Clauses

Mr. PettineEnglish 9

Sept. 9 – Sept.

The Clause (9/09)

• A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as part of a sentence

• The difference between a sentence, which also has a subject and predicate, and a clause is that a clause can function as part of a sentence

The Clause (9.09)

• A independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. Like an adult, it is independent and does not rely on others for its dependence.

• Stories entertain / and people listen.

• Independent clauses may have coordinating conjunctions – FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

The Clause (9.09)

• A clause that cannot stand alone is known as a dependent clause. A dependent clause is like a child in that it relies on others for its grammatical accuracy.

• An independent clause is also known as a subordinate clause. It uses a subordinating conjunction.

Clauses (9/09)

• Sample: Stories entertain, while people listen.

• Subordinating Conjunctions: after, although, as, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before, even though, how, if, in order that, provided (that), since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, whenever, where, whereas, whether, while

Classifying Sentences by Clauses

• Word Bank: Complex, Simple, Compound• A sentence with only an independent clause is a

_______ sentence.

• A sentence with more than one independent clause is a ________ sentence.

• A sentence with both an independent and a dependent clause is a _________ sentence.

Clauses (9/09)

• Simple: The story is entertaining.

• Compound: Stories entertain, and riddles amuse.

• Complex: Horror stories entertain because they thrill us.

Clauses (9/09)

• A compound sentence (more than one independent clause) with one or more dependent clauses is a compound-complex sentence.

• Example: Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein / and people enjoy it / because it is thrilling.

• This is Cpd-Cx: What is the dependent clause?

Clauses 9/10 – Adverb Clauses

• Adverb Clause – a dependent clause that tells more about a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. It tells when, where, how, why, or under what conditions

• Examples:I study hard. (no adv. clause)Whenever it is quiet, I study hard. (conditions)Because I want a good job, I study hard. (why)I study hard in order that I may go to college. (why)

9/10 Grammar Reminder

• Verb – A verb is a word that expresses action or that helps to make a statement (linking, helping).

• Adjective – An adjective is a word that tells more about a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives describe shape, size, color, texture, speed, temperature, and other conditions.

• Adverb – An adverb is a word that tells more about a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. They tell when, where, how, or to what degree (Extremely old people sometimes move slowly upstairs)

9/10 – Adverb Clauses

• Subordinating words (subordinating conj. or relative pronouns) that introduce adv. Clauses are grouped by function:

• When: after, as, as long as, as soon as, before, since, until, when, whenever, while

• Where: where, wherever• How: as if, as though, than• Why: as, because, in order that, since, so that• Conditions: although, as long as, even though, if,

provided (that), though, unless, whereas, whether, while

9/10 – Adverb Clauses

• An adverb clause can come either before the main clause or after it.

• Because the game ended in victory, we celebrated.

• We celebrated because the game ended in victory.

9/10

• Find the adverb clause:• Wherever he went, Henry David Thoreau

made an impression.

• Although Thoreau died in 1862, his writings still excite readers.

9.14 – Adjective Clauses

• An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that, like an adjective, gives more information about a noun, a pronoun, or a gerund.

• Ex: The horror story that is my favorite is “The Black Cat” by Edgar Allan Poe.

• The writer whom I like best is Edgar Allan Poe.• I like any writer who interests me.

Adjective Clause – Grammar Review

• Adjective – An adjective is a word that tells more about a noun or a pronoun

• Pronoun – a word that takes the place of a noun (I, you, he, she, it, my, your, our, their, etc)

• Gerund – A gerund is a verb form that ends in –ing and that is used the same way that a noune is used (snacking, cooking, eating, studying)

Adj. Clause Subordinators

• The following words introduce adjective clauses: who, whom (in whom, for whom, of whom, by whom), whose (in whose), that, which (in which, for which, of which, by which), where, when

Adj. Clauses – Restrictive / Nonrestrictive

• An restrictive (or essential) adjective clause is needed to clarify the meaning of the sentence.

• EX: Edgar Allan Poe is the only American writer who always surprises me.

• A nonessential adjective clause (also known as nonessential or extra clause) adds information

• EX: Edgar Allan Poe, who is my favorite author, wrote “The Black Cat.”

Adj. Clause Practice

• Find the Adj. Clause:• William Sydney Porter wrote stories under a

pseudonym, which is another word for a pen name.

• Porter, who lived from 1862 to 1910, used the pseudonym O. Henry.

Adj. Clause Practice

• Find the Adj. Clause and state whether it is essential or nonessential.

• Space flights, which excite our imagination, are always important news.

• Space vehicles that land on other planets are always newsworthy.

9/22 – Noun Clauses

• A noun clause is a dependent clause used as a noun

• You can use a noun clause as a subject, a direct object, an object of a preposition, or a predicate nominative

Grammar Review

• Noun – part of speech that covers person, place, thing, idea• Subject – the part of a subject about which the sentence is

about• Direct Object: Answers the question what or whom after a

subject and action verb (Ex: Cities attract tourists)• Object of the Preposition: usually a noun or pronoun that

follows the preposition (Ex: Some people stay fit by walking)• Predicate Nominative: noun or pronoun that follows a linking

verb and points back to the subject and further identifies it (Ex: Cities are communities)

Examples of Noun Clauses

• Do you know why farmers are hard workers?

• Whatever is grown for food needs much care.

• Farmers grow what is nourishing and tasty.

• The weather affects whatever is grown in the ground.

Noun Clause Subordinators

• Words that introduce noun clauses: how, that, what, whatever, when, where, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whose, why

Identify the Noun Clause

• What the witness said may not be true.

• We do not understand why they did it.

• Send the money to whoever needs it most.