cloning finding 2

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APPLIED A N D ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Aug. 1989, p . 2056-2060 0099-2240/89/082056-05$02.00/0 Copyright © D 1989, American Society f or Microbiology Cloning an d Expression in Escherichia coli o f th e Azospirillum brasilense Gene Encoding Ampicillin Resistance CHRISTEL VERRETH, BRUNO CAMMUE, PIETER SWINNEN, DOMINIQUE CROMBEZ, ANNIE MICHIELSEN, KRIS MICHIELS, AUGUST VAN GOOL, AND J OS VANDERLEYDEN* F . A . Janssens Mernorial Laboriato,-y for- Genetics, University of Leuven, B-3030 Heverlee, Belgiiin Received 2 2 November 1988/Accepted 6 Ma y 1989 The Azospirillum brasilense ATCC 29145 gene coding f o r 3-lactamase was cloned i n Escherichia coli. The gene was expressed i n E . coli from i t s own promoter as a 30-kilodalton protein, conferring resistance t o high levels o f 13-lactam antibiotics. Th e DNA sequence containing t h e ,I-lactamase gene was found t o b e highly amplified i n t he Azospirillum genome, scattered i n t h e chromosomal as well as in t he plasmidic DNA. Bacteria o f t h e genus Azospirillum a r e free-living diazo- trophs that c a n readily b e isolated from t h e rhizosphere a n d roots o f forage a n d grain grasses (7). Since t h e identification of these bacteria, their economic potential a s inoculants f o r cereal crops h a s stimulated intensive research i n many laboratories t o identify genes involved i n nitrogen fixation a n d plant interaction b y Azospirilluin spp. (for reviews, s e e references 8 a n d 19). There i s still a need f o r the expansion of suitable genetic tools for the analysis o f t h e structure, organization, a n d expression o f t h e Azospi/illlon genome. Little i s known about gene-controlling elements in Azospir-il- l um species. T h e isolation of a strong promoter acting i n a wide range o f Azospirillum isolates would b e very useful f o r t h e construction o f expression vectors. F o r this purpose, we chose t o clone t h e gene encoding ampicillin resistance. Most i f n o t a l l a r e resistant t o high levels (400 p.g/ml) of ampicillin, a n d t h e resistance i s believed t o be du e t o ,3-lactamase activity (10). I n this paper we report on t h e molecular cloning o f a DNA fragment encoding A . br-asilense ATCC 29145 1-lactamase. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacterial strains a n d plasmids. T h e bacterial strains an d plasmids used ar e listed in Table 1 . Media a n d growth conditions. Escherichia coli strains were grown i n LB broth or agar, supplemented with t h e appropri- a t e antibiotics. Concentrations o f antibiotics were 100 j i g o f ampicillin p e r m l , 2 5 p . g o f kanamycin p e r m l , an d 1 0 p . g o f tetracycline p e r m l , unless specified otherwise. Azospiri/llon strains were grown i n yeast extract-peptone (YEP) broth o r agar a t 30°C. Enzymes a n d chemicals. A l l restriction endonucleases and DNA-modifying enzymes were purchased from Amersham U.K. a n d used a s specified b y the manufacturer. [oL-32P] dCTP (specific activity, >400 Ci/mmol) a n d L- [35S]methio- nine (specific activity, >1,000 Ci/mmol) were purchased from Amersham U.K. DN A isolation. Azospirill/iin total was isolated a s described b y Meade e t a l . (17). Lysates of Azospiri/llim strains were obtained by t h e method o f Kado a n d L i u (14). Plasmid DNA from E . coli was prepared b y using t he cleared-lysate procedure (2). When used a s a hybridization probe, plasmid DNA was further purified b y centrifugation through cesium chloride-ethidium bromide density gradi- * Corresponding author. ents. DNA fragments from agarose gels were isolated b y electroelution. Molecular cloning. F o r t h e construction of t he cosmid library of A. brasilense ATCC 29145, total DNA w a s par- tially digested with EcoRI. DNA size fractionated b y centrifugation as described b y Friedman e t a l . (11). Frac- tions containing DNA fragments 2 0 t o 3 0 kilobase pairs (kb) were pooled a n d concentrated. This DNA w a s ligated t o EcoRI-cleaved pLAFRI a t a concentration o f approximately 20 0 p . g o f A . brasilenise DNA ml and about 4 0 j x g vector DNA pe r m l. T h e ligated m i x was packaged i n bacteriophage lambda heads with t he packaging k it o f A m- ersham a n d was used t o infect E . c/oli HB101 cells. DNA hybridization. DNA hybridizations were conducted overnight o n Hybond-N (Amersham U.K.) nylon mem- branes. Southern-blotted DNA hybridizations were done a s described b y Silhavy e t al . (24). [ox-32P]dCTP-labeled probes (specific activity, > 5 x 1 0 7 cpm/4g o f DNA) were obtained b y using either the nick translation k i t o r t h e Multiprime labeling kit of Amersham U.K. Filters were autoradio- graphed at -80°C b y using Fuji R X films a n d intensifying screens (Kyokko special). Enzymogram f o r ,-lactamase activity. T h e semiquantita- tive method, based on decolorization of t h e iodine-iodide- starch complex, o f Labia and Barthelemy (15) was used. Cells grown i n th e absence o r presence o f carbenicillin were washed several times i n phosphate buffer ( p H 7.0) a n d suspended i n phosphate buffer t o their original volume. Samples of 10 [ L I were mixed with 5 0 p . g o f penicillin G , spotted o n iodine-iodide-starch plates, a n d incubated fo r 60 m i n a t 4°C. Minicell labeling a n d polyacrylamide g e l electrophoresis. Plasmids were introduced b y transformation into E . (oli DS410. Minicells were isolated b y t h e method o f Reeve (21), with slight modifications ( A . Lejeune, unpublished data). Minicells were labeled with [355]methionine a s described previously (22). Polypeptides were separated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels a s described previously (16) a n d detected b y fluorography. RESULTS Cloning o f B-lactamase gene. A. brasilense ATCC 29145 DNA was partially digested with EcoRI a n d size fractionated b y sucrose gradient centrifugation. Fractions containing DNA fragments between 2 0 a n d 3 0 k b in size were ligated t o EcoRI-digested pLAFR1 vector DNA a n d packaged i n vitro a s outlined i n Materials a n d Methods. E . /oli HB101 cells 2056 Vol. 55, N o . 8

