CLASS INEQUALITIES IN POLITICAL PARTICIPATION:

SPAIN AND EUROPE

Miguel CaínzosCarmen VocesMónica Ferrín

University of Santiago de CompostelaGalician School of Public Administration

Santiago de Compostela, Spain

a. Forms of political action: signing petitions, taking part in a public demonstration, participating in a strike, addressing mass media, contacting a politician, attending a political meeting, working in a political party, donating money, collecting money for a cause, working in a citizens-action group, working in another kind of association, contacting an association.

b. Representation index is the ratio of the percentage that a particular group is of the participating segment of the population to the percentage that that group is of the population as a whole.

c. Class of respondent, according to their current or last job. Interviewed who have never been employed are not included in the analysis.

• SOURCE: Spanish survey of the “Citizenship, Involvement and Democracy” project (“Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas”, code 2450). March-april 2002.

a. Forms of political action: signing petitions, taking part in a public demonstration, participating in a strike, addressing mass media, contacting a politician, attending a political meeting, working in a political party, donating money, collecting money for a cause, working in a citizens-action group, working in another kind of association, contacting an association.

b. Representation index is the ratio of the percentage that a particular group is of the participating segment of the population to the percentage that that group is of the population as a whole.

• SOURCE: Spanish survey of the “Citizenship, Involvement and Democracy” project (“Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas”, code 2450). March-april 2002.

a. Forms of political action: signing petitions, taking part in a public demonstration, participating in a strike, addressing mass media, contacting a politician, attending a political meting, working in a political party, donating money, collecting money for a cause, working in a citizens-action group, working in another kind of association, contacting an association.

b. Representation index is the ratio of the percentage that a particular group is of the participating segment of the population to the percentage that that group is of the population as a whole.

• SOURCE: Spanish survey of the “Citizenship, Involvement and Democracy” project (“Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas”, code 2450). March-april 2002.

a. Taking part in a public demonstration, participating in a strike.

b. Taking part in a public demonstration, participating in a strike, signing petitions.

c. Contacting a politician, attending a political meeting, working in a political party.

d. Donating money, collecting money for a cause.

e. Working in a citizens-action group, working in another kind of association, contacting an association.

f. Class of respondent, according to their current or last job. Intervieweed who have never been employed are not included in the analysis.

SOURCE: Spanish survey of the “Citizenship, Involvement and Democracy” project (“Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas”, code 2450). March-april 2002

• Statistical significance of adjusted residuals: + p<0,10 * p<0,05 ** p<0,01.

a. Taking part in a public demonstration, participating in a strike.

b. Taking part in a public demonstration, participating in a strike, signing petitions.

c. Contacting a politician, attending a political meeting, working in a political party.

d. Donating money, collecting money for a cause.

e. Working in a citizens-action group, working in another kind of association, contacting an association.

SOURCE: Spanish survey of the “Citizenship, Involvement and Democracy” project (“Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas”, code 2450). March-april 2002

• Statistical significance of adjusted residuals: + p<0,10 * p<0,05 ** p<0,01.

a. Taking part in a public demonstration, participating in a strike.

b. Taking part in a public demonstration, participating in a strike, signing petitions.

c. Contacting a politician, attending a political meeting, working in a political party.

d. Donating money, collecting money for a cause.

e. Working in a citizens-action group, working in another kind of association, contacting an association.

SOURCE: Spanish survey of the “Citizenship, Involvement and Democracy” project (“Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas”, code 2450). March-april 2002

• Statistical significance of adjusted residuals: + p<0,10 * p<0,05 ** p<0,01.

a. Taking part in a public demonstration, participating in a strike.

b. Taking part in a public demonstration, participating in a strike, signing petitions.

c. Contacting a politician, attending a political meeting, working in a political party.

d. Donating money, collecting money for a cause.

e. Working in a citizens-action group, working in another kind of association, contacting an association.

SOURCE: Spanish survey of the “Citizenship, Involvement and Democracy” project (“Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas”, code 2450). March-april 2002

• Statistical significance of adjusted residuals: + p<0,10 * p<0,05 ** p<0,01.

