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Classifier Training Seminar Preview

Southwestern Yacht Club San Diego, CA

August 27-29, 2015

Roger Strube, MD (retired)

US Sailing National Classifier

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Contents Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Who are the Players? ........................................................................................................................................................................ 3

The IOC and USOC ........................................................................................................................................................................ 4

The IFDS and US Sailing ................................................................................................................................................................ 5

Who Determines the Sport/Disability Relationship? ................................................................................................................... 6

History of Classification .................................................................................................................................................................... 7

IPC Classification History .............................................................................................................................................................. 7

Sport drives classification ............................................................................................................................................................ 7

Paralympic classification today .................................................................................................................................................... 8

Future outlook ............................................................................................................................................................................. 9

What is Classification? .................................................................................................................................................................... 10

Adaptive Sailing .......................................................................................................................................................................... 10

Functional Classification ............................................................................................................................................................ 11

The main functions of sailing have been identified as: ......................................................................................................... 11

These functions have been further refined to test: .............................................................................................................. 11

The Paralympic One Design Keel Boats ................................................................................................................................. 12

Not able to Classify Some Categories of Impairment ............................................................................................................ 12

Classification: Standards, Criteria, Metrics, Scoring ........................................................................................................................ 13

Classification by Benchmark ...................................................................................................................................................... 13

Functional Anatomical Assessment – Standards, Criteria and Scoring Tools ............................................................................. 15

Appendix A4 – Scoring Rules Impaired Strength, Range of Motion and Coordination ......................................................... 15

Functional Anatomical Assessment Scoring Sheets .............................................................................................................. 16

Functional Dock Test (FD) and Functional Sail Test Combined Scoring Criteria and Scoring Form ....................................... 17

Totaling the Scores ................................................................................................................................................................ 17

The Olympic / Paralympic Quadrennium ........................................................................................................................................ 18

Events Hosting Classification .......................................................................................................................................................... 18

Bibliography, Sources and Useful Information Links: ..................................................................................................................... 19

US Sailing Web Sites ................................................................................................................................................................... 19

US Olympic and Paralympic Sailing ............................................................................................................................................ 19

International Sport and Sailing .................................................................................................................................................. 20

International Olympic and Paralympic Information ................................................................................................................... 20

Wikipedia Information: .............................................................................................................................................................. 20

Paralympic Keel Boat Class Organizations: ................................................................................................................................ 21

Other Disabled Sailing One Design Organizations: ..................................................................................................................... 21

Adaptable One Design Organizations: ....................................................................................................................................... 21

Sailing Organizations/Clubs for the Disabled: ............................................................................................................................ 21

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Introduction To ensure competition is fair and equal, all Paralympic sports have a system in place which

ensures that winning is determined by skill, fitness, power, endurance, tactical ability and mental

focus, the same factors that account for success in sport for able bodied athletes.

This process is called classification and its purpose is to minimize the impact of impairments on

the activity (sport discipline). Having the impairment thus is not sufficient. The impact on the

sport must be proved, and in each Paralympic sport, the criteria of grouping athletes by the

degree of activity limitation resulting from the impairment are named “Sport Classes.” Through

Functional Assessment, Classifiers determine which athletes are eligible to compete in a sport

and how athletes are grouped together for competition. This, to a certain extent, is similar to

grouping athletes by age, gender or weight.

Classification is sport-specific because an impairment affects the ability to perform in different

sports to a different extent. As a consequence, an athlete may meet the criteria in one sport, but

may not meet the criteria in another sport.

Who are the Players? A “Sport Governing Body” is a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) that has a regulatory or

sanctioning function. Our concern is with the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the

International Paralympic Committee (IPC). The IOC and IPC “recognize” International

Federations (IFs) for each sport competing in the Olympics and Paralympics. Recognition

implies cooperation and a dotted line governance/responsibility/reporting hierarchy. World-wide,

the International Federations govern; they determine the rules and determine eligibility for sport.

The rules/regulations include who plays, how the game is played and specifications for the

equipment used (Technical Delegate Committees). The IOC and IPC delegate authority to

publish competition and eligibility rules for sport to the IFs. The IOC IF for sailing is the

International Sailing Federation (ISAF). The IPC and the ISAF recognize/delegate authority to

regulate and sanction the sport of Disabled Sailing to the International Federation for Disabled

Sailing (IFDS).