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8/7/2019 Cloning Finding 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cloning-finding-2 1/5

A P P L I E D AND E N V I R O N M E N T A L M I C R O B I O L O G Y , A u g . 1 9 8 9 , p . 2 0 5 6 - 2 0 6 00 0 9 9 - 2 2 4 0 / 8 9 / 0 8 2 0 5 6 - 0 5 $ 0 2 . 0 0 / 0C o p y r i g h t © D 1 9 8 9 , A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y f o r M i c r o b i o l o g y

C l o n i n g a n d E x p r e s s i o n i n E s c h e r i c h i a c o l i o f t h e A z o s p i r i l l u mb r a s i l e n s e S p 7 Gene E n c o d i n g A m p i c i l l i n R e s i s t a n c e

CHRISTEL VERRETH, BRUNO CAMMUE, PIETER SWINNEN, DOMINIQUE CROMBEZ, ANNIE MICHIELSEN,

KRIS MICHIELS, AUGUST VAN GOOL, AND JOS VA N DERLEYDEN*F . A . J a n s s e n s M e r n o r i a l L a b o r i a t o , - y f o r - G e n e t i c s , U n i v e r s i t y of L e u v e n , B-3030 H e v e r l e e , B e l g i i i n

R e c e i v e d 2 2 N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 8 / A c c e p t e d 6 May 1 9 8 9

T h e A z o s p i r i l l u m b r a s i l e n s e A TCC 2 9 1 4 5 gene c o d i n g f o r 3 - l a c t a m a s e was c l o n e d i n E s c h e r i c h i a c o l i . T h eg e n e was e x p r e s s e d i n E . c o l i f r o m i t s own p r o m o t e r as a 3 0 - k i l o d a l t o n p r o t e i n , c o n f e r r i n g r e s i s t a n c e t o h i g hl e v e l s o f 1 3 - l a c t a m a n t i b i o t i c s . Th e DNA sequ enc e c o n t a i n i n g t h e , I - l a c t a m a s e gene was f o u n d t o b e h i g h l ya m p l i f i e d i n t h e A z o s p i r i l l u m g e n o m e , s c a t t e r e d i n t h e chromosomal as w e l l as i n t h e p l a s m i d i c D N A.

B a c t e r i a o f t h e g e n u s A z o s p i r i l l u m ar e f r e e - l i v i n g d i a z o -

t r o p h s t h a t ca n r e a d i l y b e i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e r h i z o s p h e r e a n dr o o t s o f f o r a g e a n d g r a i n g ra s s e s ( 7 ) . S i n c e t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o no f t h e s e b a c t e r i a , t h e i r e c o n o m i c p o t e n t i a l a s i n o c u l a n t s f o rc e r e a l crops h a s s t i m u l a t e d i n t e n s i v e r e s e a r c h i n many

l a b o r a t o r i e s t o i d e n t i f y g e n e s i n v o l v e d i n n i t r o g e n f i x a t i o na n d p l a n t i n t e r a c t i o n b y A z o s p i r i l l u i n spp. ( f o r r e v i e w s , s ee

r e f e r e n c e s 8 a n d 1 9 ) . T h e r e i s s t i l l a n e e d f o r t h e e x p a n s i o no f s u i t a b l e g e n e t i c t o o l s f o r t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e s t r u c t u r e ,

o r g a n i z a t i o n , a n d e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e A z o s p i / i l l l o n g e n o m e .

