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NuveeNuvee PrapasarakulPrapasarakul

Department of Vet Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Vet Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Microbiology, p gy, y y gy,p gy, y y gy,

ChulalongkornChulalongkorn UniversityUniversity

Eukaryotic Filamentous Some are unicellular Hypha wall Many

reproducey

Mitochondria Nuclei Hyphae Mycelium

unicellular

Yeasts.

yp

Chitin and

glucans,

Some species contain cellulose

reproduce

Sexual Asexual : spores

Typically haploid Achlorophyllous Chemoheterotrophic

hyphal: multinucleate

Oomycota and some yeasts possess diploid nuclei.

No photosynthesis. Carbon: pre-

existing organic sources

Energy: chemical reactions to sythesise the

organic compounds.

Storage compounds Symbiosis

Trehalose GlycogenSugar

alcohols Lipids Free-living Parasitism Mutualism

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Gene sequence analyses are resulting in the redefining of some phyla and the reassigning of some genera to different phyla. Jim Deacon (2006).

Domain: Kingdom: F ngi Di isions:

Chytridiomycota

Zygomycota: 600

Eukaryota Kingdom: Fungi Divisions:Ascomycota:

60,000

Basidiomycota; 25,000approximately 100,000 species

Phylum Zygomycota - Common molds

Class• Zygomycetes• Trichomycetesy

Terrestrial organisms found primarily in soil.

Hyphae: coenocytic• non-septate hypha.

Anywhere there are water and nutrients• Bread• Soil• Coffee• Vegetables

Hyphae: Hyphae:

Long, continuous tubes: haploid

nuclei.

Long, continuous tubes: haploid

nuclei.

Specialization of function.

Specialization of function.

A. Rhizoids - (Root-A. Rhizoids - (Root- B. Stolons - connect one group of

B. Stolons - connect one group ofLike Structures)Like Structures) one group of

rhizoids to another. one group of

rhizoids to another.

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Sexual Phase TextsSexual Phase Texts

HOMOTHALLIC (self-fertile)

HOMOTHALLIC (self-fertile)

HETEROTHALLIC (self-sterile)

HETEROTHALLIC (self-sterile) PROGAMETANGIUMPROGAMETANGIUM GAMETANGIUM GAMETANGIUM KARYOGAMYKARYOGAMY ZYGOSPORE. ZYGOSPORE.

Asexual Phase Texts

SPORANGIOPORE SPORANGIUM SPORANGIA

non-motile sporangiospores APLANOSPORES COLUMELLA

Life cycles includes both Asexual and Sexual stages.

Common molds reproduce asexually more often than they do sexually.

In mating types or strains grow close to each other: reproduce sexually by conjugation.

Zygosporangium

Nuclei from the two types mix and form a thick-walled structure

Gametangium:

Gametangia from the Two Types Grow Together and fuse.

Dipoild Zygosporangium cracks open

When conditions improve.

Zygosporangium can survive hostile

(a resting stage contains many nuclei).

Sporangium releases

thousands of haploid spores.

Sporangiosphore grows

Forms a sporangium.

• Alcohol productionRhizopus oryzae

Cit i d L t i id d ti F d• Citric and Lactric acid production: Food spoilager and pathogen R. nigricans

• Rhinocerebral zygomycosisR. microsporus var. rhizopodiformis.

• Allergen, Irritant, Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, Dermatitis.Mucor sp.

• Normal flora in flog gut but pathogen in horses and humansBasidiobolus ranarum

• skin lesions or systemic disease in captive and wild-caught Australian frogs.Mucor amphiborum

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Basidia: Club-like reproductive structures during sexual stage Damage grains, food crops, and other plants.

MushroomsBracket

fungiShelf fungi Puffballs Stinkhorns Smuts

Rusts: mold

like fungig g

• Actually reproductive structures • Seldom reproduce asexually.

Reproduction

Basidium (basidia)

• Sexual forming spores

Basidium (basidia)

• Stem called a stalk • A flattened structure known as a cap

Basidiocarp: inside lining gills (mushroom cap).

• rows of gills that radiate out from the center.