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The International Federations recognize/delegate regulation and sanctioning for the sport to a

National Governing Body (NGB) in each country. Some rules for competition and eligibility are

prescribed by the IFs, others may undergo minor modifications by the National Governing

Bodies.

The International Sailing Federation (Federation, n.d.) (ISAF) governs the sport of Sailing and

has delegated regulation of sailing within the USA to US Sailing (the National Governing Body

for America). The IFDS governs the sport of Disabled Sailing and has recognized/delegated the

function of Classification to US Sailing (and the US Sailing Classifier Committee).

The IOC and USOC The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is the Organizing Authority for the Olympic Games

and applies the IF’s rules for sport and eligibility to the event held every four years (Olympic

Quadrennium). Think of the IOC as the “Event Planner” for the Games. The United States

Olympic Committee (USOC) (USOC, United States Olympic Committee, n.d.) recognizes the

American (US Sailing) Olympic Team developed through sanctioned competition during the

“Quad” and manages the team at the Games.

The United States Olympic Committee (USOC, About the USOC, n.d.) and United States

Paralympic Committee were reorganized by the Ted Stevens (the Alaska “Bridge to Nowhere”

Senator) Olympic and Amateur Sports Act, originally enacted in 1978. It is a federally chartered

nonprofit corporation and does not receive federal financial support (other than for select

Paralympic military programs). Pursuant to the Act, the USOC has the exclusive right to use and

authorize the use of Olympic-related marks, images and terminology in the United States. The

USOC licenses that right to sponsors as a means of generating revenue in support of its mission.

Unlike most other nations, the United States does not have a sports ministry.

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The USOC has two primary responsibilities in its oversight of Olympic and Paralympic sport in

the United States. The first is to generate resources in support of it mission, which is to help

American athletes achieve sustained competitive excellence. The second is to ensure

organizational resources are wisely and effectively used to that end.

The IFDS and US Sailing ISAF delegates the regulation of Disabled Sailing to the International Federation for Disabled

Sailing (IFDS). ISAF/IFDS have delegated enforcement of the rules for eligibility and the sport

to US Sailing. The rules include specifications for equipment inspected by the Technical

Delegates. US Sailing, using the ISAF/IFDS rules for sport and eligibility, publishes the Racing

Rules of Sailing and the US Sailing Functional Classification System and Procedures Manual to

provide the rules and determine the eligibility for Disabled Sailing. The US Sailing National

Classifiers objectively determine the Functional Disability (Class 1 to 7) of the disabled athlete

by applying the standards, criteria and scoring published in the US Sailing FCS&PM. An

IFDS/US Sailing Technical Delegate measures the boats and determines if adaptations for

disabilities meet or exceed the rules.

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Who Determines the Sport/Disability Relationship? Classification systems differ by sport and were developed by the International Federations (IF)

governing the sport. Since different sports require different abilities, each sport logically requires

its own classification system. International Federations decide which functional impairment

types fit their sport. Only athletes with these specific functional impairments are “Eligible to

Compete” in the sport.

Some Paralympic sports are only designed for athletes with one impairment type. Goal ball, for

example, is only open for athletes with visual impairment. Other sports, such as Athletics and

Swimming, are open to athletes in any of 10 impairment groups. IFs also decide how severe an

impairment has to be in order for an athlete to be eligible to compete in their sport. For an athlete

to be eligible the impairment must be severe enough that it impacts his or her sport performance

compared to athletes without the disability.

Sailing groups athletes into 7 levels of Functional Impairment from severely disabled (Class 1) to

minimally disabled (7 – MD).

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History of Classification IPC Classification History - http://www.paralympic.org/classification/history

Dr. Ludwig Guttmann founded Paralympic Sport as an extension of the rehabilitation process in

the 1940s. Questions were raised in the 1950s about whether the sport regulation bodies should

improve fairness by dividing sports for the disabled into Classes. This division would help to

ensure equal competition opportunities for – at that time – athletes with higher and lower spinal

cord lesions. The answers to these questions were the beginning of the development of

impairment-based systems of classification. Sport classes paralleled the medical model of a

rehabilitation hospital. The classification system designed by medical providers was structured

with separate classes for people with spinal cord injuries, amputation and those with other

neurological or orthopedic conditions.