L i t t l e i s known a b o u t g e n e - c o n t r o l l i n g e l e m e n t s i n A z o s p i r - i l -l um s p e c i e s . T h e i s o l a t i o n o f a s t r o n g promoter a c t i n g i n a

w i d e r a n g e o f A z o s p i r i l l u m i s o l a t e s w o u l d b e ver y u s e f u l f o rt h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f e x p r e s s i o n v e c t o r s . F o r t h i s pu rp ose, we

c h o s e t o c l o n e t h e g e n e e n c o d i n g a m p i c i l l i n r e s i s t a n c e . M o s ti f n o t a l l A z o s p i r i l l h m i s o l a t e s ar e r e s i s t a n t t o h i g h l e v e l s ( 4 0 0

p . g / m l ) o f a m p i c i l l i n , a n d t h e r e s i s t a n c e i s b e l i e v e d t o b e d u et o , 3 - l a c t a m a s e a c t i v i t y ( 1 0 ) . I n t h i s p a p e r we r e p o r t on t h em o l e c u l a r c l o n i n g o f a DNA f r a g m e n t e n c o d i n g A . b r - a s i l e n s eATCC 2 9 1 4 5 1 - l a c t a m a s e .

MATERIALS AND METHODS

B a c t e r i a l s t r a i n s a n d p l a s m i d s . T h e b a c t e r i a l s t r a i n s a n dp l a s m i d s u s e d a r e l i s t e d i n T a b l e 1 .

M e d i a a n d g r o w t h c o n d i t i o n s . E s c h e r i c h i a c o l i s t r a i n s weregrown i n LB b r o t h or agar, s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h t h e a p p r o p r i -a t e a n t i b i o t i c s . C o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f a n t i b i o t i c s were 1 0 0 j i g o fa m p i c i l l i n pe r m l , 2 5 p . g o f k a n a m y c i n pe r m l , a n d 1 0 p . g o f

t e t r a c y c l i n e pe r m l , u n l e s s s p e c i f i e d o t h e r w i s e . A z o s p i r i / l l o ns t r a i n s were grown i n y e a s t e x t r a c t - p e p t o n e ( Y E P ) b r o t h o r

agar a t 3 0 ° C .

E n z y m e s a n d c h e m i c a l s . A l l r e s t r i c t i o n e n do n u c l e as e s a n dD N A - m o d i f y i n g enzymes were p u r c h a s e d f r o m AmershamU . K . a n d u s e d a s s p e c i f i e d b y t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r . [oL-32P]

dCTP ( s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t y , >400 C i / m m o l ) a n d L- [ 3 5 S ] m e t h i o -n i n e ( s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t y , > 1 , 0 0 0 C i / m m o l ) were p u r c h a s e df r o m Amersham U . K .DNA i s o l a t i o n . A z o s p i r i l l / i i n t o t a l DNA was i s o l a t e d a s

d e s c r i b e d b y Meade e t a l . ( 1 7 ) . L y s a t e s o f A z o s p i r i / l l i ms t r a i n s were o b t a i ne d b y t h e method o f Kado and L i u ( 1 4 ) .P l a s m i d DNA f r o m E . c o l i was p r e p a r e d by u s i n g t h e

c l e a r e d - l y s a t e p r o c e d u r e ( 2 ) . When u s e d a s a h y b r i d i z a t i o n

p r o b e , p l a s m i d DNA was f u r t h e r p u r i f i e d b y c e n t r i f u g a t i o n

t h r o u g h c e s i u m c h l o r i d e - e t h i d i u m b r o m i d e d e n s i t y g r a d i -

* C o r r e s p o n d i n g a u t h o r .

e n t s . DNA f r a g m e n t s f r o m agarose g e l s w e r e i s o l a t e d b ye l e c t r o e l u t i o n .

M o l e c u l a r c l o n i n g . F o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e c o s m i dl i b r a r y o f A . b r a s i l e n s e ATCC 2 9 1 4 5 , t o t a l DNA w a s p a r -

t i a l l y d i g e s t e d w i t h E c o R I . DNA w a s s i z e f r a c t i o n a t e d b y

c e n t r i f u g a t i o n as d e s c r i b e d b y F r i e d m a n e t a l . ( 1 1 ) . F r a c -t i o n s c o n t a i n i n g DNA f r a g m e n t s o f 2 0 t o 3 0 k i l o b a s e p a i r s( k b ) w e r e p o o l e d a n d c o n c e n t r a t e d . T h i s DNA w a s l i g a t e d t o

E c o R I - c l e a v e d pLAFRI a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y2 0 0 p . g o f A . b r a s i l e n i s e DNA pe r m l a n d a b o u t 4 0 j x g o fv e c t o r DNA pe r m l . T h e l i g a t e d m i x was p a c k a g e d i nb a c t e r i o p h a g e l a m b d a h e a d s w i t h t h e p a c k a g i n g k i t o f Am-e r s h a m a n d was u s e d t o i n f e c t E . c / o l i HB101 c e l l s .

