classic urban models. three models of urban structure: –concentric zone model –sector model...
TRANSCRIPT
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Classic Urban Models
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Three models of urban structure:
– Concentric Zone model– Sector Model– Multiple Nuclei Model
Use of the models outside North America:
– European cities– LDC’s
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A. Concentric Zone Model
1. Ernest Burgess (1920s): depicts use of urban land as a set of concentric rings
- each ring devoted to a different land use (studied Chicago)
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2. Concentric Zones:
Zone I: Central Business District (CBD) that is the most accessible zone where most of the tertiary employment is located
Zone II: Zone of Transition where many industrial activities locate (nearby labor, markets, transport terminals like ports & rail)
Zone III: Zone of Independent Workers is used by some industrial activities in inner cities and ethnic enclaves- contains the poorest segment of the urban population
Zone IV: Zone of Better Residences is dominated by the working class (often second generation immigrants)
Zone V: Commuter Zone represents higher quality suburban housing linked with higher commuting costs
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Cleveland, Ohio
The density gradient in Cleveland
shows the expansion of dense
population outward from the city
center over time.
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Social Area Analysis: Percent Renters IN
Indianapolis, IN
The distribution of renters in Indianapolis illustrates the concentric zone model
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3. Concentric Zone Weaknesses:
– too simple– developed for American cities– cars uncommon at time (horses &
streetcars)– assumes reliance on public transit– lots of spatial differences in terms of
ethnic & social patterns
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B. Sector Model1. study done in 1939 by Homer Hoyt in
Chicago
2. land use NOT random: defined by functional sectoral wedges
- transportation “corridors” impact land uses- rail lines, major roads, public transport create
“sectors”
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THE Hoyt “SeCTOR MODEL”
In his model, Hoyt is taking into account differences in accessibility and, therefore, in land values
along transportation routes
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Indianapolis: Household Income
The distribution of high income households in Indianapolis is an example of a sector model.
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C. Multiple Nuclei Model
1. the Harris & Ullman Multi-Nuclei Model (1945) looks at a city as being multi-nucleated with a downtown center & satellite centers on the periphery
– presence of many competing decentralized centers– reflects influence of automobile
Five areas:1. CBD2. Wholesaling & light manufacturing area3. Heavy industrial area4. Residential areas5. Outlying suburban areas
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Indianapolis: Ethnic Patterns
The distribution of minorities in Indianapolis is an example of a multiple nuclei model.
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URBAN MODEL COMPRISONS
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St. Louis Metropolitan Area?
The metropolitan area of St. Louis is spread over several counties and two states.
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Typical Present-day U.S. City
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The “Galactic” City
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D. Social Differences in Cities
1. Urban life different due to:
– large size– high population
density– socially diversity
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Social Geography of U.S. & Canadian Cities
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E. Political Definitions of Cities
1. Urban settlements defined in three ways:
– by a legal boundary (a self-governing political unit)
– a continuously built-up area– a functional area
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Megalopolis
The Boston–Washington corridor contains about 1/4th of U.S. population.