The Paralympic Movement Authority allocated the athlete a Class based on their medical

diagnosis. This Class was valid in all sports offered. Because of this medical stove pipe

methodology, an athlete with a lower limb paresis due to a spinal cord injury was prevented from

competing in a wheelchair race against a double above knee amputee - despite both having fully

functional upper bodies with which to propel a wheelchair.

Sport drives classification As the Paralympic Movement matured, Sport, rather than medical rehabilitation, drove the focus

of Classification.

In the 1980’s, driven by the demands of the Olympic and Paralympic Games’ organizing

committees, classification transitioned from medical to functional classification to reduce the

number of classes in different sports. The Functional Classification System that evolved is still

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used in many Paralympic sports today. Only the medically based classification system used for

athletes with visual impairment remains today.

The main factors that determine class in functional classification are how much an athlete’s

impairment impacts on sport performance. As a result athletes with lower limb paresis due to spinal

cord injury are now able to compete together with double above knee amputees in wheelchair

races. Despite both athletes having very different impairments, functional classification establishes

the impact this has on either of them propelling a wheelchair is limited and about the same.

Functional classification is sport specific because any given impairment may have a significant

impact in one sport and a relatively minor impact in another sport. For example the impact of a

below elbow arm amputee in swimming is greater than in running.

Event organizers favored functional classification as it reduced the complexity of events. In 1989,

the organizers of the Barcelona 1992 Paralympic Games – the International Co-ordination

Committee of World Sports for the Disabled (ICC and a pre-cursor to the IPC) and the Organizing

Committee - signed an agreement which stipulated that all sports at the Games were to be

conducted using sports specific functional classification systems. This decision greatly accelerated

the transition to functional classification systems.

At the time of this decision, many sports had not begun to develop functional systems. Given the

short timeframe and absence of relevant scientific evidence, the classification systems developed

were based on expert opinion. Within each of the sports, senior Paralympic classifiers (including

doctors, therapists, athletes and coaches) led the development of the new systems.

Paralympic classification today Since the widespread adoption of functional systems of classification, Paralympic Sport has

continued to mature rapidly. An athlete’s classification had a significant impact on the degree of

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success they are likely to achieve, and the concept of functional classification, based on

performance, was questioned.

The Movement recognized the need to revisit classification and in 2003 the IPC Governing Board

approved a classification strategy which recommended the development of a universal

classification code, giving direction for the future of Paralympic classification.

The Paralympic Movement approved the IPC Classification Code in November 2007, which

defines Paralympic Classification as “accurate, reliable and consistent sport focused classification

systems”.

Future outlook The Paralympic Movement is committed to the development of evidence based classification

systems, so that athletes who enhance their competitive performance through effective training

will not be moved to a class with athletes who have less activity limitation (as they would in

performance classification system), but will be rewarded by becoming more competitive with the

class they were allocated. All Paralympic Sports and candidate Paralympic Sports must have

classification rules and regulations which include processes and procedures to allocate sport

classes that are in compliance with the IPC Classification Code.

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What is Classification? Classification is the process of assessing the functional abilities of disabled racing sailors using

evidence based criteria to establish the level of disability, ranging from: 1 – Severely Disabled;

to 7 – Minimally Disabled (MD). Because this process is not about diagnosing or treating a

patient’s medical condition, or about documenting and keeping confidential medical records

(medical history, medications, etc.), Classification is not the practice of medicine.

Classification is a “National Rating Service” that caters to the small subset of organizations and

athletes that compose “Adaptive Sailing” who participate in events that qualify sailors with

disabilities for the Paralympics.

Adaptive Sailing US Sailing provides support to organizations that provide unrestricted access to the water and

experiential sailing for all persons with disabilities under the broad category of “Adaptive

Sailing”. Adaptive Sailing organizations are usually part of Community Sailing Centers. These

organizations serve broad publics from children through older adults. They serve emotionally

and intellectually disabled folks, some who qualify for the “Special Olympics.” The Special

Olympics is the world's largest sports organization for children and adults with intellectual

disabilities, providing year-round training and competitions to more than 4.2 million athletes in

170 countries. More information about the activities of US Sailing and these organizations may

be found on the “Adaptive Sailing” and “Special Olympics” web pages.

