classification biodiversity final
TRANSCRIPT
Authors: Janice HoLung and Sonia Mc Culloch
Picture credits given. Those without credits are by authors 1
FIVE KINGDOMS
All living organisms are divided into five major groups, called kingdoms.
Organisms share many similarities but can be separated into groups based on differences; with each of the kingdoms and their respective sub-groups (phyla) possessing specific distinguishing features.
Knowledge of the distinguishing features of various sub-groups (phyla, order, family) allows us to easily identify new organisms and make predictions about them.
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In this presentation, you will
1. Learn about the five kingdoms into
which are grouped all living things
2. Be able to describe the
characteristics of selected groups of
living things
3. Be able to compare (similarities and
differences) selected animals and
plants
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FIVE KINGDOMS
Two well known kingdoms of living things are the plant and the animal kingdoms, but they are not the only kingdoms that exist.
The five kingdoms of living things are: 1. Bacteria 2. Protists 3. Fungi 4. Plants 5. Animals We will focus on kingdoms 4 and 5 in this presentation.
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How many kingdoms are shown in
this photograph?
How many are probably there, but
you cannot see them?
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Plants, animals, fungi, bacteria
CHECK
Let‟s look at the plant kingdom.
It contains a great variety of organisms, from the
very small ones to the extremely large ones. 6
Very Small Plants
An example of a very small and simple
plant is the liverwort.
It is found only in very damp places, since it
requires water to reproduce and grow
The following photo shows liverworts
growing flat on soil.
Did you notice what its structure looks like?
Did you notice that smaller, fine leaved
plants are growing between the broader
liverworts?
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Photograph of Liverworts
After looking at the photo on slide 9
showing the liverworts growing flat on soil:
Did you notice what its structure looks like?
Did you notice that smaller, fine leaved
plants are growing between the broader
liverworts?
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Mosses
Mosses, shown in the photograph below, are somewhat more complex plants than the simple liverworts.
11 Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com
Mosses
Mosses possess simple structures that look like roots, stems and leaves, but these structures do not contain the same types of tissues that are found in TRUE roots, stems and leaves.
The photo on slide 13 shows mosses growing on a rock surface, with those nearer the camera showing leaves only, and those farther away showing their reproductive structures, sticking up into the air.
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Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com 13
The photo shows mosses growing on a rock surface, with those nearer the camera showing leaves only.
MORE
Mosses farther away from the camera show their reproductive structures, sticking up into the air.
Ferns
Ferns are more complex than mosses, and also grow to much larger sizes.
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Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com
Ferns
Ferns reproduce in two ways, one of which is seen in the photo on the previous slide. On the underside of their leaves (called fronds), are found many groups (aggregates) of their sporangia, that contain their reproductive spores.
Notice that ferns may be found not only in wet places, but also can withstand some dry conditions sometimes.
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Gymnosperms
These are cone bearing plants with needle like leaves and cones, instead of fruit. Often they are called in Jamaica, fir trees/Christmas trees.
These cones contain the reproductive organs, and the female cones will develop seeds once they are fertilized.
Their seeds do not occur within a seed case, so they are called naked seeds.
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Flowering Plants
DICOTYLEDONS
These are classified on the basis that their seeds have two cotyledons or seed leaves
They also show other special characteristics, e.g., their leaves have veins in a net-like pattern, and the arrangement of their transport system (vascular bundles) is different to that of the monocots
Their flowers usually have petals, of numbers 4,5, or 6.
MONOCOTYLEDONS
Their seeds do not have two cotyledons.
Their leaves have veins in a parallel pattern
Their flowers usually have either 3 or 5 petals, and many may not have easily observable petals, as you may notice in the photos of the coconut and the grass flowers.
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This is an example of a dicotyledon flower. It is Pride
of Barbados. Can you see the four main parts of the
flower – the petals, sepals, pistil and stamens? Clue
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ovary (pistil)
petal
stamen
sepal
This time, can you see the different parts?
How many petals does it have? Click here for answer.