D N A h y b r i d i z a t i o n . DNA h y b r i d i z a t i o n s were c o n d u c t e do v e r n i g h t o n Hybond-N ( A m e r s h a m U . K . ) n y l o n mem-

b r a n e s . S o u t h e r n - b l o t t e d DNA h y b r i d i z a t i o n s w e r e d o n e a s

d e s c r i b e d b y S i l h a v y e t a l . ( 2 4 ) . [ o x - 3 2 P ] d C T P - l a b e l e d p r o b e s( s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t y , >5 x 1 0 7 c p m / 4 g o f D N A ) were o b t a i n e db y u s i n g e i t h e r t h e n i c k t r a n s l a t i o n k i t or t h e M u l t i p r i m el a b e l i n g k i t o f Amersham U . K . F i l t e r s w e r e a u t o r a d i o -

g r a p h e d a t - 8 0 ° C b y u s i n g F u j i RX f i l m s a n d i n t e n s i f y i n gs cre e n s ( K y o k k o s p e c i a l ) .Enzymogram f o r , - l a c t a m a s e a c t i v i t y . T h e s e m i q u a n t i t a -

t i v e m e t h o d , b a s e d on d ec o l o r i z a t i o n o f t h e i o d i n e - i o d i d e -s t a r c h c o m p l e x , o f L ab i a a n d B a r t h e l e m y ( 1 5 ) was u s e d .

C e l l s g r o w n i n t h e a b s e n c e or p r e s e n c e o f c a r b e n i c i l l i n w e r e

w a s h e d s e v e r a l t i m e s i n p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r ( p H 7 . 0 ) a n ds u s p e n d e d i n p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r t o t h e i r o r i g i n a l v o l u m e .S a m p l e s o f 1 0 [ L I w e r e m i x e d w i t h 5 0 p . g o f p e n i c i l l i n G ,s p o t t e d o n i o d i n e - i o d i d e - s t a r c h p l a t e s , a n d i n c u b a t e d f o r 6 0m i n a t 4 ° C .

M i n i c e l l l a b e l i n g a n d p o l y a c r y l a m i d e g e l e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s .P l a s m i d s w e r e i n t r o d u c e d b y t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n t o E . ( o l iD S 4 1 0 . M i n i c e l l s were i s o l a t e d b y t h e m e t h o d o f R e e v e ( 2 1 ) ,w i t h s l i g h t m o d i f i c a t i o n s ( A . L e j e u n e , u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a ) .M i n i c e l l s were l a b e l e d w i t h [ 3 5 5 ] m e t h i o n i n e a s d e s c r i b e d

p r e v i o u s l y ( 2 2 ) . P o l y p e p t i d e s were s e p a r a t e d on s o d i u md o d e c y l s u l f a t e - p o l y a c r y l a m i d e g e l s a s d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y( 1 6 ) a n d d e t e c t e d b y f l u o r o g r a p h y .

RESULTS

C l o n i n g o f B - l a c t a m a s e gene. A . b r a s i l e n s e ATCC 2 9 1 4 5DNA was p a r t i a l l y d i g e s t e d w i t h EcoRI a n d s i z e f r a c t i o n a t e db y s ucro s e g r a d i e n t c e n t r i f u g a t i o n . F r a c t i o n s c o n t a i n i n gDNA f r a g m e n t s b e t w e e n 2 0 a n d 3 0 k b i n s i z e were l i g a t e d t o

E c o R I - d i g e s t e d pLAFR1 v e c t o r DNA a n d p a c k a g e d i n v i t r oas o u t l i n e d i n M a t e r i a l s a n d M e t h o d s . E . / o l i HB101 c e l l s

2056

V o l . 5 5 , N o . 8

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V-LACTAMASEENE OF AZOSPIRILLUM BRASILENSE 2 0 5 7

TABLE 1 . B a c t e r i a l s t r a i n s a n d p l a s m i d s

S t r a i n o r p l a s m i d R e l e v a n t p r o p e r t i e s S o u r c e o rr e f e r e n c e

E . c o l iHB101 F- h s d S 2 0 ( r B m B B ) 4

r e c A J 3 a r a - 1 4 p r o A 2l a c Y I g a l K 2 r p s L 2 0 ( S m r )

x y l - 5 m t l - l s u p E 4 4 X -

HB101 c h r X : : T n 5 E . c o l i T n 5 d o n o r s t r a i n C . K o n c zJ C 5 4 6 6 E . c o l i T n 5 - M o b d o n o r P . M a z o d i e r

s t r a i nG V 1 0 0 0 R i f a m p i n - r e s i s t a n t d e r i v a - 1 3

t i v e o f C 6 0 0D S 4 1 0 M i n i c e l l - p r o d u c i n g s t r a i n A . L e j e u n e

