classification section 18.2 & 18.3. phylogeny: evolutionary relationships among organisms...

Classifica tion Section 18.2 & 18.3

Upload: howard-francis

Post on 14-Jan-2016

215 views

Category:

Documents

1 download

Report

Download

Embed Size (px):

TRANSCRIPT

Classification Section 18.2 & 18.3

Phylogeny:

• Evolutionary relationships among organisms

• Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, not just physical similarities.

• The strategy of grouping organisms together based on their evolutionary history is called evolutionary classification

Page 3: Classification Section 18.2 & 18.3. Phylogeny: Evolutionary relationships among organisms Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines

Linnaean System vs. Evolutionary System of

Classification• KPCOFGS came way before

scientists understood that organisms evolved.

• The Phylogenic (Evolutionary) System names only clades

•Clades are groups of organisms that are all descended from a common ancestor

Page 4: Classification Section 18.2 & 18.3. Phylogeny: Evolutionary relationships among organisms Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines

Cladogram

Page 5: Classification Section 18.2 & 18.3. Phylogeny: Evolutionary relationships among organisms Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines

Tree of Life

Page 6: Classification Section 18.2 & 18.3. Phylogeny: Evolutionary relationships among organisms Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines

Five Kingdoms of Classification• Linnaeus – 2 Kingdoms (Animals

and PlantsLED TO: 1. Protista2. Fungi3. Monera4. Plantae5. Animalia

Page 7: Classification Section 18.2 & 18.3. Phylogeny: Evolutionary relationships among organisms Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines

Recent Years:

Six Kingdoms:1. Eubacteria2. Archaebacteria3. Protista4. Fungi5. Plantae6. Animalia

Page 8: Classification Section 18.2 & 18.3. Phylogeny: Evolutionary relationships among organisms Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines

TODAY = 3 Domain SystemDomains:1. Eukarya (protists, fungi, plants,

animals) (uni and multicellular/eukaryotic)

2. Bacteria (unicellular/prokaryotic)

3. Archae (unicellular/prokaryotic)So what is the difference between

2 &3?

Page 9: Classification Section 18.2 & 18.3. Phylogeny: Evolutionary relationships among organisms Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines

Assignment

1. Read pages 451-4612. Copy Page 459 on ONE FULL

page for your notes***3. Answer questions 1-6 on page

4614. Answer MC 1-10 on page 464

Page 10: Classification Section 18.2 & 18.3. Phylogeny: Evolutionary relationships among organisms Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines

CLASSIFICATION REVIEW

BIOLOGY 112

Page 11: Classification Section 18.2 & 18.3. Phylogeny: Evolutionary relationships among organisms Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines

1. Why do Biologists assign each organism a universally accepted name?

• To provide consistency and avoid confusion

Page 12: Classification Section 18.2 & 18.3. Phylogeny: Evolutionary relationships among organisms Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines

What criteria are used to classify an organism?Evolutionary relationships as well

as structural similarities of the organism

Page 13: Classification Section 18.2 & 18.3. Phylogeny: Evolutionary relationships among organisms Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines

What features of Binomial Nomenclature make it useful for scientists?• Each name is unique. Each

scientific name (genus, species) is assigned to only 1 species, so different species are not confused

Page 14: Classification Section 18.2 & 18.3. Phylogeny: Evolutionary relationships among organisms Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines

Sequence Linnaeus’s seven taxonomic categories from smallest to largest:

• Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum and Kingdom

Page 15: Classification Section 18.2 & 18.3. Phylogeny: Evolutionary relationships among organisms Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines

Explain the goal of evolutionary classification:• Group organisms based on their

evolutionary history instead of grouping only according to physical similarities

Page 16: Classification Section 18.2 & 18.3. Phylogeny: Evolutionary relationships among organisms Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines

How is a Cladogram used in classification?• It is an attempt to trace the

process of evolution in a group of organisms by focusing on unique shared derived features that appear in some organisms but not others

Page 17: Classification Section 18.2 & 18.3. Phylogeny: Evolutionary relationships among organisms Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines

How Do Biologists use DNA and RNA to Classify Organisms?• They choose segments that are

similar in all or many organisms and compare sequences within those molecules. The more similar between species, the closer the evolutionary relationships.