A small subset of disabled sailors participate in US Sailing National Championships and events

that determine places on the US Paralympic Sailing Team. These are the folks that require

“Classification.”

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Functional Classification Classification establishes the disabled athlete’s “Eligibility to Compete” in major sailing racing

events that determine Championships and placement on the US Disabled Sailing Team for the

three Paralympic keel boat classes (2.4mR, SKUD, Sonar).

Functional Classification provides an equitable means of quantifying a disabled person’s ability

to participate in a particular sport. The objective, evidence based criteria for determining level of

function in the current US Sailing FCS and Procedures Manual are focused entirely on the

functions required to compete in sailing events and as such may differ from those functions

required for other sports, or for the activities of daily living.

The main functions of sailing have been identified as:

(a) Compensation for the movement of the boat (Stability).

(b) Operating the control lines and the tiller (Hand function).

(c) Ability to move about in the boat (Mobility).

(d) Ability to see while racing (Vision).

These functions have been further refined to test:

(a) Tiller

(b) Sheeting

(c) Cleating

(d) Transferring

(e) Hiking

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The Paralympic One Design Keel Boats

The level of disability assigned to the sailor is used to determine the athlete’s “Eligibility to

Compete” in the three (3) Paralympic keel boat classes:

1. One Person Keel Boat – 2.4mR (up to 7 – MD)

2. Two Person Keel Boat – Skud (M/F crew, skipper level 1 or 2, crew up to 7)

3. Three Person Keel Boat – Sonar (total disability points 14)

Not able to Classify Some Categories of Impairment

Note that the FCS Manual has no criteria for assessing some categories of impairment:

(a) Minimal physical impairment of the hands or feet, e.g., due to osteoarthritis, may

not be significant enough to functionally impair a sailor.

(b) Classifiers are not able to assess functional impairments due to pain, obesity, and

hearing loss.

(c) Classifiers have no criteria and are not qualified to assess disabilities resulting

from emotional or intellectual impairment.

Individuals with these impairments cannot be classified and are not considered “Eligible to

Compete” in US Sailing Championships or Sailing Team qualifying events. You may review the

current Classification Criteria found on the US Sailing Functional Classification System page.

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Classification: Standards, Criteria, Metrics, Scoring The process of Classification is documented in the seventy six page US Sailing Functional

Classification System and Procedures Manual 2013-2016. At its core, the Manual provides a

methodology for the Functional Anatomical Assessment (FA) to measure and score range of

motion (ROM), muscle strength and coordination the of neck, trunk and upper/lower extremities.

The table below cross references the Class, FA scores, combined Functional Dock (FD) /

Functional Sailing (FS) scores with the Bench Mark Classification criteria.

Classification by Benchmark Appendix A1 on page 29 of the US Sailing FCS & PM 2013-2016 provides the criteria for

“Benchmark” Classification. Athletes with very specific amputations or combinations of

amputations are assigned a Class ranging from 1 (severely disabled) to 7 (minimally disabled)

based on how significant the loss of function impacts the athlete’s ability to sail.

Athletes with high or low paraplegia are not listed as the functional distinction between these

disabilities depends on the presence or absence of trunk stability. This can be seen at variable

spinal levels and must be determined by the Classification Panel using the criteria and scoring

rules found on page 38 of the FCS&PM. In general, most high paraplegics will be Class 2 and

most low paraplegics will be Class 3.

