CLONING

EVALUATE THERAPEUTIC VS. REPRODUCTIVE

WHAT IS A CLONE?

PRECISE GENETIC COPY

WHAT IS A CLONE?

WHAT IS A CLONE?

http://www.sciencechannel.com/tv-shows/through-the-wormhole/videos/through-the-wormhole-human-clones.htm

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/whatiscloning/

HISTORY OF CLONING

●DOLLYo1ST CLONED MAMMAL 1996

●FEW SCIENTIST BELIEVE HUMAN CLONING SHOULD BE PERMITTED (REPRODUCTIVE)

●MANY SCIENTIST ARE IN FAVOR OF THERAPEUTIC CLONINGoPROCEDURE USED TO PRODUCE EMBRYONIC STEM

CELLS●NO EVIDENCE OF SUCCESSFUL HUMAN CLONING

Dolly

SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER (SCNT)

SCNT

http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/somatic-cell-nuclear-transfer-video

SCNT

REPRODUCTIVE VS. THERAPEUTIC

IN REPRODUCTIVE CLONING THE RECONSTITUTED EMBRYO IS PLACED INTO THE UTERUS OF A SURROGATE FEMALE

FOR HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE CLONING, A FEMALE WOULD DONATE HER EGGS TO BE ENUCLEATED. THE NUCLEI OF HER CELLS WOULD BE REMOVED. THE PERSON BEING CLONED WOULD DONATE SOMATIC CELLS (ANY NONREPRODUCTIVE CELL IN THE BODY) A SURROGATE MOTHER WOULD ACCEPT THE FERTILIZED OVA IN HOPES OF CARRYING ONE TO TERM

REPRODUCTIVE VS. THERAPEUTIC

IN THERAPEUTIC CLONING, THE EMBRYO IS ALLOWED TO UNDERGO CELL DIVISION FOR SEVERAL DAYS IN THE LABORATORY UNTIL IT REACHES BLASTOCYST STAGE.

A BLASTOCYST CONSISTS OF TWO LAYERS AN OUTER LAYER THAT FORMS THE PLACENTA AND OTHER TISSUES NEEDED FOR DEVELOPMENT IN THE UTERUS AND AN INNER MASS THAT FORMS ALL THE TISSUES OF THE BODY.

EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS ARE OBTAINED BY OPENING THE BLASTOCYST AND PLACING THE INNER MASS IN TISSUE CULTURE. IN CULTURE THE CELLS DIVIDE AND MAKE EXACT COPIES OF THEMSELVES.

REPRODUCTIVE VS. THERAPEUTIC

GOAL OF REPRODUCTIVE CLONING USING SCNTTO CREATE NEW ORGANISM, HUMAN OR ANIMAL.

GOAL OF THERAPEUTIC CLONING USING SCNTNOT TO PRODUCE A NEW HUMAN BEING BUT TO

CREATE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS THAT ARE GENETICALLY COMPATIBLE WITH THAT OF THE RECIPIENT

OBSTACLES TO REPRODUCTIVE CLONING

SUCCESS RATE VERY LOW FOR PRODUCING LIVE NEWBORN 3:100

CLONED ANIMALS DEVELOP PHYSICAL PROBLEMS AT EARLIER AGE THAN NORMAL

“LARGE OFFSPRING SYNDROME” 20-30% LARGER NEWBORNSDIFFICULT TO DELIVER SUCH LARGE BABIES

Embryonic vs Adult STEM CELLS

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/stemcells/scintro/

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/stemcells/quickref/

Embryonic vs Adult STEM CELLS

Embryonic or pluripotent stem cells--potential to become many types of cells but not every type of cell

Adult or multipotent stem cells--committed to more limited cell types with particular functions---most accessible are the blood stem cells in the bone marrow and Umbilical cord blood which may work better since they are less “mature”

Human STEM CELL ResearchInvolves the use of human embryonic tissue

In 2001 President George W. Bush made the following decision on federal funding for human stem cell research:

1. No funding for the derivation or use of stem cell lines taken from newly destroyed embryos

2. No funding for the creation of any human embryos for research purposes

3. No funding for the cloning of human embryos for any purposes

Human STEM CELL ResearchIn 2009, President Barack Obama issued an executive order titled: Removing Barriers to Responsible Scientific Research Involving Human Stem Cells”

which revoked President Bush’s order so federal government can support and conduct human stem cell research including human embryonic stem cell research as permitted by law.

POTENTIAL U.S. PATIENT POPULATIONS FOR STEM CELL BASED THERAPIES

MEDICAL CONDITIONCardiovascular diseaseAutoimmune diseaseDiabetesOsteoporosisCancerAlzheimer’s diseaseParkinson’s diseaseBurns (severe)Spinal Cord InjuriesBirth defects

NUMBER OF PATIENTS58 million30 million16 million10 million8.2 million5.5 million5.5 million0.3 million0.25 million0.15 million/year

Potential

Unlocking Stem Cell Potential

Ethical Issues

Ethical issues with stem cells

Stem Cell Storieshttps://www.youtube.com/user/cellmedicine

Questions?