ABG4-1 MG1555 c a r r y i n g c h r o m o - K . M i c h i e l s

s o m a l T n I O dCam i n s e r -t i o n , Cmr

A . b r a s i l e n s eS p 7 A p r ATCC 2 9 1 4 5

S p l O 7 A p r J . D o b e r e i n e rR0 7 A p r K . V l a s s a k

S p 2 4 5 A p r J . D o b e r e i n e r

S p 2 4 6 A p r J . D o b e r e i n e r

A . l i p o f e r u m

S p B r l 7 A p r ATCC 2 9 7 0 9S p 5 9 b A p r W. K l i n g m u l l e r

P l a s m i d s

pLAFR1 p R K 2 9 0 , c o n t a i n i n g t h e X 1 1co s s i t e , T c r

pRK600 C o l E l r e p l i c o n w i t h t h e 6

t r a f u n c t i o n s o f RK,n p t : : T n 9

pBR322 A p r T c r 3p B R 3 2 2 - 1 A p s T c r , D r a I d e l e t i o n T h i s w o r k

d e r i v a t i v e o f p B R 3 2 2p G V 4 6 2 H i g h - c o p y - n u m b e r 2 5

d e r i v a t i v e o f p B R 3 2 2

w e r e t r a n s f e c t e d w i t h p a c k a g e m i x a n d p l a t e d o n LB a g a rc o n t a i n i n g 1 0 , u g o f t e t r a c y c l i n e p e r m l . A p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 , 0 0 0

E . c o l i c l o n e s w e r e r e p l i c a p l a t e d o n LB a g a r c o n t a i n i n g

t e t r a c y c l i n e a n d 1 0 0 [ L g o f a m p i c i l l i n p e r m l . On e p a r t i c u l a rc l o n e was r e s i s t a n t t o a m p i c i l l i n . P l a s m i d DNA o f t h i s c l o n e

w a s e x t r a c t e d , d i g e s t e d w i t h E c o R I o r S a l l o r b o t h , a n d

c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y a g a r o s e g e l e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s ( F i g . 1 ) . Th e

c o s m i d c l o n e , h e r e a f t e r d e s i g n a t e d a s p A p l O O , c o n t a i n s

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 0 k b o f i n s e r t D N A . p A p l O O DNA was

t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o E . c o l i HB101 c h r X : : T n 5 . A l l t h e t e t r a c y -c l i n e - r e s i s t a n t t r a n s f o r m a n t s w e r e a l s o r e s i s t a n t t o a m p i c i l -l i n , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e a m p i c i l l i n r e s i s t a n c e i s e n c o d e d b y t h e

p l a s m i d D N A . S e v e r a l i n d e p e n d e n t t r a n s f o r m a n t s w e r e

c r o s s e d w i t h E . c o l i GV1000 i n a t r i p a r e n t a l m a t i n g w i t h E .

c o l i H B 1 0 1 ( p R K 6 0 0 ) a s a h e l p e r . T r a n s c o n j u g a n t s w e r e

s e l e c t e d o n LB m e d i u m , s u p p l e m e n t e dw i t h

t e t r a c y c l i n e ( 1 0, u g / m l ) f o r t h e m a r k e r o f t h e pLAFR1 r e p l i c o n , k a n a m y c i n( 2 5 F g / m l ) f o r t h e T n 5 m a r k e r , a n d r i f a m p i n ( 1 5 0 , u g / m l ) f o rt h e GV1000 c h r o m o s o m a l m a r k e r . T r a n s c o n j u g a n t s w e r e

s u b j e c t e d t o s i n g l e - c o l o n y p u r i f i c a t i o n a n d w e r e r e p l i c ap l a t e d o n LB a g a r s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h a m p i c i l l i n ( 1 0 0 , u g / m l ) .O f 8 8 5 c o l o n i e s t e s t e d , 1 7 were s e n s i t i v e t o a m p i c i l l i n ,i n d i c a t i n g g e n e i n a c t i v a t i o n b y T n 5 i n s e r t i o n . T h i s was

c o n f i r m e d b y S a l l r e s t r i c t i o n a n a l y s i s o f p l a s m i d DNA o f t h e

Kmr A p 5 c l o n e s . I n a l l t h e s e p l a s m i d s , a T n S i n s e r t i o n h a d

o c c u r r e d i n t h e 9 . 1 - k b S a l l r e s t r i c t i o n f r a g m e n t o f p A p l O O( F i g . 1 ) .

4 - 9 . 1 - kb

F I G . 1 . R e s t r i c t i o n d i g e s t o f c o s m i d c l o n e p A p l O O . L a n e s : a ,

r e p l i c a t i v e - f o r m DNA o f p A p l O O ; b , H i n d l I l d i g e s t o f l a m b d a D N A ;c , E c o R I d i g e s t o f p A p l O O ; d , S a l l d i g e s t o f p A p l O O ; e , E c o R I - S a l I

d i g e s t o f p A p l O O .