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CLASS BENCHMARK DESCRIPTION

1. Quadriplegic, complete

Double Through Shoulder Amputation

2. Double Above Elbow Amputation

Single Above Elbow Amputation & Single Below Elbow Amputation

3. Single Above Knee Amputation & Single Above Elbow Amputation

Double Below Elbow Amputation

4. Single Through Shoulder Amputation

Double Above Knee Amputation

Double Below Knee Amputation without prostheses

Single Above Knee and Single Below Knee Amputation without prostheses

5. Single Above Elbow Amputation

Single Above Knee Amputation & Single Below Knee Amputation, with prostheses

6. Double Below Knee Amputation, with prostheses

Single Below Elbow Amputation

7. Single Above Knee Amputation

Single Below Knee Amputation without prosthesis (excluding Symes Amputation or equivalent)

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Functional Anatomical Assessment – Standards, Criteria and Scoring Tools Some disabled athletes fit precisely into the Benchmark Classes. Many do not. For athletes not

Classifiable using Benchmarks, a complete Functional Anatomical Assessment is necessary for a

Classifier Panel to assign a Class and Status. The complete Functional Anatomical Assessment

consists of evaluation and scoring of the athlete’s Strength, Range of Motion (ROM) and Co-

ordination about the joints in the Neck, Upper Limbs, Trunk and Lower Limbs. The points for

each of the three elements measured about the joints range from 0 to 5. Only the lowest score is

counted toward the Functional Anatomical Assessment point total. Criteria for assigning points

follows.

Appendix A4 – Scoring Rules Impaired Strength, Range of Motion and Coordination

Functional Anatomical Assessment / Muscle – ROM – Coordination Grading Chart

Muscle Gradations Description

0 — Zero No evidence of contractility

1 — Trace Evidence of slight contractility. No joint motion or incomplete range of motion with gravity eliminated.

2 — Poor Complete range of motion with gravity eliminated

3 — Fair Complete range of motion against gravity

4 — Good Complete range of motion against gravity with some resistance

5 — Normal Complete (available) range of motion against gravity with full resistance

Range of Motion

Scale Description

0 No movement possible

1 Less than 25% movement possible

2 25 — 49% range of movement possible

3 50 — 69% range of movement possible

4 70 — 89% range of movement possible

5 90 — 100% range of movement possible

Coordination

Scale Description

0 Activity impossible

1 Severe impairment; only able to initiate activity without completion

2 Severe impairment; able to accomplish the activity but in a very unorthodox way. Unable to move through the full range

3 Moderate impairment; able to accomplish the activity, movements are slow, awkward and unsteady through the full range

4 Minimal impairment; able to accomplish the activity with slightly less than normal speed and skill through the full range

5 Normal performance

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Functional Anatomical Assessment Scoring Sheets

The Functional Anatomical Assessment Scoring Sheets found on pages 33 & 34 for the US

Sailing FCS Manual define what joints/motions are assessed, the movements assessed and

provide a space for scoring the assessment. The scoring criteria are listed above. What follows is

a partial sample scoring sheet from page 33 of the Manual.

Classification Report — To be completed by Classifier(s)

Right Side Left Side

Neck ROM Strength Co-ordination Lowest Right ROM Strength Co-ordination Lowest

Left Comment

Neck

Flexion Max 5 pts

Extension Max 5 pts

Rotation 5 pts each

Subtotal points (Max 20 pts)

Upper Limbs ROM Strength Co-ordination Lowest Right ROM Strength Co-ordination Lowest

Left Comment

Shoulder

Flexion

Extension

Abduction

Adduction

Ext. Rot.

Int. rot.

Elbow

Flexion

Extension

Pronation

Supination

Appendix A2.2.1 Functional Anatomical Text – Neck and Upper Extremity – Incomplete Example

US Sailing Functional Classification System & Procedures Manual – Page 33

Note: For each joint/motion tested during, only the lowest score of the three elements is counted

toward the Functional Anatomical total. For example, an athlete may score 5 by 5 on strength

and (passive) ROM but only 2 on the Coordination Scale. The points scored for that joint/motion

are 2 (the lowest score).

Some disabilities have a much greater impact on Coordination than on ROM or Strength. On

initial testing, strength may be graded at 5 but, after a few strength testing repetitions, Strength

and/or Coordination may deteriorate to a level 2 or 3.

The intensity of some disabilities may come and go with time. Although Classification is not the

process of diagnosis, some medical background allows the Classifier to predict where difficulties

in Functional Anatomical Assessment may occur so that the Class and Status assigned to the

athlete is more accurate and reliable.

