classification of vertebrates chap 3(1)

CHAPTER 3

CLASSIFICATION OF VERTEBRATES

Objectives

At the end of the discussion, each student is expected to:1. classify the representative chordates into class, order, genus, and species;2. state the common and scientific names

of representative vertebrates; and3. name one distinct characteristic of each taxon to differentiate it from another taxon.

Topic Outline:

A. Fish and Fishlike Animals:1. Class Agnatha2. Class Placodermi3. Class Chondrichthyes4. Class Osteichthyes

B. Vertebrates with Limbs:

1. Class Amphibia2. Class Reptilia3. Class Aves4. Class Mammalia

Vertebrate Taxa

About 50,00 known species are animals with vertebral columns

The classification scheme used in this chapter is a conventional “natural classification”, which means it is based on similarity of structure, the geologic record, rationality, and intuition.

The chief vertebrate taxa are classes, subclasses, superorders, order, suborders, families, genera, and species.

Vertebrate Taxa

There are eight recognized extant classes of vertebrates:

Myxini - hagfishes Cephalaspidomorpha - lampreys Chondrichthyes - cartilagenous fishes Osteichthyes - bony fishes Amphibia - frogs, toads, salamanders, and

caecilians Reptilia - turtles, snakes, lizards,

crocodilians Aves - birds Mammalia - mammals

Vertebrate Taxa

The vertebrate taxa can be grouped based on their general habitat requirements:

Pisces - collective term for all fishes; includes Myxini, Cephalaspidomorpha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes

Tetrapoda - collective term for the terrestrial vertebrates; they have four feet unless some have been secondarily lost or converted to other uses. Includes Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia

Vertebrate Taxa

Based on their feeding habits: Agnatha - jawless vertebrates, including

Myxini and Cephalaspidomorpha Gnathostomes - vertebrates with jaws

derived from the mandibular arch, which may have (in primitive vertebrates) supported gills. Includes Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia.

Vertebrate Taxa

Based on their embryonic characteristics Anamniotes - vertebrates that lack an

amnion, or extra embryonic membrane that surrounds the embryo and encases it in amniotic fluid. Includes Myxini, Cephalaspidomorpha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia.

Amniotes - vertebrates that possess an amnion. Includes Reptilia, Aves, and Mammals.

Mammalia

Gnathostomes

Tetrapods

AmniotesAves

Reptilia

Amphibia

Anamniotes

Osteichthyes Fishes

Chondrichthyes

Placodermi*

Acanthodii*

Agnatha* Agnathostomes

Major categories of vertebrates

Vertebrate Taxa

Binomial nomenclature as introduced by Carl von Linne (Linnaeus) has enabled all zoologists all over the world to understand one another.

Binomial designation for a species was introduced in the 10th edition(1758) of his book, Systema Naturae

Scientific name of an animal is made up of generic and specific names, or the genus and the species.

Fish and Fishlike Animals

Class Agnatha

Include 2 groups of jawless fishes: ostracoderms and cyclostomes.

Common characteristics: • no jaws • no paired appendages • a completely cartilaginous skeleton • a single nostril • 6 - 14 external or concealed gill slits • a persistent notochord • a two-chambered heart

Class Agnatha

Orders Osteotraci, Anapsida, Heterostraci- extinct, with an

armor of heavy plates, and commonly called ostracoderms.

Class Agnatha

Order Cyclostomata- round-mouthed fishes- cylindrical body and well developed fin- scales absent, soft skin- jaws are absent-suctorial mouth, with horny teeth- single nasal aperture- no appendages- 6 to 14 pairs gill pouches

Class Agnatha: O. Cyclostomata

Suborder MyxinoideaHagfishes and slime eelsTerminal mouth with 4 pairs of tentaclesPartially hermaphroditicLive in temperate, marine deep water Feed on detritus and carrion, as well as

polychaete worms Tentacles around their mouths are used in

locating prey Myxine, Blellostoma


Myxine (hagfish) Pacific hagfish trying to hide under a rock


Suborder Petromyzontiacommonly called the lampreyssuctorial mouth with horny teethnasal sac is not connected to mouth7 pairs of gill pouchestemperate, anadromous (hatch/breed in fresh

water, mature in marine and freshwater) parasitic as adults - attach to other fishes with their

suction-like mouths and rasp a hole in the skin buccal glands secrete an anticoagulant to ensure

free-flowing food source larvae are called ammocoetes


Suborder Petromyzontia

parasitic marine/aquatic animal with a toothed, funnel-like sucking mouth.