* p<0,10 **p<0,05 ***p<0,01

Reference categories: - “skilled workers in

industry and construction employed in the private sector”;

- “lower secondary or second stage of basic studies”;

- income between 200001 and 400000 Spanish pesetas.

SOURCE: Spanish survey of the “Citizenship, Involvement and Democracy” project (“Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas”, code 2450). March-april 2002

* p<0,10 **p<0,05 ***p<0,01

Reference categories:

- “skilled workers in industry and construction”;

- “lower secondary or second stage of basic studies”;

- income between 200001 and 400000 Spanish pesetas.

SOURCE: Spanish survey of the “Citizenship, Involvement and Democracy” project (“Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas”, code 2450). March-april 2002

* p<0,10 **p<0,05 ***p<0,01

Reference categories: - “skilled workers in

industry and construction employed in the private sector”;

- “lower secondary or second stage of basic studies”;

- income between 200001 and 400000 Spanish pesetas.

SOURCE: Spanish survey of the “Citizenship, Involvement and Democracy” project (“Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas”, code 2450). March-april 2002

* p<0,10 **p<0,05 ***p<0,01

Reference categories:

- “skilled workers in industry and construction”;

- “lower secondary or second stage of basic studies”;

- income between 200001 and 400000 Spanish pesetas.

SOURCE: Spanish survey of the “Citizenship, Involvement and Democracy” project (“Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas”, code 2450). March-april 2002

* p<0,10 **p<0,05 ***p<0,01

Reference categories: - “skilled workers in

industry and construction employed in the private sector”;

- “lower secondary or second stage of basic studies”;

- income between 200001 and 400000 Spanish pesetas.

SOURCE: Spanish survey of the “Citizenship, Involvement and Democracy” project (“Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas”, code 2450). March-april 2002

* p<0,10 **p<0,05 ***p<0,01

Reference categories:

- “skilled workers in industry and construction”;

- “lower secondary or second stage of basic studies”;

- income between 200001 and 400000 Spanish pesetas.

SOURCE: Spanish survey of the “Citizenship, Involvement and Democracy” project (“Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas”, code 2450). March-april 2002

Relative overall level of political participation for each class

-1,50

-1,25

-1,00

-0,75

-0,50

-0,25

0,00

0,25

0,50

0,75

1,00

CH DE BE NL LU DK FI SE NO CZ HU SI PL ES GR IT PT FR GB IE

Country

Ln

(C

las

s m

ea

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Me

an

of

cla

ss

me

an

s)

Sociocultural Prof.

Prof. - Man.

Higher NMW

Employer

Self-employed

Farmer

Lower service worker

Skilled manual worker

Unskilled manual worker

Overall level of political participation for each class, relative to unskilled workers

-1,00

-0,75

-0,50

-0,25

0,00

0,25

0,50

0,75

1,00

1,25

1,50

1,75

2,00

CH DE BE NL LU DK FI SE NO CZ HU SI PL ES GR IT PT FR GB IE

Country

Ln

(C

las

s m

ea

n /

Me

an

un

sk

.w.)

Sociocultural Prof.

Prof. - Man.

Higher NMW

Employer

Self-employed

Farmer

Lower service worker

Skilled manual worker

Relative overall level of political participation for each class, 2004/05

-1,25

-1,00

-0,75

-0,50

-0,25

0,00

0,25

0,50

0,75

1,00

CH DE BE NL LU DK FI SE NO CZ HU SI PL ES GR IT PT FR GB IE

Country

Ln

(C

las

s m

ea

n /

Me

an

of

cla

ss

me

an

s)

Sociocultural Prof.

Prof. - Man.

Higher NMW

Employer

Self-employed

Farmer

Lower service worker

Skilled manual worker

Unskilled manual worker

Overall level of political participation for each class, relative to unskilled workers, 2004/05

-1,00

-0,75

-0,50

-0,25

0,00

0,25

0,50

0,75

1,00

1,25

1,50

1,75

2,00

CH DE BE NL LU DK FI SE NO CZ HU SI PL ES GR IT PT FR GB IE

Country

Ln

(C

las

s m

ea

n /

Me

an

un

sk

.w.)

Sociocultural Prof.

Prof. - Man.

Higher NMW

Employer

Self-employed

Farmer

Lower service worker

Skilled manual worker