea"ening o%"side) no"0sef, #&e imi"s of

"&is primi"ivepeas%re0ego canno" escape readj%s"men""&ro%g& eperience, M%c& "&a" "&e individ%a+an"s "o re"ain'eca%se i" is peas%re0giving is never"&eesspar" no" of "&e ego '%" of an o'jec"3 and m%c&"&a" &e +is&es

"o ejec" 'eca%se i" "ormen"s &im (e" proves "o'e insepara'e from "&e ego) arising from aninner so%rce, $eearns a me"&od '( +&ic&) "&ro%g& dei'era"e%se of "&e sensor( organs and s%i"a'em%sc%ar movemen"s)&e can dis"ing%is& 'e"+een in"erna and

e"erna ,6+&a" is par" of "&e ego and +&a"origina"es in "&e o%"er+ord,6and "&%s &e ma*es "&e firs" s"ep"o+ards "&e in"rod%c"ion of "&e reai"(0principe +&ic& is "o con"ro&is deveopmen" f%r"&er, #&is capaci"( fordis"ing%is&ing +&ic& &e earns of co%rse

serves a prac"icap%rpose) "&a" of ena'ing &im "o defend


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&imsef agains" painf% sensa"ions fe" '( &imor "&rea"ening &im,Agains" cer"ain painf% eci"a"ions from +i"&in"&e ego &as on( "&e same means of defence

as "&a" empo(edagains" pain coming from +i"&o%") and "&is is"&e s"ar"ing0poin" of impor"an" mor'iddis"%r'ances, Cf, "&e considera'e vo%me of +or* on "&is"opic da"ing from "&a" of Ferenc!i (Stages inthe Deelo!ment of the

Sense of "eality, 191: %p "o Federn,/scon"ri'%"ions, 192;) 192< and a"er,In "&is +a( "&e ego de"ac&es i"sef from "&ee"erna +ord, I" is more correc" "o sa(7-rigina( "&e egoinc%des ever("&ing) a"er i" de"ac&es fromi"sef "&e e"erna +ord, #&e ego0feeing +e

are a+are of no+is "&%s on( a s&r%n*en ves"ige of a far moree"ensive feeing,6a feeing +&ic& em'raced"&e %niverse andepressed an insepara'e connec"ion of "&eego +i"& "&e e"erna +ord, If +e ma(s%ppose "&a" "&is

primar( ego0feeing &as 'een preserved in "&eminds of man( peope,6"o a grea"er or essere"en",6 i"+o%d co0eis" i*e a sor" of co%n"erpar" +i"&"&e narro+er and more s&arp( o%"ined ego0feeing ofma"%ri"() and "&e idea"iona con"en" 'eonging

"o i" +o%d 'e precise( "&e no"ion of imi"esse"ension and


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oneness +i"& "&e %niverse,6"&e same feeingas "&a" descri'ed '( m( friend as ,oceanic, ,.%" &ave +e an(rig&" "o ass%me "&a" "&e origina "(pe of

feeing s%rvives aongside "&e a"er one +&ic&&as deveoped fromi"=Undo%'"ed( +e &ave7 "&ere is no"&ing%n%s%a in s%c& a p&enomenon) +&e"&er in"&e, ps(c&oogica orin o"&er sp&eres, 5&ere animas are

concerned) +e &od "&e vie+ "&a" "&e mos"&ig&( deveoped &avearisen from "&e o+es", >e" +e s"i find a "&esimpe forms aive "oda(, #&e grea" sa%riansare e"inc" and&ave made +a( for "&e mammas) '%" a "(picarepresen"a"ive of "&em) "&e crocodie) is s"i

iving among0?0%s, #&e anaog( ma( 'e "oo remo"e) and i" isaso +ea*ened '( "&e fac" "&a" "&e s%rvivingo+er species areno" as a r%e "&e "r%e ances"ors of "&e presen"0da( more &ig&( deveoped "(pes, #&e

in"ermedia"e mem'ers&ave mos"( died o%" and are *no+n "o %s on("&ro%g& recons"r%c"ion, In "&e ream of mind)on "&e o"&er&and) "&e primi"ive "(pe is so common(preserved aongside "&e "ransforma"ions+&ic& &ave deveoped

o%" of i" "&a" i" is s%perf%o%s "o give ins"ancesin proof of i", 5&en "&is &appens) i" is %s%a(