Class Agnatha

Lampreys attached to a lake trout

Note:

In other sources, Agnatha is a superclass.Hagfishes are classified under Class Myxini,

Order Myxiniformes.Lampreys are classified under Class

Cephalaspidomorpha, Order Petromyzontiformes

Class Placodermi

Armored prehistoric fish

The first jawed fishesWith full size hyoid gill

slit.With paired pectoral

and pelvic finsWith an armor of bony

scales and cartilaginous skeleton.

Some skeleton maybe ossified.

Class Chondrithtyes

Cartilaginous fishesVentral mouth and paired nostrils Skeleton completely cartilagenous with no

endoskeletal bone No swim bladder Scales dermal placoid when present Gill arches internal to gills Freshwater and marine species

Class Chondrithtyes

Subclass Elasmobranchii 5 - 7 gill openings plus spiracle anterior to first

gill upper jaw not attached to braincase teeth derived from placoid scales, deciduous and

continually replaced claspers present in males, internal fertilization,

ovoviviparous (egg contained within the uterus, where the young develop and then hatch as miniature adults) or viviparous (embryos develop internally and then emerge as a miniature adult)

Class Chondrithtyes: SC Elasmobranchii

Order SqualiformesTrue sharks Almost purely

predaceous/marine Heterocercal tailfin -

caudal fin is longer on the dorsal side than on the ventral side

Squalus

Class Chondrithtyes: SC Elasmobranchii

Order RajiformesRays, skates, sawfishes Greatly flattened bottom

dwellers Scales not over entire

body Pectoral fins winglike Crushing teeth - mollusk

eaters Spiracles greatly enlarged Oviparous - produce an

egg pouch covered in a very tough shell

Class Chondrithtyes

Subclass Holocephali

Chimaeras or rat fishes

upper jaw fused to braincase

flat, bony plates instead of teeth

operculum covering gillslits

strictly marine, feeding on mollusks

Class Osteichthyes

Bony fishes Endoskeleton made up of bone Jaws and paired appendages Gill arches internal to gills Gills covered by bony operculum Dermal scales not placoid Many forms have swim bladder Appeared in Devonian - dominant vertebrates

since mid Devonian Arose in freshwater, moved into saltwater

Class Osteichthyes: S.C. Sarcopterygii

Subclass Sarcopterygii: species previously believed to be extinct, such as the coelacanths and lungfish.

Fleshy lobed fins so that fin rays do not articulate directly to girdles

Internal and external nares Many retain the heterocercal tail, others with

diphycercal tailWith rounded or rhomboid scalesThe coelacanth is represented by a single

species that lives off the Comoro Islands near Madagascar

Order CrossopterygiiOrder Crossopterygii Lobed-finned fishLobed-finned fish

Paired fins with internal skeleton of basic tetrapod type

Presence of maxillae, premaxillae, and spiracle

Scales large and heavily overlapped

Three lobed diphycercal tail

Intestine with spiral valve

Class OsteichthyesS.C. Sarcopterygii

Order DipnoiOrder Dipnoi LungfishLungfish

Median fins fused to form diphycercal tail

Lobed or filamentous finsCycloid type of scalesMaxillae, premaxillae,

and spiracle absentSingle or paired air

bladder for breathingIntestine with spiral

valve

Class Osteichthyes: S.C. Sarcopterygii

Class Osteichthyes: S. C. Actinopterygii

Subclass Actinopterygiiray-finned fish fin rays attach directly

to girdles internal nostrils - nares

absent Nasal sacs open to the

outsidesingle gas bladder One dorsal finWithout cloacaknown from Devonian

Order Chondrosteigeneral primitive

form typically small skeleton primarily

cartilage heterocercal tail ganoid scales most died out by end

of Mesozoic

Suborder PolypteriniSuborder Polypterini PolypterusPolypterus

Ossified skeletonDorsal fin divided into

8 or more finletsSlender body with

thick ganoid scalesLobed pectoral finsDiphycercal caudal finVentral air bladder

with two lobes


Suborder AcipenseroideiSuborder Acipenseroidei Polyodon (paddlefish)Polyodon (paddlefish)

Ossified dermal skull and unossified chondral skull

Endoskeleton mostly cartilage; body mostly scaleless except for rows of bony scutes (ganoi)

