Classical India• Geography1. Isolated from rest of Asia by Hindu Kush, Karakorum,

and Himalayan mountain ranges2. Dependent on Ganges and Indus Rivers for traveling,

and agriculture3. Monsoons bring rain waters into India from the Arabian

Sea

Environmental Challenges

1. Floods (unpredictable unlike Mesopotamia and Egypt)

2. Rivers changed direction 3. Cycles of wet and dry seasons due to summer

wind (monsoons)

Civilization Arrives

• Much larger than Mesopotamia or Egypt, yet no written records

• Not exactly sure when people arrived or where from

• Cities were uniformly designed, indicating a strong central government

• Well designed city (walls against invasion and flooding, had a temple, and even had sewage pits in the street to improve sanitation)

Harappan (Indian) Culture• Developed a written language but isn’t

translated (400 symbols)• Found children’s toys (nonessentials)• No weapons found (limited conflict)• Animals were important in their culture• Likely were Hindu• Trade was HUGE along the Indus (across

Persian Gulf to Mes. to trade copper, precious stones, and luxury goods). Had gold and silver from Afghanistan also.

Indus River Valley Ends• Around 1750, the civilization declines• Plate tectonics shifted (rivers dried, buildings

collapsed due to earthquakes and flooding)• Cities died out due to decreased trading (Sarswati

River dries up) and people were forced to move

River Dynasties in China• Only river civilization to still thrive today• Geography1. Dependent on Huang He (North), the Chang Jiang

and Yangtze (Central). Both flood and bring silt• Environmental Challenges1. “China’s Sorrow” (floods devour whole villages)2. Limited trading due to isolation3. Bad natural borders allowed invasion from

outsiders

Civilization emerges in China• Peking Man (Beijing) suggest homo erectus arrived

500,000 years ago• Dynasties1. Xia- led by engineer and math whiz Yu (2000 BC).

He irrigated China, and is a legend in China still2. Shang- (1700-1000 BC) first Chinese family to leave

written records. They built palaces and tombs.

City Life

• Anyang- built mainly of wood, standing in a forest clearing

• Cities surrounded by walls • Created the chariot (conflict)

Chinese Culture• Were egocentric (Middle Kingdom), with loyalty to

family and the Kingdom• Family was CENTRAL in this society (women are

inferior)---arranged marriages! Obey all males (even sons)

• Society divided between nobles (warriors) and peasants. (Illiterate vs. Literate)

• Worshiped Shang Di and lesser gods through father’s ancestors. They communicated through oracle bones.

Chinese Culture (cont.)

• Writing characters represented one syllable• No link between written and spoken language• Written language unified China because all

villages wrote the same even if they spoke differently

• Difficult to remember because of the number of characters (1500 was barely literate)

Dynastic Cycle• Zhou overthrow the Shang and take over• “Mandate of Heaven”- Zhou were divinely justified

in overthrowing the Shang• Floods, riots, and other calamities were “signs”

from the gods• Control through feudalism- members of royal family

rule over vast areas of land. Lords eventually accept their own rule as legitimate

Innovations in Trade and Technology• Roads and canals• Coined money• FurnacesPeriod of Warring States1. Zhou- 1027-256 BC; in 771 BC a group of nomads

murdered the monarch. Independent lords take over their pieces of land, and nobles keep theirs.