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Functional Dock Test (FD) and Functional Sail Test Combined Scoring Criteria and Scoring Form

Detail of Movement Please

tick box

0 = Observed E = Expected FD SAIL

A. Tiller ROGER H STRUBE, MD O E O E 1. Only controls tiller with assistive device (i.e. ropes, blocks, mechanical or electrical device).

2. Does not move the tiller through the full range of movement. Or only controls the tiller with teeth or feet. Or controls the tiller by "tapping", due to coordination problems.

3. Let go of the tiller for >2 seconds while changing sides, or while handling sheets.

4. Only controls the tiller with one upper limb. Or uses one hand for support while tacking. Or controls the tiller with moderate difficulty

5. Controls tiller throughout tack or gybe normally

Comments:

B. Sheeting O E O E

1. Does not pull sheet in any way, or only with teeth or feet, or uses servo assistance.

2. Pulls sheet, but with severe difficulty, very slow, or cannot get proper sheet tension or has assistance from another crew member to get it.

3. Pulls sheet but with moderate difficulty, or slow

4. Pulls sheet with slight difficulty

5. Pulls sheet normally

Comments:

C. Cleating O E O E

Comments: SAMPLE FD FORM – CLEATING CRITERIA DELETED

D. Transferring O E O E

Comments: SAMPLE FD FORM – TRANSFERRING CRITERIA DELETED

E. Hiking ROGER H STRUBE, MD O E O E

Comments: SAMPLE FD FORM – HIKING CRITERIA DELETED

Total Number:

Totaling the Scores and Comparing Results to Determine the Class and Status

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The Olympic / Paralympic Quadrennium The current Olympic Quadrennium started January 1, 2013 and will end with the 2016 Olympics

and on December 31, 2016. Classification and the Classifier Committee may be the busiest

during the first and last years of an Olympic Quadrennium. All athletes classified during an

earlier Quadrennium must be re-classified by a US Sailing Classification Panel during the

current “Quad” to be “Eligible to Compete” in any US Sailing event to determine a place on the

US Sailing Team or to compete in the US Disabled Sailing Championships. During the last year

of the “Quad” athletes may want to be re-classified to assure their Class score has not changed.

Events Hosting Classification US Sailing offers Classification for sailors with disabilities at several regattas each year. These

events may be viewed on the US Sailing Classifier “Events Hosting Classification” web page.

In 2013 Classification was offered at five events. Classifier Training Seminars were offered at

two of the five. In 2014 Classification was offered in four events. One Classifier Training

Seminar was offered at the US Sailing Disabled Sailing Championships at the Galveston

Community Sailing Center October 27-30, 2014:

ISAF/IFDS World Cup Miami – Jan 27 – Feb 1, 2014

o ISAF World Cup Home page:

http://www.sailing.org/worldcup/home.php

o ISAF World Cup Miami 2014-2015:

http://mocr.ussailing.org/event-history/

Robie Pierce Regatta American Yacht Club – Rye NY

(Classifier Seminar May 29-June 1, 2014)

o Robie Pierce Regatta – Larchmont YC

http://larchmontyc.org/getmedia/ef2c39f5-341b-492b-967f-

1853a92959c2/RobieNOR2014Final.aspx

Clagett Regatta – Newport RI

http://www.clagettregatta.org/

NACC Chicago IL (Classification offered when requested by the OA)

https://www.chicagoyachtclub.org/nacc

US Disabled Sailing Championships Milwaukee Community Sailing Center 2013

(Classifier Seminar September 3-6, 2013)

http://www.sailingcenter.org/

US Disabled Sailing Championships Galveston Community Sailing Center 2014

(Classifier Seminar October 27-30, 2014)

http://ssbgalveston.org/galveston-community-sailing-center-events/

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Bibliography, Sources and Useful Information Links:

US Sailing Web Sites

US Sailing Web Site Home Page:

http://www.ussailing.org/

US Adaptive Sailing Web Page:

http://www.ussailing.org/education/adaptive-sailing/

US Sailing Committee Directory:

http://www.ussailing.org/about-us/committee-directory/

US Adaptive Sailing Events Calendar:

http://www.ussailing.org/education/adaptive-sailing/events-calendar/

US Sailing Classifier and Classification Main Page:

http://www.ussailing.org/race-officials/classifiers/

What is Classification?