Mouth on underside of head, no teeth

Heterocercal tail, with spiral valve



Order HolosteiSkeleton moderately ossifiedWith fairly well developed vertebral centraGanoid to cycloid scalesAbdominal pelvic finsDeficient spiracleSingle air bladder with conus arteriosusVestigial spiral valve

Suborder LepidosteoideiSuborder Lepidosteoidei Lepidosteus (gar fish)Lepidosteus (gar fish)

With thick ganoid scales of rhombic shape

Shortened heterocercal tail

Mostly extinct


Suborder AmioideaSuborder Amioidea Amia (bowfin)Amia (bowfin)

Scales tend to be thin and round to cycloid type

Homocercal typeBilobed swim bladder

which may serve for respiration

Mostly extinct



Order TeleosteiTypical bony fishesSkeleton almost

completely ossifiedVertebral centra

completeThin cycloid or ctenoid

scalesHomocercal tailTerminal mouthNotochord a mere

vestige

Pelvic fins often displaced forward

No spiracleSingle, dorsal air

bladderVestigial conus

arteriosusWithout spiral valve

Class Osteichthyes

VERTEBRATE WITH LIMBS

Terrestial or aquaticLimbs serve as locomotory appendages and

lungs as respiratory organsVertebral column terminates in a tail,

sometimes absent, or in a horizontal finHeart with 2 atriaWith internal nares

CLASS AMPHIBIA

Arose from Crossopterygian, Rhipidistian ancestors

Three extant orders, two extinct subclasses Lungs and skin used as adult respiratory organs Gills present in larvae, retained into adulthood

in some neotinic forms (salamanders) Heart with two atria and one ventricle - "three

chambered" Skin is naked or with bony dermal elements Ectothermic - must regulate body temperature

by moving to different microclimates within its environment

Class Amphibia

Group includes smallest terrestrial vertebrates up to some 5’ in length

Name implies continued tie to water - eggs must be laid in water or at least in very moist environment; young develop as gill breathing, water-dwelling tadpoles

Embryos lack an amnion, but eggs are laid in a jelly-like protective coating

Class Amphibia

Order LabyrinthodontiaExtinct amphibians that constituted some

of the dominant animals of Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic times (about 350 to 210 million years ago).

They are considered to include the first vertebrates known to live on solid ground, and to have been ancestral to at least some of the groups of modern amphibians and a bridge to the reptiles.

Class Amphibia: O. Labyrinthodontia

Class Amphibia: Order Urodela

Tail maintained throughout life Limbs 1 -2 "normal" pairs Elongated trunk and long tail Can retain larval characteristics (flattened,

shovel-shaped head, fleshy tail, external gills) in adult forms (paedomorphic) - the result is a sexually mature individual with many other body parts in the larval or juvenile condition (neoteny)

NecturusNecturus SalamandersSalamanders

Class Amphibia: Order Urodela

Class Amphibia: Order Anura

Loose tail as adults Caudal vertebrae fuse to form long inflexible

urostyle - relates to saltatorial locomotion Long hind limbs developed for saltatorial

locomotion Vocal cords well developed Ear modified for reception of airborne sound

waves


Rana esculenta

PipaPipa DiscoglossusDiscoglossus


Class Amphibia

Order Gymnophiona or ApodaElongated, snake-like, with no limbs or

girdles No vocal cords or airborne sound detection Some retain scales embedded in skin Notochord persists Minute eyes, lack lids Chemosensory tentacle on head

Class Amphibia: Order Apoda

CLASS REPTILIA

First fully terrestrial vertebrates Development of cleidoic (closed/self-

contained) egg; embryo with extra-embryonic membrane and relatively impermeable shell

Lungs for respiration Heart with two atria and ventricle partially or

totally (Crocodilians) divided One occipital condyle Skin with epidermal scales or bony plates

CLASS REPTILIA

Ectothermic, sometimes called heliotherms because they can regulate body temperature by using solar radiation

First appeared in late Paleozoic, so numerous by Mesozoic known as "Age of Reptiles"