Underside cap

g

Basidia at gill lined.•Dikaryotic

•Monokaryotic

Basidium: two nuclei fuse to form “Zygote”

Zygote: meiosis to form four haploid nuclei

Four basidiospores

Release into the air.

Basidiospores germinate and grow new hyphae and mycelia

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TeliomycetesBasidiomycetes Ustomycetes

Sporobolomyces roseus• common on moribund leaf surfaces • basidiospores: respiratory allergens

Cryptococcus neoformans• bird droppings• fatal systemic infection of immunocompromised people

• cryptococcosis

Larger fruitbodies (toadstools) • wood decay • decomposers of leaf litter, animal dung, etc. • mycorrhizal on forest trees

Food• Agaricus bisporus• some more exotic species

Mycetism• Gastrointestinal disorder to death

Phyla includes • unicellular yeast• cup fungi

The most diverse group of fungi with 30,000 species

cup fungi• truffles

Parasites of food• morrels• mildews

Mycorrhizal fungi

เป็นหัวอย่ใต้ดนิลกึลงไปประมาณ 5-40 เซนติเมตร เปนหวอยูใตดนลกลงไปประมาณ 5 40 เซนตเมตร

ลกัษณะวงกลมรอบต้นไม้ ห่างประมาณ 120-150 เซนติเมตร

ชนิดขาว (84,000-168,000 บาทต่อกโิลกรัม)

ชนิดดาํ (9,000-27,000 บาทต่อกโิลกรัม)

Tuber himalayensis

Tuber ramiayyadis

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•Ascogonium: female?•Antheridium: male?

•Plasmogamy: trichogyne of ascogonium touches antheridium and cytoplasms join

Gametangia

•meiosis four meiotic cells

•mitosis asci eight final cells

•merged cells become ascogenous hyphae

•ascocarp: tips of

Dikaryotic, heterokaryotic

mycelium

Ascosporesgerminate into

haploid mycelium (gametophyte)

cytoplasms join •Karyogamy: union of nuclei to complete syngamy Ascus Ascus:

p pascogenous hyphaeform hymeniumlayer

Gametangia Ascogomium Ascogenoushypahe

Antheridium. Ascocarp Asci

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Harmful interactions

Dutch Elm Disease: Ophiostomaulmi and Ophiostomanovo-ulmi

Clavicepspurpurea on rye (Secalecereale)

Blue-green, red and brown moulds attack and spoil foodstuffs -for instance Penicilliumitalicum rots oranges.

Fusariumgraminearumcontain mycotoxinslike deoxynivalenol (DON)

Ergot (Clavicepspurpurea): carcinogenic alkaloids, causing ergotism•hallucinations, stomach cramp, and Saint Anthony's Fire

Aspergillusflavus, which grows on peanuts and other hosts•aflatoxin: damages the liver and is highly carcinogenic

Candida albicans: thrush or candidiasis, "yeast allergies"

Penicilliumchrysogenum produces

Penicillin

Tolypocladium niveum : immunosuppressor ,

Ciclosporin

Stilton cheese veined with Penicillium

roqueforti

Baker's Yeast (Saccharomyces

cerevisiae): bread, beer and wine

Penicilliumcamemberti: cheeses

Aspergillus oryzae: soy sauce.

Morels (Morchella) and truffles (Tuber)

Bread Mold Sac Fungi Club Fungi Imperfects

Division Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycota

Species 750 30,000 25,000 17,000

Wall chitin chitin/glucan chitin/glucan chitin/glucanWall chitin chitin/glucan chitin/glucan chitin/glucan

Life Cycle zygotic sporic/kikaryotic sporic/dikaryotic unknown

Examples Rhizopus SaccharomycesCryptococcus

AgaricusAmanita

PenicilliumAspergillus

SpecialVocabulary

sporangiophorerhizoid stoloncoenocytic

budding ascusconidia ascogonium

hypha(e) dikaryoticheterokaryoncap (pileus)

hypha(e) conidia mycelium

hypha(e) gametangiumzygospore

antheridiumheterokaryonhypha(e) ascocarpascosporemycelium

stalk (stipe) ring (annulus) cup (volva) gills (lamellae) mycelium basidiumbasidiospores