Page 18: Classification Section 18.2 & 18.3. Phylogeny: Evolutionary relationships among organisms Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines

What is Phylogeny?

• Study of evolutionary relationships among organisms

Page 19: Classification Section 18.2 & 18.3. Phylogeny: Evolutionary relationships among organisms Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines

Describe how a Molecular Clock is used to Estimate the Length of Tie that Two Related Species Have Been Evolving Independently:

• Relies on a repeating process or MUTATION, and a comparison of DNA sequences in two species to see how alike or dissimilar the genes are.

• The degree of dissimilarity is, in turn, an indication of how long ago the species shared a common ancestor

Page 20: Classification Section 18.2 & 18.3. Phylogeny: Evolutionary relationships among organisms Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines

How do Domains and Kingdoms Differ?• A domain is more inclusive and

larger than a kingdom

Page 21: Classification Section 18.2 & 18.3. Phylogeny: Evolutionary relationships among organisms Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines

What characteristics are used to place an organism in the domain Bacteria?• Unicellular and Prokaryotic• Cell walls contain peptidoglycan

Page 22: Classification Section 18.2 & 18.3. Phylogeny: Evolutionary relationships among organisms Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines

Which domain consists of prokaryotes whose cell walls lack peptidoglycan?

• Kingdom Archaea

Page 23: Classification Section 18.2 & 18.3. Phylogeny: Evolutionary relationships among organisms Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines

Describe the 4 Kingdoms that comprise the Domain Eukarya:• Protists, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Page 24: Classification Section 18.2 & 18.3. Phylogeny: Evolutionary relationships among organisms Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines

What characteristic(s) differentiate the kingdom Animalia from Plantae?• Unlike members of the Plantae

kingdom, members of the Animalia kingdom are heterotrophic, do not have cell walls, and are motile.

1 EM for BNs Graphical Models – 10708 Carlos Guestrin Carnegie Mellon University November 24 th, 2008 Readings: 18.1, 18.2, 18.3 10-708 – Carlos Guestrin

Computer Networks18-1 Chapter 18. Virtual-Circuit Networks: Frame Relay and ATM 18.1 Frame Relay 18.2 ATM 18.3 ATM LANs

Chapter 18 Section 18.1: Section 18.1: Genetic Information: Replication, Repair, and Recombination Section 18.2: Section 18.2: Transcription Section 18.3:

October 24, 2005L11.1 Introduction to Algorithms LECTURE (Chapter 18) B-Trees ‧ 18.1 Definition of B-Tree ‧ 18.2 Basic operations on B-Tree ‧ 18.3 Deleting

Chapter 18 The Interstellar Medium...18.1 Interstellar Matter 18.2 Emission Nebulae 18.3 Dark Dust Clouds Ultraviolet Astronomy and the “Local Bubble” 18.4 21-Centimeter Radiation

Thermodynamics · Thermodynamics The Three Laws of Thermodynamics ( 18.1) Spontaneous Processes (18.2) Entropy (18.3) The Second Law of Thermodynamics (18.4) Gibbs Free Energy (18.5)

18 Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology. 18 Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology 18.1 What Is Recombinant DNA? 18.2 How Are New Genes Inserted into Cells? 18.3

UNIT THE LANGUAGE OF FORMAL LETTERS - hmhub.me · 18.2 Objectives 18.2 Introduction: The Language of Formal Letters 18.3 Use a Formal Style ... Now let us do a task that has been

18.1 Starting Materials for Polymers 18.2 Free Radical Polymerization 18.3 Condensation Polymerization 18.4 Types of Polymers 18.5 Carbohydrates 18.6 Nucleic

Control of Multiple-Input, Multiple- Output (MIMO) Processes · 18.1 Process Interactions and Control Loop Interactions 18.2 Pairing of Controlled and Manipulated Variables 18.3 Singular