M a p p i n g o f t h e , - l a c t a m a s e gene. Th e 9 . 1 - k b S a l l r e s t r i c -t i o n f r a g m e n t o f pAplOO was s u b c l o n e d i n pGV462 a n d i np B R 3 2 2 - 1 , a D r a I d e l e t i o n d e r i v a t i v e o f p B R 3 2 2 , l a c k i n g

a l m o s t t h e e n t i r e b l a g e n e o f p B R 3 2 2 . B o t h c o n s t r u c t s ,

pGVAp-1 a n d pBRAp, r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e

i n s e r t D N A , c o n f e r r e d a m p i c i l l i n r e s i s t a n c e on t h e E . c o l iHB101 h o s t . T h e s e d a t a s u g g e s t t h a t t h e A . b r a s i l e n s e

a m p i c i l l i n r e s i s t a n c e g e n e i s l o c a t e d on a 9 . 1 - k b S a l l r e s t r i c -t i o n f r a g m e n t a n d t h a t i t s t r a n s c r i p t i o n i n E . c o l i was

i n i t i a t e d f r o m i t s own p r o m o t e r . A p h y s i c a l map o f t h e

9 . 1 - k b S a l l r e s t r i c t i o n f r a g m e n t i s shown i n F i g . 2 A . S u b -

c l o n e s o f t h e 9 . 1 - k b S a l l r e s t r i c t i o n f r a g m e n t t h a t were

s u f f i c i e n t t o e n c o d e a m p i c i l l i n r e s i s t a n c e i n E . c o l i a r e shown

i n F i g . 2 B . Th e c o n s t r u c t pBRAp was s u b j e c t e d t o TnS-mob

A j 1 - k b

s B P E

Is

f + --- t+ + - .

B

P G V A p - 1 ; pBRApp -

pGVAp - 2

pRKAp

F I G . 2 . P h y s i c a l a n d g e n e t i c ma p o f t h e 9 . 1 - k b S a l l f r a g m e n t o f

p A p l O O . ( A ) S y m b o l s : A , p o s i t i o n s o f T n 5 - m n o b i n s e r t i o n s ; + ,

T n 5 - m n o b i n s e r t i o n s t h a t d o n o t i n a c t i v a t e t he b l a g e n e ; - , T n 5 - m o bi n s e r t i o n s t h a t i n a c t i v a t e t h e c l o n e d b l a g e n e i n E . c o l i . A b b r e v i a -

t i o n s : S , S a l l ; B , B g l I I ; P , P s t l ; E , E c o R I . ( B ) S u b c l o n e s o f t h e S a l l

r e s t r i c t i o n f r a g m e n t t h a t c o n f e r a m p i c i l l i n r e s i s t a n c e on t he E . c o l ih o s t .

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2 0 5 8 VERRETH ET A L .

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^ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c a t4.*d*II

F I G . 3 . E x p r e s s i o n o f t h e A . b r a s i l e n s e b l a g e n e i n E . c o l i DS410

m i n i c e l l s . P r o t e i n s were l a b e l e d , e x t r a c t e d , a n d s e p a r a t e d o n p o l y -a c r y l a m i d e g e l s a s e x p l a i n e d i n M e t h o d s a n d M a t e r i a l s . L a n e s : a ,

D S 4 1 0 ( p G V 4 6 2 ) c e l l s ; b , DS410 c e l l s ; c , D S 4 1 0 ( p G V A p - 1 ) c e l l s ; d ,D S 4 1 0 ( p G V A p - 2 ) c e l l s . k D a , K i l o d a l t o n s .

m u t a g e n e s i s i n E . c o l i J C 5 4 6 6 . T n 5 - m o b - c o n t a i n i n g co n -

s t r u c t s were s e l e c t e d i n E . c o l i ABG4-1 a n d t e s t e d f o ra m p i c i l l i n s e n s i t i v i t y . Th e e x a c t s i t e o f t h e TnS-mob i n s e r -t i o n was d e t e r m i n e d b y r e s t r i c t i o n a n a l y s i s . T h e r e s u l t s a r e

s u m m a r i z e d i n F i g . 2 A . I t ca n b e c o n c l u de d t h a t t h e P -l a c t a m a s e g e n e s p a n s t h e s e q u e n c e f r o m t h e E c o R I r e s t r i c -t i o n s i t e t o s l i g h t l y b e y o n d t h e P s t I r e s t r i c t i o n s i t e , s i n c e a n

E c o R I - P s t I s u b c l o n e d i d n o t c o n f e r a m p i c i l l i n r e s i s t a n c e on

t h e E . c o l i h o s t .C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f I - l a c t am a s e p r o d u c e d b y E . c o l i