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"&e res%" ofa 'if%rca"ion in deveopmen", -ne 8%an"i"a"ivepar" of an a""i"%de or an imp%se &as s%rvived%nc&anged

+&ie ano"&er &as %ndergone f%r"&erdeveopmen",#&is 'rings %s ver( cose "o "&e more generapro'em of conserva"ion in "&e mind) +&ic&&as so far &ard('een disc%ssed) '%" is so in"eres"ing andimpor"an" "&a" +e ma( "a*e "&e oppor"%ni"( "o

pa( i" somea""en"ion) even "&o%g& i"s reevance is no"immedia"e, Since "&e "ime +&en +e recogni!ed"&e error ofs%pposing "&a" ordinar( forge""ing signifieddes"r%c"ion or anni&ia"ion of "&e memor(0"race) +e &ave 'een

incined "o "&e opposi"e vie+ "&a" no"&ingonce formed in "&e mind co%d ever peris&)"&a" ever("&ings%rvives in some +a( or o"&er) and is capa'e%nder cer"ain condi"ions of 'eing 'ro%g&" "oig&" again) as)for ins"ance) +&en regression e"ends 'ac* far

eno%g&, -ne mig&" "r( "o pic"%re "o onesef+&a" "&isass%mp"ion signifies '( a comparison "a*enfrom ano"&er fied, @e" %s c&oose "&e &is"or(of "&e E"erna Ci"(as an eampe, ? $is"orians "e %s "&a" "&eodes" Rome of a +as "&e "oma #uadrata, a

fenced se""emen" on"&e aa"ine, #&en foo+ed "&e p&ase of "&e


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Sep"imon"i%m) +&en "&e coonies on "&edifferen" &is %ni"ed"oge"&er3 "&en "&e "o+n +&ic& +as 'o%nded'( "&e Servian +a3 and a"er s"i) af"er a "&e

"ransforma"ionsin "&e periods of "&e rep%'ic and "&e ear(Caesars) "&e ci"( +&ic& "&e Emperor A%reianencosed '( &is+as, 5e +i no" foo+ "&e c&anges "&e ci"(+en" "&ro%g& an( f%r"&er) '%" +i as*o%rseves +&a" "races

of "&ese ear( s"ages in i"s &is"or( a visi"or "oRome ma( s"i find "oda() if &e goes e8%ipped+i"& "&e mos"compe"e &is"orica and "opograp&ica*no+edge,? According "o $he %ambridge &ncient History,Bo, BII, 192: ,#&e Fo%nding of Rome) , '(

$%g& @as",Ecep" for a fe+ gaps) &e +i see "&e +a ofA%reian amos" %nc&anged, $e can findsec"ions of "&e Servianrampar" a" cer"ain poin"s +&ere i" &as 'eenecava"ed and 'ro%g&" "o ig&", If &e *no+seno%g&,6more "&an

presen"0da( arc&aeoog(,6&e ma( per&aps"race o%" in "&e s"r%c"%re of "&e "o+n "&e+&oe co%rse of "&is+a and "&e o%"ine of "oma #uadrata. -f "&e'%idings +&ic& once occ%pied "&is ancien"gro%nd0pan &e +ifind no"&ing) or '%" meagre fragmen"s) for

"&e( eis" no onger, 5i"& "&e 'es" informa"iona'o%" Rome of


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"&e rep%'ican era) "&e %"mos" &e co%dac&ieve +o%d 'e "o indica"e "&e si"es +&ere"&e "empes and p%'ic'%idings of "&a" period s"ood, #&ese paces

are no+ occ%pied '( r%ins) '%" "&e r%ins areno" "&ose of "&eear( '%idings "&emseves '%" of res"ora"ionsof "&em in a"er "imes af"er fires anddemoi"ions, I" is &ard(necessar( "o men"ion "&a" a "&ese remains ofancien" Rome are fo%nd +oven in"o "&e fa'ric

