classification chapter 14 finding order in diversity
TRANSCRIPT
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CLASSIFICATIONChapter 14
Finding Order in Diversity
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TAXONOMY•Discipline of
classifying organisms & give each a name
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WHY CLASSIFY?
1. To name organisms 2. To group them in a logical
way
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WHY CLASSIFY?
3. Classification makes life easier.
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CLASSIFICATION
• Organisms are put into groups that have biological significance
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SCIENTIFIC NAMES
1. Give Biologists a way to communicate
2. Many organisms may have several names. Ex: Cougar: mountain lion, puma or catamount.
Photo courtesy Texas Parks and Wildlife Department © 2004
Felis concolor
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BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
• Developed by Carl Linnaeus– Swedish botanist
• Two-name naming system
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BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
• First name: Genus– first letter is capitalized– italics or underlined
– Share important characteristics
Homo sapien
Ursus arctos
Grizzly bear picture is reproduced with permission from WWF. © 2004 WWF- World Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund). All Rights Reserved. www.panda.org.
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• Second name: species– first letter is lower-case – Italics or underlined
– One particular kind of organism
Homo sapien
Ursus arctos
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
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LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATIONDomain
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenus
Species
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LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION
• Domain– largest & most inclusive
• Species – smallest & most specific
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CLASSIFICATION & RELATIONSHIPS
• The more shared levels, the more related
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What do the scientific names of the polar, grizzly & panda bears tell you about their similarity to each other?
Ursus maritimus
Ursus arctos
Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Pictures reproduced with permission from WWF. © 2004 WWF- World Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund). All Rights Reserved. www.panda.org.
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Organism Cat Wolf Fly
Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata Arthropoda
Class Mammalia Mammalia Insecta
Order Carnivora Carnivora Diptera
Family Felidae Canidae Muscidae
Genus Felis Canis Musca
Species F. domesticus
C. lupus M. domestica
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EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION
• Organisms are grouped into categories that represent relationships
• Phylogeny (Evolutionary Tree): Evolutionary relationships among organisms.
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Not all features are inherited from a common ancestor
• Convergent evolution: Similarities evolve in organisms not closely related
• Due to living in similar habitats
• Ex: Wings of a bird and insect
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CLADOGRAM
A B C D E F
Speciation: formation of two new species from one
Clade or lineage
TIME
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CLADOGRAM: Vertebrates
Fur & MammaryGlands
Jaws
Lungs
Claws or Nails
Feathers
HagfishFish
FrogLizard
Pigeon
MouseChimp
Derived characteristic: Evolved in one group but not another
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Matching:MammalsAnimals with backbonesInsectsAll animals
A.
B.
C. D.
C
BD
A