( p G V A p - 2 ) . T h e c o n s t r u c t s pGVAp-1 a n d pGVAp-2 were

t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o t h e m i n i c e l l - p r o d u c i n g E . c o l i D S 4 1 0 . P l a s -m i d - e n c o d e d p r o t e i n s were e x t r a c t e d a n d d e t e c t e d a s d e -

s c r i b e d i n M a t e r i a l s a n d M e t h o d s . T h e r e s u l t s ( F i g . 3 ) s h o wt h a t p l a s m i d s pGVAp-1 a n d pGVAp-2, i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h

t h e c l o n i n g v e c t o r u s e d ( p G V4 6 2 ) , c o d e f o r an a d d i t i o n a lp o l y p e p t i d e o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 0 k i l o d a l t o n s . T h i s p o l y p e p -t i d e most p r o b a b l y c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e p o l y p e p t i d e e n c o d e d

b y t h e a m p i c i l l i n r e s i s t a n c e g e n e . 1 - L a c t a m a s e p r o d u c t i o n

b y E . c o l i ( p G V A p - 2 ) was c o n f i r m e d b y t h e enzymogram

m e t h o d as d e s c r i b e d i n M a t e r i a l s a n d M e t h o d s , w i t h p e n i -

c i l l i n G as t h e s u b s t r a t e ( d a t a n o t s h o w n ) . E . c o l i HB101 c e l l sc o n t a i n i n g e i t h e r pBRAp o r pGVAp-2 a r e r e s i s t a n t t o a m p i -

c i l l i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s up t o 2 m g / m l . M o r e o v e r , an a m p i c i l l i n -

s e n s i t i v e pBRAp c l o n e c o n t a i n i n g TnS-mob c l o s e t o t h e

EcoRI s i t e ( F i g . 2 A ) d i d not e n c o d e t h e 3 0 - k i l o d al t o n p r o t ei n

( r e s u l t s n o t s h o w n ) .

O r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e I - l a c t a m a s e g e n e i n t h e A z o s p i r i l l u m

g e n o m e. Th e 0 . 9 - k b P s t I - E c o R I DNA f r a g m e n t o f pBRAp( F i g . 2 ) was u s e d a s a p r o b e i n h y b r i d i z a t i o n s on r e s t r i c t e d

t o t a l a n d s u b c l o n e d A . b r as i l e n se ATCC 2 9 1 4 5 DNA ( F i g .

A B DE F

_ _ < 0 9 - k b

F I G . 4 . S o u t h e r n b l o t h y b r i d i z a t i o n on r e s t r i c t e d t o t a l DNA o f

A . b r a s i l e n s e S p 7 or S p 2 4 5 a n d c l o n e d DNA o f A . b r a s i l e n s e S p 7w i t h a 0 . 9 - k b P s t l - E c o R l - l a b e l e d r e s t r i c t i o n f r a g m e n t o f A .

b r a s i l e n s e S p 7 , c o n t a i n i n g t h e b l a gene. L a n e s : A a n d B , t o t a l DNAo f A . b r a s i l e n s e S p7 ; C , t o t a l DNA o f A . b r a s i l e n s e S p 2 4 5 ; D t o F ,c l o n e d DNA o f A . b r a s i l e n s e S p 7 i n E . c o l i . L a n e A , E c o R l d i g e s t ;l a n e B , P s t I - E c o R I d i g e s t ; l a n e C , P s t l - E c o R I d i g e s t ; l a n e D ,

P s t I - E c o R l d i g e s t o f p A p l O O ; l a n e E , P s t l - E c o R I d i g e s t o f pBRAp;

l a n e F , P s t l - E c o R I d i g e s t o f p G V A p - 1 .

4 ) . I n a l l s u b c l o n e s t e s t e d a n d t h e t o t a l A . b r a s i l e n s e D N A,t h e p r o b e h y b r i d i z e s w i t h t h e same 0 . 9 - k b P s t I - E c o R I r e -

s t r i c t i o n f r a g m e n t ( F i g . 4 , l a n e s B t o F ) . Th e s e c o n d h y b r i d -

i z i n g b a n d i n l a n e E most p r o b a b l y r e p r e s e n t s h o m o l o g y o f

t h e p r o b e w i t h p a r t o f t h e b l a sequence o f pBR322 t h a t w a s

n o t d e l e t e d i n p B R 3 2 2 - 1 . H o w e v e r , i t i s a l s o e v i d e n t t h a t t h i sp a r t i c u l a r DNA sequence i s h i g hl y a mp l i f i e d i n t h e g e n o m e

o f A . b r as i l e ns e S p 7 a n d S p 2 4 5 ( l a n e s A t o C ) , as w e l l as i nt h e genome o f t h r ee o t h e r A z o s p i r i l l u m s t r a i n s t e s t e d , i . e . ,S p B r l 7 , S p 5 9 b , a n d R0 7 ( d a t a n o t s h o w n ) . T h i s o b s er v a t i o n

r a i s ed t h e q u e s t i o n o f wh y we c o u l d i n i t i a l l y i s o l a t e f r o m t h e