of a grea"me"ropois +&ic& &as arisen in "&e as" fe+cen"%ries since "&e Renaissance, #&ere isass%red( m%c& "&a"is ancien" s"i '%ried in "&e soi or %nder "&emodern '%idings of "&e "o+n, #&is is "&e +a(in +&ic& +e find

an"i8%i"ies s%rviving in &is"oric ci"ies i*eRome,No+ e" %s ma*e "&e fan"as"ic s%pposi"ion "&a"Rome +ere no" a &%man d+eing0pace) '%" amen"a en"i"(+i"& j%s" as ong and varied a pas" &is"or(7"&a" is) in +&ic& no"&ing once cons"r%c"ed &ad

peris&ed) and a"&e earier s"ages of deveopmen" &ads%rvived aongside "&e a"es", #&is +o%d mean"&a" in Rome "&epaaces of "&e Caesars +ere s"i s"anding on"&e aa"ine and "&e Sep"i!oni%m of Sep"imi%sSever%s +as s"i

"o+ering "o i"s od &eig&"3 "&a" "&e 'ea%"if%s"a"%es +ere s"i s"anding in "&e coonnade of


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"&e Cas"e of S",Angeo) as "&e( +ere %p "o i"s siege '( "&eGo"&s) and so on, .%" more s"i7 +&ere "&eaa!!o Caffarei

s"ands "&ere +o%d aso 'e) +i"&o%" "&is 'eingremoved) "&e #empe of %pi"er Capi"oin%s)no" mere( ini"s a"es" form) moreover) as "&e Romans of "&eCaesars sa+ i") '%" aso in i"s earies" s&ape)+&en i" s"i +orean E"r%scan design and +as adorned +i"&

"erra0co""a an"ifiae, 5&ere "&e Coise%ms"ands no+) +e co%da" "&e same "ime admire Nero,/s Goden$o%se3 on "&e ia!!a of "&e an"&eon +es&o%d find o%" on( "&ean"&eon of "oda( as 'e8%ea"&ed "o %s '($adrian) '%" on "&e same si"e aso Agrippa,/s

origina edifice3indeed) "&e same gro%nd +o%d s%ppor" "&ec&%rc& of San"a Maria sopra Mi0nerva and "&eod "empe over+&ic& i" +as '%i", And "&e o'server +o%dneed mere( "o s&if" "&e foc%s of &is e(es)per&aps) or c&ange

&is posi"ion) in order "o ca %p a vie+ of ei"&er"&e one or "&e o"&er,00#&ere is cear( no o'jec" in spinning "&isfan"as( f%r"&er3 i" eads "o "&e inconceiva'e)or even "o a's%rdi"ies,If +e "r( "o represen" &is"orica se8%ence in

spa"ia "erms) i" can on( 'e done '(j%"aposi"ion in space3 "&e


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same space +i no" &od "+o con"en"s, -%ra""emp" seems i*e an ide game3 i" &as on(one j%s"ifica"ion3i" s&o+s %s &o+ far a+a( from mas"ering "&e

idios(ncrasies of men"a ife +e are '( "rea"ing"&em in "ermsof vis%a represen"a"ion,#&ere is one o'jec"ion) "&o%g&) "o +&ic& +em%s" pa( a""en"ion, I" 8%es"ions o%r c&oosingin par"ic%ar "&epas" &is"or( of a city "o i*en "o "&e pas" of "&e

mind, Even for men"a ife) o%r ass%mp"ion"&a" ever("&ingpas" is preserved &ods good on( on condi"ion"&a" "&e organ of "&e mind remains in"ac" andi"s s"r%c"%re&as no" 'een inj%red '( "ra%mas orinfamma"ion, Des"r%c"ive inf%ences

compara'e "o "&ese mor'idagencies are never ac*ing in "&e &is"or( ofan( "o+n) even if i" &as &ad a ess c&e8%eredpas" "&an Rome)even if, i*e @ondon) i" &as &ard( ever 'eenpiaged '( an enem(, Demoi"ions and "&eerec"ion of ne+

