classification & comparison of muscleszmchdahod.org/pdf/college/physiology09102018.pdf · na+...
TRANSCRIPT
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Classification
&
Comparison of Muscles
Dr.Viral I. Champaneri, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Physiology
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Classification of Muscles
Skeletal
Muscle
Cardiac
Muscle
Smooth
Muscle
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Comparison Features
1. Structural features
2. Nerve supply and control
3. Electrical features
4. Excitation contraction coupling
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Comparison Features
5. Contractility characteristics
6. Chemical composition
7. Blood supply
8. O2 consumption and Muscle energetics
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Structural Features
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Striations Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Present • Absent
Smooth Muscles
• Present
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Size of Fibers Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Length
▫ 1-40 mm
• Diameter
▫ 50-500 µm
Smooth Muscles
• Length
▫ 80 µm
• Diameter
▫ 15 µm
• Length
▫ 50-500 µm
• Diameter
▫ 2-10 µm
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Shape of the Muscle Fibers
Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Cylindrical
Smooth Muscles
• Cylindrical • Spindle
shaped
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Branching of Fibers Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Absent
Smooth Muscles
• Present • Absent
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Connection between fibers
Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Absent
Smooth Muscles
• Functional
connections
• Forming
Functional
Syncytium
• Single Unit
▫ Functional
connection
Present
• Multiunit
▫ No
connections
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Nucleus Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Single /
• Multiple
• At periphery
Smooth Muscles
• Central
with many
nuclei
• Single
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Very well
developed
Smooth Muscles
• Well developed
• Not as Skeletal
muscle
• Moderately
developed
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Sarcotubular system Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Present
• Well
developed
Smooth Muscles
• Present • Present
• But not well
developed
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Sarcotubular system Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• 2 Triad
• Per
• Sarcomere
Smooth Muscles
• 1 Triad
• Per
Sarcomere
• Not well
developed
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T - Tubule Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• At
• A-I junction
Smooth Muscles
• At
• Z line
• Not well
developed
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Thick & Thin filaments Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Arranged
• regularly
Smooth Muscles
• Arranged
• regularly
• Not arranged
• regularly
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Sarcomere Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Present
Smooth Muscles
• Present
• Absent
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Regulating protein Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Troponin
Smooth Muscles
• Troponin
• Calmodulin
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Ca2+ store & Ca2+ Pump in SR
Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• High
Smooth Muscles
• Moderate
• Low
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Na+ channels in the membrane
Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Fast Voltage
gated Na+
channels
Smooth Muscles
• Fast voltage
gated Na+
channels
• Slow voltage
gated Na+-Ca+
channels
• Mainly slow
Voltage gated Na+-
Ca+ channels
• Few Fast voltage
gated Na+
channels
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Mitochondria Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Few
Smooth Muscles
• Many
• Few
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Nerve supply & Control
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Nerve supply Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Somatic
nerves
Smooth Muscles
• Autonomic
nerves
• Sympathetic
▫ Excitatory
• Parasympathetic
▫ Inhibitory
• Autonomic
nerves
• Sympathetic
▫ Inhibitory
• Parasympathetic
▫ Excitatory
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Control Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Voluntary
Smooth Muscles
• Involuntary
▫ Involuntary
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Electrical features
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Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)
Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• -80 to -90 mV
Smooth Muscles
• -80 to -85 mV
• -50 to -60 mV
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Action potential Shape Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Spike
potential
Smooth Muscles
▫ Plateau
potential
• Single Unit
▫ Plateau &
Spike
• Multiunit
▫ Spike
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Action potential duration
Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• 1 to 5
milliseconds
Smooth Muscles
• 100 - 300
milliseconds
• Single Unit
• Plateau for
100-1000 msec
• Spike for
10-50 mSec
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Stimulated by Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Somatic
nerves
Smooth Muscles
• Autonomic
nerves
• Autonomic
nerves
• Hormones
• Local tissue
factors
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Excitability Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• High
Smooth Muscles
• Moderate • Low
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Conductivity Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Fast
Smooth Muscles
• Slow • Slow
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Absolute refractory Period
Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• 1 to 3 msec
Smooth Muscles
• 180 – 200 msec • Not defined
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Autorhythmicity Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Not present
Smooth Muscles
• Present • Present in
• Single unit
muscle
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Excitation - Contraction Coupling
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Speed of Phenomenon Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Rapid
Smooth Muscles
• Very rapid • Very Slow
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Site of Ca2+ attachment Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Troponin
Smooth Muscles
• Troponin • Myosin
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Mechanism of Ca2+Mobilization
Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• T-tubule
depolarized
Smooth Muscles
• Ca2+ induced
Ca2+ released
• Inositol
triphosphate
(IP3)
• Increases
release of Ca2+
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Dependence on ECF [Ca2+]
Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Not
dependent
Smooth Muscles
• Partly
dependent
• Almost
• Totally
dependent
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Contractility characteristics
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Rate of contraction Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Fast
Smooth Muscles
• Fast • Slow
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Rate of relaxation Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Fast
Smooth Muscles
• Fast • Slow
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Duration of Muscle Twitch
Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Fast fibers
▫ 7.5 msec
• Slow fibers
▫ 100 msec
Smooth Muscles
• 11/2 times of
total duration of
Action potential
• [100 to 300
mSec]
• About 1000
msec
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All or None law Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Obeyed by
• Single muscle
fiber
Smooth Muscles
• Obeyed by
• Whole Muscle
• Single Unit
• Whole muscle
• Multiunit
• Single muscle
fiber
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Multiple (Quantal) summation
Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Possible
Smooth Muscles
• Not possible
• Work as
• Functional
syncytium
• Not possible
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Tetanus (Wave) summation
Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Possible
Smooth Muscles
• Not possible
• Due to long
refractory
period (ARP)
• (180 – 200mSec)
• Not possible
• Process of
contraction is
long
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Fatigue Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Possible
Smooth Muscles
• Not possible
• Due to long
refractory
period
• More blood
supply
• Possible
• Difficult to
demonstrate
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Length-Tension Relationship
Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Maximum
tension
• Developed at
• Optimal length
Smooth Muscles
• Maximum
tension
• Developed at
• Optimal length
• Shows
property of
Plasticity
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Chemical composition
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Protein Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Maximum
Smooth Muscles
• Less • Less
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Glycogen Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Less
Smooth Muscles
• More • Less
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ATP & Phosphogen Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Present
Smooth Muscles
• Present • Present
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Fat Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Mainly natural
fats
Smooth Muscles
• More
Phospholipids
• Cholesterol
• Mainly
natural fats
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Blood supply Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• 840 ml/min
• 3 to 4
ml/100gm/min
Smooth Muscles
• 250 ml /min
• 80
ml/100gm/min
• 350 ml /min
• 1.4
ml/100gm/min
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Oxygen consumption Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Muscles
• Moderate
Smooth Muscles
• High • Low
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Neuromuscular Junction
Dr.Viral I. Champaneri, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Physiology
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Neuromuscular Junction
• Skeletal muscle fibers
• Innervated by Large myelinated nerve fibers
• Originate in large motoneurons of the anterior
horns of spinal cord
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Neuromuscular Junction
• Each nerve fiber
• After entering the muscle belly
• Branches and stimulates
• Three to several hundred skeletal muscle fibers
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Neuromuscular Junction
• Each nerve ending makes a junction
• Called Neuromuscular Junction
• With the muscle fiber
• Near its midpoint
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Neuromuscular Junction
• Synapse between
• Nerve fiber
• And
• The muscle fiber
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Neuromuscular Junction
• Resulting action potential in the muscle fiber
• Travels in both directions
• Towards
• The muscle fiber ends
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Neuromuscular Junction
• Exception : 2% of the muscle fibers
• Only one (1) neuromuscular junction
• Per muscle fiber
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Physiological Anatomy of
Neuromuscular Junction : Motor End Plate
• Neuromuscular junction formed
• By Large myelinated nerve fiber
• To A skeletal muscle fiber
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Physiological Anatomy of
Neuromuscular Junction : Motor End Plate
• Nerve fiber Branches at its end
• To form complex of branching nerve terminals
• Invaginate muscle fiber
• But lies outside
• The muscle fiber plasma membrane
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Physiological Anatomy of
Neuromuscular Junction : Motor End Plate
• The entire structure
• Branching nerve terminal
• Invagination of muscle fiber is called
• Motor end plate
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Physiological Anatomy of
Neuromuscular Junction : Motor End Plate
• Motor end plate:
• Thickened portion of
• Muscle membrane at the junction
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Physiological Anatomy of
Neuromuscular Junction : Motor End Plate
• Motor end plate:
• Specialized portion of
• The sarcolemma of the muscle fiber
• Surrounding the terminal end of the axon
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Physiological Anatomy of
Neuromuscular Junction : Motor End Plate
• The nerve endings fit into Junctional folds
• Junctional folds
• Depression in the motor end plate
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Physiological Anatomy of
Neuromuscular Junction : Motor End Plate
• Motor end plate
• Covered by one or more Schwann cells
• That insulate motor end plate
• From surrounding fluids
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Physiological Anatomy of
Neuromuscular Junction : Motor End Plate
• Invaginated membrane is called
• Synaptic gutter
• Or
• Synaptic trough
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Physiological Anatomy of
Neuromuscular Junction : Motor End Plate
• The space between
• The terminal nerve ending and
• Thickened muscle fiber membrane
• Synaptic space or Synaptic cleft
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Physiological Anatomy of
Neuromuscular Junction : Motor End Plate
• Synaptic space or Synaptic cleft
• 20 to 30 nanometers (nm) wide
• Comparable to synaptic cleft at
• Neuron-to-neuron synapses
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Physiological Anatomy of
Neuromuscular Junction : Motor End Plate
• Subneural clefts:
• At the bottom of synaptic gutter
• Numerous smaller folds of muscle membrane
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Physiological Anatomy of
Neuromuscular Junction : Motor End Plate
• Subneural clefts:
• Increase surface area
• At which synaptic transmitter
• Can act
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Physiological Anatomy of
Neuromuscular Junction : Motor End Plate
• Axon terminal:
• Many Mitochondria
• Supply Adenoosine Triphosphate (ATP)
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Physiological Anatomy of
Neuromuscular Junction : Motor End Plate
• ATP Energy source
• Used mainly for
• Synthesis of excitatory transmitter
Acetylcholine (Ach)
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Physiological Anatomy of
Neuromuscular Junction : Motor End Plate
• Acetylcholine (Ach):
• Excites muscle fiber membrane
• Synthesized : In cytoplasm of nerve terminal
• Absorbed rapidly
• In to many small synaptic vesicles
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Physiological Anatomy of
Neuromuscular Junction : Motor End Plate
• Synaptic vesicles:
• 3,00,000
• Terminal of single end plate
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Physiological Anatomy of
Neuromuscular Junction : Motor End Plate
• Acetylcholineesterase:
• Synaptic space
• Capable to destroying acetylcholine (Ach)
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