Class Reptilia: Subclass Anapsida

Order CotylosauriaExtinct reptilesResemble the most

primitive extinct amphibians

Class Reptilia: Subclass Anapsida

Order CheloniaRibs modified along

with epidermal plates to form shell - carapace and plastron

Girdles inside ribs Jaws covered with

horny epidermal plates, no teeth

Little change since Triassic

Class Reptilia

Subclass Ichthyopterigia

Order IchthyosauriaExtinctSubclass

SynaptosauriaOrder SauropterygiaExtinct

Plesiosaur

Class Reptilia: Subclass Lepidosauria

Diapsid or modified diapsid skullSkin with horny scalesOrder RhynchocephaliaLong-tailed lizard-like reptiles with weak limbsVertebrae amphicoelus with persistent intercentraWith abdominal ribsParietal eye fairly well developed and easily seenAnus and transverse slitMostly extinct

Sphenodon (tuatara)Sphenodon (tuatara)



Order SquamataContains most modern reptiles Lizards known from Cretaceous, snakes in

Cenozoic Skull has lost one or both temporal regions Vertebrae usually procoelous Abdominal ribs usually greatly reduced or absent Body covered with horny epidermal scales Quadrate bone moveable Teeth set in sockets

Suborderm LacertiliaSuborderm Lacertilia

The lizardsWell differentiated

appendicular musclesLimb girdles always

present, reduced in limbless forms

Skull with 1 temporal fossa

With mandibular symphysis


Suborder OphidiaSuborder Ophidia

SnakesLimbs and girdles

absent, except remnants of pelvis in some

Skull has lost temporal fossae

No mandibular symphysis

Ligamentsts permits wide gape


Suborder AmphisbaeniaSuborder Amphisbaenia

Subterranean lizards, mostly limbless

With annulated body.

eardrum and eyes covered with opaque skin


Class Reptilia: Subclass Archosauria

Diapsid skull Tending to bipedal gait with ossified changesInclude flying forms Contains dinosaurs and ancestors to birds

Order ThecodontiaOrder Thecodontia ArchosaurArchosaur

The stem archosuarsTeeth set in deep

pocketsHad pneumatic

bonesWith long neck and

tailExtinct



Order CrocodiliaAlligator, Caiman, and CrocodilesQuadrate fixed Bony plates embedded in epidermis Teeth set in sockets Abdominal ribs present in Gastralia Ventricles completely separated Developed secondary palate “Crop" similar to birds

CrocodileCrocodile AlligatorAlligator



Order PterosauriaFlying reptiles


Order SaurichiaDinosaurs with

reptile-like pelvis


Order OrnithischiaDinosaurs with bird-

like pelvis

Class Reptilia: Subclass Synapsida

Mammal-like reptilesOne lateral temporal

fossaOrder PelycosauriaEarly synapsids

www.dinocasts.com/prod_catalog.a...2520DESC

Class Reptilia: Subclass Synapsida

Order TherapsidaLate synapsidsMammalian

precursors

hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.c...7pt1.htm

CLASS AVES

Warm-blooded oviparous tetrapods with feathers

One occipital condyleQuadrate freeForelimbs modified to wingsHeart with 2 ventricles, no sinus venosusEmbryo with membranes

Class Aves: Subclass Archaornithes

Earliest birds, derived from bipedal archausar

Long tailMetacarpals separateWith teethArchaopteryx,

Proavis, Archaornis

Archeopteryx

CLASS AVES: Subclass Neornithes

Include all extinct and living birdsFour-chambered heartTail feathers arranged in a fan-like manner around

tail stumpFused metacarpals Epidermal scales on bill, legs, feet Bill instead of teeth; teeth absent in modern forms Modifications for flight include hollow bones,

pectoral appendages modified as wings, air sacs, large eyes and large cerebellum

Modifications for vocalization

Class Aves: Subclass Neornithes

Superorder Neognathae.

Ratites and Carinates

Order Columbiformes( a dove with its young)

Order PelecaniformesOrder Pelecaniformes CormorantCormorant

Pelican


Order AnseriformesOrder Anseriformes Swan and Geese Swan and Geese

Duck


Order FalconiformesOrder Falconiformes Eagle and vultureEagle and vulture

Hawk


Order GalliformesOrder Galliformes


Order PsittaciformesOrder Psittaciformes ParoquetParoquet

Parrot



Largest order of birdsPerching birds

Order Passeriformes

CLASS MAMMALIA

Possess hair/fur Mammary glands to nourish young Viviparous (oviparous in one order) Two occipital condyles Zygomatic arch and secondary palate Single dentary bone in lower jaw Dentary-squamosal jaw for articulation Muscular diaphragm Arose from synapsid reptiles which branched