Chapter Eighteen: Earth’s History and Rocks...Chapter Eighteen: Earth’s History and Rocks!18.1 Geologic Time!18.2 Relative Dating!18.3 The Rock Cycle 18.2 Learning Goals!Compare

18.1 Introduction to urban environmental management 18.2 Urban development and urban environmental problems 18.3 The development of urban environmental

Topic 18- Acids and bases 18.1 Calculations involving acids and bases 18.2 Buffer solutions 18.3 Salt hydrolysis 18.4 Acid-base titrations 18.5 Indicators

Cartridge Valves Technical Information Directional control ... · 18.2 18.3 Cartridge Valves Technical Information Directional control valves DCV 05 Directional control valves DCV05

Superposition and Standing Waves - UVjura/OndasyOptica/pruebas/Chapter 18.pdf · 18 CHAPTER OUTLINE 18.1 Superposition and Interference 18.2 Standing Waves 18.3 Standing Waves in

Schedule Acids & Bases Schedule Team Tree Today 18.1 & 18.2 Identify acids & bases Strong Acids & Bases Naming Wednesday 18.3 Concentration (pH & pOH)

Chapter 18 Chromosomes. 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Condensing viral genomes into their coats 18.3 The bacterial genome is a nucleoid 18.4 The bacterial genome

Ch 18 Outline 18.1 Types and Effects of Water Pollution 18.2 Types and Effects of Water Pollutants 18.3 Water Quality Today 18.4 Water Pollution Control

Introduction to Data Management CSE 414€¦ · • Serial and Serializable Schedules (18.1) • Conflict Serializability (18.2) • Locks (18.3) [Start today and finish next time]

[PPT]Electrochemistry - Berkeley City College · Web viewElectrochemistry 18.1 Balancing Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 18.2 Galvanic Cells 18.3 Standard Reduction Potentials 18.4

Lecture 18 OUTLINE The MOS Capacitor (cont’d) – Effect of oxide charges – V T adjustment – Poly-Si gate depletion effect Reading: Pierret 18.2-18.3; Hu

June 03rd, 20081 Chapter-18: Team Building 18.1Define an effective team 18.2 Recruiting team members 18.3 Building Team 18.4 Managing for Results: 18.5

Dividend Policy: Does It Matter 18.1 Different Types of Dividends 18.2 Standard Method of Cash Dividend Payment 18.3 The Benchmark Case: An Illustration

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISMchunghuastpm.weebly.com/.../chapter13_capacitors.pdf1 13 Capacitors ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM 2 Contents 18.1 Capacitance 18.2 Parallel plate capacitors 18.3

Chapter 18 Molecular orbitals and spectroscopy · Chapter 18 Molecular orbitals and spectroscopy 18.1 Diatomic molecules 18.2 Polyatomic molecules 18.3 Conjugation of bonds and resonance

Astronomy Chapter Eighteen: Earth, the Moon, and the Sun 18.1 The Earth and Its Moon 18.2 Earth Cycles 18.3 The Sun

Chapter Eighteen: Energy and Reactions 18.1 Energy and Chemical Reactions 18.2 Chemical Reaction Systems 18.3 Nuclear Reactions

Electrochemistry 18.1Balancing Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 18.2 Galvanic Cells 18.3 Standard Reduction Potentials 18.4Cell Potential, Electrical Work,

Superposition and Standing Waves - WordPress.com · 18 Superposition and Standing Waves CHAPTER OUTLINE 18.1 Superposition and Interference 18.2 Standing Waves 18.3 Standing Waves

Advanced Physics Chapter 18 Electric Currents. Chapter 18 Electric Currents 18.1 The Electric Battery 18.2 Electric Current 18.3 Ohm’s Law 18.4 Resistivity

State Standard SB3D. Compare & contrast viruses with living organisms. Viruses (18.2)

SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2018 - palladiogroup.com · 18.2. Annex 2 - Table coefficients as used for environmental calculations . 18.3. Annex 3 - Table of correlation of the Report with