Classification & Kingdoms

Why classify?

Is this a Mountain lion Puma Cougar Panther

Felis concolor

Why classify?

To study the diversity of life To avoid confusion To group organisms in a logical manner To assign names

Classification

3 major traits used to classify organisms into the six kingdoms:

1) cell type

a) prokaryotic – DNA is not surrounded by a membrane – No nucleus; has no membrane-bound organelles

b) eukaryotic – has membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

2) method of obtaining food

a) autotrophic – “self feeder”; makes its own food

b) heterotrophic – gets its food from an outside source

3) reproduction & development

a) sexual – involves union of gametes

b) asexual – one organism makes identical copies (clones)

Taxonomy

Discipline of classifying organisms & assigning each organism a universally accepted name.

Biologist can be certain everyone is discussing the same organism.

LARGE to small

Start with a large general category & move to smaller more specific categories. High School Students

Females Sophomores

Assigning Scientific Names

First attempts at standard names often described the physical characteristics of a species in great detail.

This is a problem because the names were long and scientists described different characteristics.

Carolus Linnaeus

Swedish botanist Lived during the 18th

century Developed a naming

system called binomial nomenclature

Considered the “Father of Taxonomy”

Binomial Nomenclature

Each species is assigned a two-part scientific name. Written in italics or underlined First letter of the first word is capitalized and

everything else is lowercase. First word is genus-a group of closely related

species First plus the second word represents the species

name

Binomial Nomenclature

Grizzly Bear

Polar Bear

Ursus arctos

Ursus maritimus

Linnaeus’s System of Classification

7 levels called Taxon (plural: taxa) From largest (most broad) to smallest (most specific)

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Make a Mnemonic

K P C O F G S

Mnemonics

King Phillip Came Over For Grandma’s Soup Kids Playing with Cars On Freeways Get Squashed. Kids Playing Chicken On Freeways Get Smashed. King Phillip called out for good soup. King Philip came over from Germany swimming. King Philip came over for good spaghetti. Kings play chess on fat green stools. Kings play cards on fairly good soft velvet. ("v" standing for "variety") Kings possess crowns of fine gem stones. Kenneth, please close our front gate soon. Keep plates clean or family gets sick. Killing people causes outbursts from general society. Klingon phasers charge on fast gray ships.

Taxa

Kingdom-largest and most inclusive Phylum-made of up several classes

Chordata includes class Mammalia, class Aves (birds), class Reptilia, Class Amphibia, and all classes of fishes

Class-made up of similar orders Mammalia

Order-made up of similar families Carnivora

Taxa (cont)

Family-similar genera Ursidae-bears Canidae-dogs Felidae-cats

Genus-similar species Species

Classificationclassification comparison of 2 different species: housecat leopard

Kingdom Animalia Animalia

Phylum Chordata Chordata

Class Mammalia Mammalia

Order Carnivora Carnivora

Family Felidae Felidae

Genus Felis Panthera

Species Felis domesticus Panthera pardus

Dichotomous Key

Tool used to identify unfamiliar organisms

A series of paired statements that describe physical characteristics of different organisms.

Hints: 1. Look at one thing at a time 2. Always start with the 1st pair of statements

Evolutionary Classification

Grouping organisms based on their evolutionary history

Example-members of a genus share a recent common ancestor

Cladogram

Diagram that shows these derived characteristics

Shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

An evolutionary tree Shows scientists where one lineage branched

from another in the course of evolution

Cladogram

Cladogram

Six Kingdoms

Linneaus only had two kingdoms-Plantae and Animalia

Scientists then added three kingdoms Protista-microorganisms Fungi-mushrooms, yeasts, and molds Monera-bacteria that lack nuclei, mitochondria, and

chloroplasts Scientists then separated Monera into Eubacteria

and Archaebacteria

3 Domains

A domain is more inclusive than a kingdom Domain Bacteria

Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Archaea

Kingdom Archaebacteria Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

Domain Archaea-Kingdom Archaebacteria

Unicellular Prokaryotic-No nucleus Many live in extreme /

harsh environments (conditions)

Mostly autotrophic by chemosynthesis

Simplest cells Examples: Methanogens,

halophiles

Domain Archaea-Kingdom Archaebacteria

Domain Bacteria- Kingdom Eubacteria

Unicellular Prokaryotic-no nucleus Some autotrophs, others heterotrophs May be pathogenic (disease-causing) Reproduces asexually by binary fission Include: E.coli, rickettsias, Staphlococcus

Domain Bacteria-Eubacteria

Domain Eukarya

All organisms must have a nucleus

Domain Eukarya-Kingdom Protista

Eukaryotic-has a nucleus Not an animal, plant, or fungi Much variety – most diverse of the Kingdoms Most single cell but some multi-cellular Some autotrophs (w/ chloroplasts), some heterotrophs Some cell walls with cellulose Evolutionary link to all multicellular life Mostly aquatic Includes algae, paramecium, amoeba, euglena,

diatoms, stentor

Domain Eukarya- Kingdom Protista

Domain Eukarya-Kingdom Fungi

Eukaryotic-have a nucleus Heterotrophs by absorbtion Decomposers – break down matter Some unicellular (yeast) but most are

multicellular (mushrooms) Cell wall with chitin No locomotion (non-motile) don’t move

Domain Eukarya-Kingdom Fungi

Domain Eukarya-Kingdom Plantae

Eukaryotic-have a nucleus Multicellular Autotroph-obtain nutrition through

photosynthesis Has chloroplasts Non-mobile-can’t move Cell wall with cellulose

Domain Eukarya-Kingdom Plantae

Domain Eukarya-Kingdom Animalia

Eukaryotic-has a nucleus Heterotrophs Multicellular No cell wall or chloroplast Complex Cells Have specialized cells Most can move

Domain Eukarya-Kingdom Animalia