Example of a dicotyledon flower
– the Bauhinia or Wild Orchid.
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petal
sepal
pistil
stamen
SHOW ME
Flowers of Coconut
23 Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com
Flower without
petals
Flowers of grass plants
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Notice there are no petals, only the
actual stamens and pistil.
Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com
stamen
feathery
stigmas -
part of pistil
SHOW ME
Leaf with net veins
Notice the main large vein in the centre.
See the several side veins that branch out from it.
And finally, notice the network of veins coming from
these.
25 Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com
Midrib/main
vein
side veins
network of veins
SHOW ME
.
Grass leaf with parallel veins
Notice how many veins there are.
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Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com
Roots
Notice the two patterns of root growth
shown in the next two diagrams.
Generally, monocotyledon plants show
one type (often fibrous type), and
generally dicotyledonous plants show
the other type (tap root pattern)
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Tap roots and fibrous roots
Tap Fibrous
28 Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com
ANIMAL KINGDOM
Key features of animals include the fact that they are multi-cellular, heterotrophic, (they rely on other organisms as a food source; food is ingested before it is digested) and motile (they move about).
There are many different groups of animals, but there are two broad groups: vertebrates (having backbones) and invertebrates (no backbones)
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Invertebrates
Interesting groups of invertebrate animals are the ringed worms, the molluscs, the arthropods.
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Ringed Worms
Examples of these are the earthworms,
which live in the soil.
1. Does the worm have limbs? Why?
2. Do they fall into the invertebrates? Or
the vertebrates?
3. What are the characteristics of these
ringed worms?
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CHECK
Answers 1. No limbs. Their bodies have
muscular rings used for moving through soil. 2.
They are invertebrates, for they have no internal
skeleton, or backbone. 3. Ringed worms do not
have a head with sense organs, they have ring-
like segments and have bristles.
Molluscs
Molluscs have protection, usually in the form of an outside tough shell.
1.Why do they need a shell?
2.Do these animals have eyes? Ears? Mouth?
3.Many of the molluscs live in the water. Can you think of a reason?
Look at the next photo which shows a native Jamaican mollusc. 33
CHECK
Answers
1. They need the tough shell for protection against predators. Their
bodies are very soft, and they have no defenses.
2. They usually have eyes and a mouth, but no ears.
3. Because their body is soft and has mucous, they prefer to live in damp
places where they will not become dehydrated.
Photograph by M.L.Gentles, 2006
Photo of a Mollusc
Notice the features:
1. See the tough
outer shell (dark
brown)
2. The muscular
“foot” – really the
body, with the
head and its
eyes on stalks
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Arthropods
These are the most numerous animals on earth. Can you think why?
They have a tough outside „skeleton‟ or skin made of thick chitin, and jointed limbs.
There are several different groups of arthropods, from lobsters and shrimp to bees, wasps and cockroaches.
They live on land, in the water and in the air.
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VERTEBRATES
Interesting groups of vertebrate animals are
the fish, the birds and the mammals.
These all have backbones !
Consider their features – what do lizards,
birds, humans and elephants have in
common? Write it down!
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CHECK
All of them have backbones, they all have four appendages, and
all have heads with sense organs.
Common Features
Now then, what do humans and
elephants have in common? Write that
down!
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CHECK
Both are vertebrates, have hair on their skin,
feed young from mammary glands, have a
diaphragm and a four chambered heart.
Any more common features?
Finally, how can we separate humans from elephants? Which features do we have that elephants do not have? Write that down!
If you have looked carefully, and considered, you will have found out some important features of the major groups of vertebrates.
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CHECK
Humans walk on two legs, not four! Humans have five
fingers and five toes with joints, elephants don‟t.
Elephants have a long trunk instead of a small nose.
Classification & Biodiversity
You have just made a quick survey of the
major groups of living things – plants and
animals,
You have also looked at the different groups
of plants, and the different groups of
animals
This survey showed you the great numbers
of different living things – that is, the bio-
diversity that exists here on earth.
This diversity must be cared for and kept,
so that the earth will continue to nourish all
living things. 44