off at base of reptilian tree

Class Mammalia: Subclass Prototheria

Egg laying mammalsMammary glands without nipplesPectoral girdle with separate precoracoid,

coracoid, and interclavicleScapula with spineOviducts separateWith cloaca

Class Mammalia: Subclass Prototheria

Order MonotremataThe monotremesDuckbilled platypuses

and echidnas

Class Mammalia: Subclass Metatheria

Marsupial mammalsYolk sac serves as

placentaWith an abdominal

skin pouch (marsupium) supported by 2 marsupial bones

Teats open into the marsupium

Precoracoid and interclavicle absent

Coracoid reducedScapula with spineClavicle presentFour molars on each

sideShallow or no cloacaSmooth brainDouble vagina

Class Mammalia: Subclass Metatheria

Order MarsupialiaIncludes the

kangaroos, wallabies, wombats. Opossums, Koala bear

Class Mammalia: Subclass Eutheria

The true placental mammalsViviparous with an allantoic placentaWithuot marsupium or marsupial bonesShoulder girdle like marsupialsMostly three molars on each sideOne vaginaNo cloaca


Order InsectivoraInsect eating mammalsSmall nocturnal or burrowing mammals with

plantigrade clawed feet and often elongated snoutPrimitive dentitionTeeth with sharp cuspsAuditory region incompletely ossifiedUterus bicornuateWith clavicleBrain small and smoothInclude the moles, hedgehogs, flying lemurs


African hedgehog

www.animalcorner.co.uk/animalgro...mal.html


Order ChiropteraThe batsWings are modified forelimbs where the 2nd to 5th

digits are elongated to support a thin integumental membrane for flying

Thumb and hindfeet with clawsWith clavicleSmooth brainTeats ate found on the thoraxWith sharp teethMostly nocturnal, and are capable of true flight


www.rictus.com/viz/photos/seattl...ats.html


Order DermopteraFlying lemursRelated to true bats

and consist of the genus, Galeopithecus or Cynocephalus

They cannot fly but they glide with their parachutes

Galeopterus variegatuswikimedia.org/wiki/Galeo...riegatus


Order PrimataTerrestial or arboreal hairy mammals With 5 digits on each foot, provided with flat nailsPlantigrade gait; forefeet for graspingOrbital and temporal depressions partly or

completely separated by a bony ridgeWith claviclesStomach simpleTeats maybe abdominal, pectoral, or axillaryBrain highly convoluted with very large cerebral

hemispheres

ChimpanzeeChimpanzee Spider MonkeySpider Monkey



Order CarnivoraFlesh-eating mammalsWith well developed incisors and caninesAuditory region is well developed usually

with expanded bullaClavicles reduced or absentSimple stomachConvoluted brain


Order CarnivoraSuborder Fissipedia

Terrestrial carnivores with walking feetStrongly clawedPlantigrade to digitigrade gaitWith six incisorsAnterior cheek teeth sharp, cutting, and

culminating in a special carnassial tooth, behind which molars are broad or reduced.

Suborder FissipediaSuborder FissipediaLeopardLeopardCat and lion


Suborder FissipediaSuborder Fissipediawolves, and civetswolves, and civetsDogs


Suborder FissipediaSuborder Fissipedia Raccoon, bear and otterRaccoon, bear and otterFox, hyena, weasel


Order CarnivoraOrder Carnivora Sea lion and walrusSea lion and walrus

Suborder Pinnepedia

Aquatic mammals with webbed feet

Nails mostly reducedCheek teeth alikeNo carnassial.



Order PerrisodactylaOdd-toed ungulates.Large-hoofed herbivorous mammalsThird digit forming limb axisOther digits smaller or reducedGait unguligradeCheek teeth broad, with grinding ridges

(lophodont)Clavicle absentSimple stomach and no gall bladderConvoluted brainTeats inguinal

Order PerrisodactylaOrder Perrisodactyla

Suborder EquoideaHorses, asses and

zebras


Order PerrisodactylaOrder Perrisodactyla

Suborder TapiroideaFour toes infront,

three behindReduced and wanting

canines and incisorsWith 1 or 2 median

horns of epidermal nature.