'%idings in "&e pace of od occ%r in ci"ies+&ic& &ave &ad "&e mos" peacef% eis"ence3"&erefore a "o+n isfrom "&e o%"se" %ns%i"ed for "&e comparison I&ave made of i" +i"& a men"a organism,5e admi" "&is o'jec"ion3 +e +i a'andon o%rsearc& for a s"ri*ing effec" of con"ras" and

"%rn "o +&a" is af"era a coser o'jec" of comparison) "&e 'od( of


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an anima or &%man 'eing, .%" &ere) "oo) +efind "&e same"&ing, #&e ear( s"ages of deveopmen" are inno sense s"i e"an"3 "&e( &ave 'een a'sor'ed

in"o "&e a"erfea"%res for +&ic& "&e( s%ppied "&e ma"eria,#&e em'r(o canno" 'e demons"ra"ed in "&ead%"3 "&e "&(m%sgand of c&id&ood is repaced af"er p%'er"( '(connec"ive "iss%e '%" no onger eis"s i"sef3 in"&e marro+'one

of a gro+n man I can) i" is "r%e) "race "&eo%"ine of "&e c&idis& 'one0s"r%c"%re) '%" "&isa""er no ongers%rvives in i"sef,6i" eng"&ened and "&ic*ened%n"i i" reac&ed i"s fina form, #&e fac" is "&a" as%rviva ofa "&e ear( s"ages aongside "&e fina form is

on( possi'e in "&e mind) and "&a" i" isimpossi'e for %s "orepresen" a p&enomenon of "&is *ind in vis%a"erms, er&aps +e are going "oo far +i"& "&isconc%sion,er&aps +e o%g&" "o 'e con"en" +i"& "&easser"ion "&a" +&a" is pas" in "&e mind can

s%rvive and need no"necessari( peris&, I" is a+a(s possi'e "&a"even in "&e mind m%c& "&a" is od ma( 'e sofar o'i"era"ed ora'sor'ed,6+&e"&er norma( or '( +a( ofecep"ion,6"&a" i" canno" 'e res"ored orreanima"ed '( an(

means) or "&a" s%rviva of i" is a+a(sconnec"ed +i"& cer"ain favo%ra'e condi"ions,


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I" is possi'e) '%" +e*no+ no"&ing a'o%" i", 5e can on( 'e s%re"&a" i" is more "&e r%e "&an "&e ecep"ion for"&e pas" "o s%rvive

in "&e mind,#&%s +e are en"ire( +iing "o ac*no+edge"&a" "&e ,oceanic,4 feeing eis"s in man(peope) and +eare disposed "o rea"e i" "o an ear( s"age inego0feeing3 "&e f%r"&er 8%es"ion "&en arises7+&a" caim &as "&is

feeing "o 'e regarded as "&e so%rce of "&eneed for reigion, #o me "&is caim does no"seem ver( forci'e,S%re( a feeing can on( 'e a so%rce of energ(+&en i" is i"sef "&e epression of a s"rongneed, #&ederiva"ion of a need for reigion from "&e

c&id,/s feeing of &epessness and "&e ongingi" evo*es for a fa"&erseems "o me incon"rover"i'e) especia( since"&is feeing is no" simp( carried on fromc&id&ood da(s '%"is *ep" aive perpe"%a( '( "&e fear of +&a""&e s%perior po+er of fa"e +i 'ring, I co%d

no" poin" "o an(need in c&id&ood so s"rong as "&a" for afa"&er,/s pro"ec"ion, #&%s "&e par" pa(ed '("&e ,oceanic,4 feeing)+&ic& I s%ppose see*s "o reins"a"e imi"essnarcissism) canno" possi'( "a*e "&e firs"pace, #&e deriva"ion

of "&e reigio%s a""i"%de can 'e foo+ed 'ac*in cear o%"ine as far as "&e c&id,/s feeing of