http://www.ussailing.org/race-officials/classifiers/what-is-classification/

US Disabled Sailing Master Classification List Web Page:

http://www.ussailing.org/race-officials/classifiers/master-classification-list-2/

Classifier Training and Certification:

http://www.ussailing.org/race-officials/classifiers/classifier-training-and-certification/

Classifier Training Seminars:

http://www.ussailing.org/race-officials/classifiers/classifier-training-and-certification/classifier-

training-seminar/

US Olympic and Paralympic Sailing

US Olympic Committee (USOC) Home Page:

http://www.olympic.org/

About the US Olympic Committee:

http://www.teamusa.org/About-the-USOC/Inside-the-USOC

US Paralympic Committee (USPC) Home Page:

http://www.paralympic.org/

US Paralympic Sailing Team Web Page:

http://www.paralympic.org/sailing

USA Paralympic Vision Impairment Consent and Medical Documentation Form:

http://glasa.org/greatlakesregionals/images/vi_consent.pdf

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International Sport and Sailing

International Sailing Federation (ISAF) Web Site:

http://www.sailing.org/

International Federation for Disabled Sailing (IFDS) Home Page:

http://www.sailing.org/disabled/

About IFDS Web Page:

http://www.sailing.org/sailors/disabled/about-ifds.php

IFDS Committees, Structure, Members and Terms of Reference:

http://www.sailing.org/sailors/disabled/commitees.php

IFDS Competition and Functional Classification Documents:

http://www.sailing.org/sailors/disabled/competition.php

IFDS Regatta Safety Plan 2012:

http://www.sailing.org/tools/documents/2012SafetyPlanFinal-[12264].pdf

International Olympic and Paralympic Information

International Olympic Committee (IOC) Home Page:

http://www.olympic.org/

Olympic Sailing Web Page:

http://www.olympic.org/sailing

International Paralympic Committee (IPC) Home Page:

http://www.paralympic.org/

About International Paralympic Classification Web Page:

http://www.paralympic.org/classification

IPC Layman’s Guide to Paralympic Classification:

http://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/120716152047682_classificationguide_2.pdf

Paralympic Sailing Web Page:

http://www.paralympic.org/sailing

Australian Paralympic Vision Impairment Informational Web Site:

http://www.paralympic.org.au/sites/default/files/Vision%20Impairment%20Classification%20Fact%20She

et%202013_0.pdf

Wikipedia Information: International Paralympic Committee:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee

Summer Paralympic Games:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Paralympic_Games

Summer Paralympic Games Classification: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Paralympic_Games#Classification

Sailing at the Summer Paralympic Games: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_Summer_Paralympics

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Paralympic Keel Boat Class Organizations: One Person Keel Boat - 2.4mR Class

International: http://www.inter24metre.org/

USA: http://www.us24meter.org/

Two Person Keel Boat – SKUD 18 http://www.skud.org/?Page=18384

Three Person Keel Boat – Sonar http://www.sonar.org/

Other Disabled Sailing One Design Organizations: One Person Keel Boats:

Access Dinghy: http://www.accessdinghy.org/

Two Person Keel Boats:

Martin 16: http://www.martin16.com/

Ideal 18: http://shumwaymarine.com/ideal18/

Adaptable One Design Organizations: Freedom 20: http://news.medill.northwestern.edu/chicago/news.aspx?id=190011

Ensign 22: http://www.ensignclass.com/

Almost any large cockpit day sail fixed or swing keel boat can be adapted for Disabled

Sailing.

Sailing Organizations/Clubs for the Disabled: Bay Area Association of Disabled Sailors (San Francisco, CA) http://www.baads.org/

Hansa Sailing (a group of small one design dinghy classes for the disabled): http://hansasailing.com/

Hansa 2.3: http://www.accessclass.org/default.asp?Page=18381&MenuID=Classes/13153/0

Hansa 303 (a.k.a., Access Dinghy – ISAF One Design Class): http://www.accessclass.org/default.asp?Page=18382&MenuID=Classes/13153/0

Liberty (ISAF One Design Class): http://www.accessclass.org/default.asp?Page=18383&MenuID=Classes/13153/0

Just “Google” Disabled Sailing Organizations to find others.