Rhinoceruses



Order ArtiodactylaEven-toed mammalsVarious sizesUsually with long legsTwo functional toes on

each foot, usually sheathed in cornified hoof

Many with antlers or horns on head

Reduced dentition, except pigs

Most with a four-compartment stomach, and ruminate or “chew the cud”

Without clavicles and gall bladder

With convoluted brainTeats inguinal or

abdominal

Order ArtiodactylaOrder ArtiodactylaSuborder SuinaNo horns or antlersWith 38-44 teethCanines enlarged as

curved tusksFeet four-toedStomach simple to

two-chamberedPigs, peccaries,

hippopotamus


Order ArtiodactylaSuborder Tylopoda

Order ArtiodactylaSuborder Tylopoda

One upper incisor retained on each side

With ruminating habitStomach complexFeet soft, bearing nailsNet hoovesCamels, llamas,

dromedaries, alpacas


Order ArtiodactylaSuborder Pecora

Order ArtiodactylaSuborder Pecora Deer, antelope, cattleDeer, antelope, cattle

True ruminantsUpper incisors wantingTwo-toed feet,

rudimentary 2nd and 5th toes rarely present

Stomach complex without water cells, with 3 or 4 compartments

Mostly with paired horns




Sheep, goat, and giraffe Sheep, goat, and giraffe



Order CetaceaSize, medium to very

largeBody usually torpedo-

shapedLong head, often

pointed, joined directly to body

Some with a fleshy dorsal “fin”

Forelimbs/flippers broad and paddle-like, digits embedded

No claws and hindlimbs

Nostrils on top of headLong tail, ending in 2

broad transverse fleshy flukes and notched in midline

Teeth alike when presentWhalebone or baleen if

teeth are lackingSmall ear openingsSmooth body surfaceNo skin glandsWith blubber under skinComplex stomach


Order CetaceaSuborder

OdontocoetiToothed cetaceansTeeth 2 to 40 in

various speciesDolphins, porpoises

and some whales

Killer whale

Order Cetacea: A porpoise and a dolphin


Order CetaceaSuborder

MystacoetiNo teeth and instead

with whalebone, horny fringes hanging along the edge of the upper jaw

A baleen whale


Order Proboscidea (the elephants)Massive, large head, flat and broad ears, short neck,

body huge, legs pillar-like, thick skin (pachyderm), loose and sparsely-haired

Nose and upper lip along flexible muscular proboscisProboscis contain nasal passages with nostrils at the

tipTwo upper incisors elongated as tusksFeet club-like, toes 5,3,or 4, each with small nail-like

hoofWeight is borne on elastic pad behind toes.


Order Sirenia (manatees or sea cow)Large, body spindle-shapedForelimbs paddle-likeNo hindlimbsTail with lateral flukes, not notchedBlunt muzzle, small mouth, fleshy lipsNo external earsTeeth with enamelFew, scattered hairsComplex stomach


Order Sirenia (manatees or sea cow)


Order HyracoideaSmallFour toes on forelimb,

3 on hindDigits with small

hoofs, except 2nd clawed toe

Ears and tail shortIncisors ½No caninesProcavia (Hyrax)


Order RodentiaUsually smallLimbs with 5 toes and clawsIncisors 1/1 x2 exposed, chisel-like, rootless,

grow continuallyNo caninesWith a gap between incisors and cheek teethNarrow palateJaw motion both back and forth and lateralElbow joint rotates


Order Rodentia Squirrels, marmots, prairie

dogs, beavers, rats, mice, guinea pigs, agoutis, porcupines


Order Xenartha (edentates)

Includes slothsTeeth reduced to

molars in forepart of jaws, or none, no enamel

Toes clawedSmooth brain

A sloth and an armadillo


An anteater


Order Pholidota (pangolins)

Body covered by large overlapping horny plates with sparse hair between

No teeth, tongue slender and used to capture insects

Manis ( pangolin or scaly anteater)


Order Tubulidentata( Aadvarks) Stout body, somewhat piglike, sparsely hairedLong ears and snoutTubular mouth and slender, protrusible tongueMany milk teeth , few permanent teeth, unrooted,

no enamel4 to 5 toes, with heavy claws

Aadvarks

Pika, hare, and rabbitPika, hare, and rabbit

Order LagomorphaSize moderate to smallToes with clawsTail stubbyIncisors chisel likeNo caninesPalate broadJaw motion lateral onlyElbow joint nonrotating


COMPILED BY:PROF. MA. CORAZON P. DE JESUS

End of Parade of the Vertebrates…

classification of vertebrates chap 3(1)

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