climatic design for energy efficiency
TRANSCRIPT
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(i) identification of the climate at the buildingsite
(ii) determination of the comfortrequirements of the
relevant climate
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selection of appropriate
architectural features space planning
orientation,
location and size of fenestration shading devices
treatment of buildingenvelope
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CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATION hot-dry
warm-humid
Cold temperate;
composite.
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Inhot-dry climate, emphasis is laid on adopting designtechniques that contribute towards
reduction in indoor air temperature provision of adequate night ventilation.
buildingdesignin warm-humid climate
provision of ample air motion is an important
requirement
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DESIGNCONSIDERATIONS FOR ENERGY
EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS
judicious use of electrically operated gadgets;
Development of energy efficient appliances
optimum utilization of non-conventional sources ofenergy
judicious planning and designof buildings
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Passive techniques- Design thermal
environment indoors. cooling of buildings in hot-dry and warm-humid
climates
the mainly aim towards reduction in heat penetrationthrough buildingenvelope
provision of fenestration for inducing desired naturalventilation indoors.
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e uc on n ea ene ra onthrough BuildingEnvelope
Solar radiation incident on buildingenvelope
source of heat responsible for raising the temperature
of exterior surface for creating temperature gradient across the thickness
of the envelope.
- heat is conducted indoors causing a rise in the
interior surface temperature.
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Indoor temperature reduction in the temperature of exterior surface is
necessary for keeping the indoor surface temperatureat a low value
Transparent window facing sun also permits directentry of sun.
-contributes to the rise in the temperature of indoor
- control of direct entry of sun through windows is arequirement for preventing the rise in interior surfacetemperature
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Optimum Orientation amount of daily solar radiation incident per unit area
on N and S facing walls is much less as compared tothat on the walls facing other directions.
for minimum solar heat gain by the buildingenvelope, it is desired that the longer axis of buildingshould lie along East-West direction.
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aspect ratioFor a building glass area equally distributed on all the
four walls
with square plan effect of orientation is nil,With a buildingwith aspect ratio 2:1, the fabric load
is reduced by 30% due to change in orientation fromworst to best
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Shading of Windows Louvers
overhangs
awnings. Optimum dimensions of the louver depend
on the duration of sunshine on the window facade.
Windowsof the same dimensions but oriented
differently should have different dimensions of louversto be effective.
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A simple box type louver- suitable on an eastern faade
Vertical and horizontal louver system- on
the southern faadeAn egg crate type -on the western facade.
Rain shade- northern facade
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overhang with optimum
dimensions cooling load reduction of 12.7% in summer
overshadowing of the windows must be
avoided as it reduces availability of daylight indoors,which in turn results in increased consumption ofenergy for artificial lighting
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Exterior Surface Solar Reflectance Surface colour of the external wall
-the percentage of solar radiation absorbed by the
external surface
-long wave radiation emission.
( a white washed of 0.4 may result in saving of electrical
energy by 40% to 50%.)
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Provision of insulation on walls and roof of a buildingincreases their thermalresistance and curtails conductive heat flow through the buildingenvelope.
Introduction of air cavity in a wall also increases its thermalresistance. Studies on estimation of thermalproperties of such a wall revealed that the overall heat transmission co-efficient U value of a 27.5 cm brick cavity wall (11.25 cm brick + 5.0 cm air gap
+ 11.25 cm brick) is 1.63 W/m2
, K while that of a 22.5 cm solid brick wall with 1.25 cm cement plaster on both the side U value is 2.26 W/m2K. Here, it is worth emphasizing that the thermalperformance of the above cavity wall is slightly better than that of a 35 cm solid brick wall
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Window Optimise the window size and location.
Windows on East and West facades should be
avoided In air conditioned buildings, windows are less
insulating
A single glazed window system the U value is 5.22
W/m2K.A window system of a double glazing with an air gap
of of 12 mm-18 mm - U value 3 W/m2K
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Materia
l
Alumin
um foil
Aluminu
m paint White
wash new
Grey
colour
light
Red brick Grey
colour
dark
Glass
Reflectiv
ity
0.95 0.50 0.88 0.60 0.40 0.30 0.08
Emissivi
ty
0.05 0.50 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90
(Long
wave
Radiatio
n)
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AIR
MOTION INDOORS
1. If the prevailing wind is from East or West, buildings canbe oriented at45oto the incident wind.
2. Atleast one window should be provided on windwardwall and the other on leeward wall.
3. Maximum air movement at a particular plane is
achieved by keeping the sill height at 85% of the
height of the plane. 4.the average indoor air speed increases increasing
the width of window up to
about 2/3 of the wall width
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5. The average indoor wind speed in the working zoneis maximum when window height is 1.1 m.