17/62

&epessness,#&ere ma( 'e some"&ing ese 'e&ind "&is) '%"for "&e presen" i" is +rapped in o'sc%ri"(,I can imagine "&a" "&e ,oceanic,4 feeing

co%d 'ecome connec"ed +i"& reigion a"er on,#&a" feeing ofoneness +i"& "&e %niverse +&ic& is i"sidea"iona con"en" so%nds ver( i*e a firs"a""emp" a" "&e consoa"ionsof reigion) i*e ano"&er +a( "a*en '( "&e egoof den(ing "&e dangers i" sees "&rea"ening i"

in "&e e"erna+ord, I m%s" again confess "&a" I find i" ver(diffic%" "o +or* +i"& "&ese in"angi'e8%an"i"ies, Ano"&erfriend of mine) +&ose insa"ia'e scien"ificc%riosi"( &as impeed &im "o "&e mos" o%"0of0"&e0+a( researc&es

and "o "&e ac8%isi"ion of enc(copaedic*no+edge) &as ass%red me "&a" "&e >ogi '("&eir prac"ices of+i"&dra+a from "&e +ord) concen"ra"inga""en"ion on 'odi( f%nc"ions) pec%iarme"&ods of 'rea"&ing)ac"%a( are a'e "o prod%ce ne+ sensa"ions

and diff%sed feeings in "&emseves +&ic& &eregards asregressions "o primordia) deep( '%riedmen"a s"a"es, $e sees in "&em a p&(sioogicafo%nda"ion) so "ospea*) of m%c& of "&e +isdom of m(s"icism,#&ere +o%d 'e connec"ions "o 'e made &ere

+i"& man(0;0


18/62

o'sc%re modifica"ions of men"a ife) s%c& as"rance and ecs"as(, .%" I am moved "o ecaim)in "&e +ordsof Sc&ier,/s diver7

Who breathes oerhead in the rose'tintedlight may be glad0


19/62

&%miia"ing "odiscover +&a" a arge n%m'er of "&ose aive"oda() +&o m%s" see "&a" "&is reigion is no""ena'e) (e" "r( "o

defend i" inc& '( inc&) as if +i"& a series ofpi"ia'e rearg%ard ac"ions, -ne +o%d i*e "oco%n" onesefamong "&e 'eievers) so as "o admonis& "&ep&iosop&ers +&o "r( "o preserve "&e God ofreigion '(s%'s"i"%"ing for &im an impersona) s&ado+()

a's"rac" principe) and sa() ,#&o% s&a no""a*e "&e name of"&e @ord "&( God in vain,4 Some of "&e grea"men of "&e pas" did "&e same) '%" "&a" is no

j%s"ifica"ion for %s3+e *no+ +&( "&e( &ad "o do so, 192< @ondon7 $ogar"& ress) 192:,

5e +i no+ go 'ac* "o "&e ordinar( man and&is reigion,6"&e on( reigion "&a" o%g&" "o'ear "&e name,#&e +e0*no+n +ords of one of o%r grea" and+ise poe"s come "o mind in +&ic& &eepresses &is vie+ of"&e rea"ion of reigion "o ar" and science, #&e(

r%n7He who has Science and has &rt,"eligion, too, has he+Who has not Science, has not &rt,et him religious be ;-n "&e one &and) "&ese +ords con"ras" reigion+i"& "&e "+o &ig&es" ac&ievemen"s of man)

and on "&e o"&er)"&e( decare "&a" in respec" of "&eir va%e in


20/62

ife "&e( can represen" or repace eac& o"&er, If+e +is& "odeprive even "&e ordinar( man) "oo, of &isreigion) +e s&a cear( no" &ave "&e

a%"&ori"( of "&e poe" on o%rside, 5e +i see* "o ge" in "o%c& +i"& "&emeaning of &is %""erance '( a specia +a(, @ifeas +e find i" is "oo&ard for %s3 i" en"ais "oo m%c& pain) "oo man(disappoin"men"s) impossi'e "as*s, 5e canno"do +i"&o%"

paia"ive remedies, 5e canno" dispense +i"&a%iiar( cons"r%c"ions) as #&eodor Fon"anesaid, #&ere areper&aps "&ree of "&ese means7 po+erf%diversions of in"eres") +&ic& ead %s "o carei""e a'o%" o%r miser(3s%'s"i"%"ive gra"ifica"ion) +&ic& essen i"3 and

in"oica"ing s%'s"ances) +&ic& ma*e %sinsensi"ive "o i",Some"&ing of "&is *ind is indispensa'e,

civilisation and discontents

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