6. For a total fenestration area (inlet plus outlet) of20% to 30% of floor area, the average indoor windvelocity is around 27% of outdoor velocity. % of theoutdoor velocity (
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15. A partition placed parallel to the incident wind, has little influence on the pattern of air flow but when located perpendicular to the main flow, the same partition creates a wind shadow. Provision of a partition with spacing of 0.3 m underneath, helps augmenting air motion near floor level in the leeward compartment of wide span buildings. 16. Air motion in a buildingunit having windows tangential to the incident wind is accelerated when
another unit is located at end-on position on downstream side (Figures 5(a) and 5(b)). 17. Air motion in two wings oriented parallel to the prevailing breeze is promoted by connecting them with a block on the downstream side
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7. In regions having fairly constant wind direction, thesize of the inlet should be kept within 30% to 50% ofthe total area of fenestration and buildingshould
beoriented perpendicular to the incident wind.Since,inlets smaller than outlets are more sensitive to
change in wind direction, openings of equal sizes arepreferred in the regions having frequent changes in
wind direction. 8. In case of room with only one wall exposed to outside,provision of two windows is preferred to that of asingle window
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9. Windows located diagonally opposite to each other,with the windward window near the upstreamcorner, give better performance than other window
arrangements for most of the buildingorientations. 10. Horizontal louver, ie, a sunshade, atop a windowdeflects the incident wind upward and reduces airmotion in the zone of occupancy. A horizontal slotbetween the wall and horizontal louver prevents
upward def lection of air in the interior of rooms. Provision of L type louver increases the air motion inthe room provided that the vertical projection doesnot obstruct the incident wind (Figures 3(a) and 3(
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11. Provision of horizontal sashes inclined at an angle ofin the appropriate direction helps to promote the air motion
inside rooms. Sashes projecting outward are more effective than those
projecting inwards. 12. Air movement at working plane 0.4 m above the floorcan be enhanced by 30% using a pelmet type wind deflector
13. Roof overhangs help air motion in the working zone inside buildings. 14. Verandah open on three sides is preferable since it
causes an increase in the room air motion for most ofthe orientations of buildingwith respect to theincident wind
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Any thing to do with vastu ?
Dr.L.S.Jayagopal
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Open spaces
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Slope of roof
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doorsDoors should open towards North or East side.Main Gate should be on the North East direction.For the house facing a road on the South side the
Main Gate should be on the South or South-Eastand not on the South-West.For the house facing a road on the West side the
Main Gate should be on the West or North-West
and not on the South-West.
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Gates and doors
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The Master Bedroom should occupy the South-West portion of the plot.
Kitchen should be placed on the South East.
Puja should be placed on the North East.
Bathroom should come on the Eastern side of theplot, if that is not possible South-East or North-
West should be the preferred Side forBathrooms.
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. Verandahs should come on the East and North and
not on the West or South. Overhead tank should be either in South or West.
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Out houses should be in South East or NorthWest but they should not touch the North andEast walls of the main of the main house.
Septic tank should be placed in North West orSouth West part of the Plot.
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VastuWhere ?
When?
By whom?Why ?
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Indo Gangetic Plain
Early settlement
Indian
civilization
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Vedic periodAtharvana veda
Stapata veda
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South east-Soorya
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North east-Easanya
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North east- JalaJala moola
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North west-Vayu
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Niruthi-South west
Corner with nospecific attributes
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Other directional Gods
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Solar Architecture South East
N
S
WWE
Agni
Vayu Easa/jala
Niruthi
Sun rises in south of EastMorning sunCool in evening
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Solar Architecture North East
N
S
WWE
Agni
Vayu Easa/jala
Niruthi
Shade throughout theday/year
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Solar Architecture North West
N
S
WWE
Agni
Vayu Easa/jala
Niruthi
Mansoon crosses thecornerHeat in evening
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Solar Architecture South West
N
S
WWE
Agni
Vayu Easa/jala
Niruthi
No shadowthroughout day/yearCools late in night
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Soft-Medim-Harsheast
south
pudan sukkiran chandran
angagaragansuriyanguru
sani kethuragu
north
west
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suriya
yama
pudan sukkiran chandran
angagaragansuriyanguru
sani kethuragu
guberan
varuna
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Open space
Central bramastanam
Outer open space
Inner verandah
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Room andveedhies
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Room andveedhies
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Fibonacci Numbers Fibonacci Numbers: 1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89
Golden ratio=1/2, 2/3,
3/5, 5/8, 8/13, 13/21 =21/13=1.615.
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Fibonacci Numbers Number of spirals=21,34
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Golden sections
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Human scale
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Golden ratio
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Preferred room dimensions Basic 8 steps
Basic+ 1+1
Pushantramarhram basic + 3
10 ,11
Golden ratio for 10- 16, 17
Square 20 22
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foundationsLayers
sandJamum size atones+sand
Monkey head
Size stones+
sand
Coconut sizeStones +sand
Pumkin sizeStones +sand
1/8 of room width
Each layer 1 6