c o s m i d l i b r a r y o n l y o n e p a r t i c u l a r c l o n e ( p A p l O O ) c o n f e r r i n g

a m p i c i l l i n r e s i s t a n c e on t h e E . c o l i h o s t . T h e r e f o r e , we

d e c i d e d t o p r o b e t h e c o s m i d l i b r a r y o f A . b r a s i l e n s e ATCC2 9 1 4 5 DNA w i t h t h e 0 . 9 - k b r e s t r i c t i o n f r a g m e n t b y c o l o n y

h y b r i d i z a t i o n s . F i v e h y b r i d i z i n g c l o n e s were i d e n t i f i e d .None o f t h e s e , h o w e v e r , h a d a n a m p i c i l l i n - r e s i s t a n t p h e n o -t y p e , a n d t h e r e s i d en t c o s m i d c l o n e s d i d n o t c o n t a i n over-

l a p p i n g DNA f r a g m e n t s . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e t e s t e d DNA

sequence i s s c a t t e r e d i n t h e genome o f A . b r as i l e n se ATCC2 9 1 4 5 . A l l A z o s p i r i l l u m s t r a i n s , l i k e A . b r a s i l e n s e ATCC2 9 1 4 5 , c o n t a i n p l a s m i d s i n v a r i o u s n u m b e r s a n d o f v a r i o u s

s i z e s ( 1 0 ) . To d e t e r m i n e t h e c h r o m o s o m a l or p l a s m i d l o c a l -i z a t i o n o f t h e s e q u e n c e s h o m o l o g o u s t o t h e 0 . 9 - k b P s t I -

EcoRI r e s t r i c t i o n f r a g m e n t , we p e r f o r m e d S o u t h e r n b l o t

h y b r i d i z a t i o n on l y s a t e s ( 1 4 ) o f v a r i o u s A z o s p i r i l l u m s t r a i n s .F o r a l l s t r a i n s t e s t e d , a h y b r i d i z a t i o n s i g n a l was d e t e c t e d

w i t h t h e c h r o m o s o m a l f r a c t i o n ( F i g . 5 ) . F o r s t r a i n s S p 7

(ATCC 2 9 1 4 5 ) , S p l O 7, S p 2 4 6, S p 5 9 b , a n d S p B r l 7 , a h y b r i d -

i z a t i o n s i g n a l was a l s o o b s e r v e d w i t h p l a s m i d D N A .

DISCUSSION

D e s p i t e i n c r e a s i n g i n t e r e s t i n d e v e l o p i n g e f f e c t i v e A z o s p i -

r i l l u m s t r a i n s f o r i n o c u l a t i o n o f c r o p p l a n t s , l i t t l e i s knowna b o u t t h e g e n e t i c s o f t h e s e b a c t e r i a . Up t o n o w , t h e o n l y

A z o s p i r i l l l u m g e n e f o r w h i c h t h e n u c l e o t i d e s e q u e n c e h a s

a b c d

k D a

4 5 -

A P P L . E N V I R O N . M I C R O B I O L .

la a , ,.

o i . o

-Now

OAMW

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V-LACTAMASEEN E OF AZOSPIRILLUM BRASILENSE 2 0 5 9

A B C D E F

Chr+PPOO

F I G . 5 . S o u t h e r n b l o t h y b r i d i z a t i o n on lysates ( 1 4 ) of various

A z o s p i r i l l u m s t r a i n s w i t h a 0 . 9 - k b P s t I - E c o R l - l a b e l e d r e s t r i c t i o n

f r a g m e n t o f A . b r a s i l e ns e S p 7 , c o n t a i n i n g t h e b l a gene. Lanes: A,

S p 7 ; B , S p l O 7 ; C , S p 2 4 5 ; D , S p 2 4 6 ; E , S p 5 9 b ; F , R07; G, S p B r l 7 .

b e e n d e t e r m i n e d i s t h e g i n A gene o f A. b r a s i l e n s e Sp 7 ( 5 ) .

Th e gene i s not e x p r e s s e d i n E . c o l i , and no s i g n i f i c a n t

homology w i t h E . c o l i c a n o n i c a l promoters was f o u n d . I t i s

b e l i e v e d t h a t f a i l u r e o f e x p r e s s i o n occurs a t t h e t r a n s c r i p -

t i o n a l l e v e l , s i n c e f u s i o n o f t h e c o d i n g sequence w i t h a

promoter f u n c t i o n i n g i n E . c o l i l e a d s t o e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e

g l n A gene i n E . c o l i , d e s p i t e a very b i a s e d codon usage.

E v i d e n c e f o r e x p r e s s i o n o f A. b r a s i l e n s e genes i n h e t e r -

o l o g o u s sy stems, a s r e p o r t e d h e r e f o r t h e b l a gene, h a s a l s o

b e e n o b t a i n e d by B a z z i c a l u p o e t a l . ( 1 ) . They demonstrated

t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f a m i n o - a c i d - b i o s y n t h e t i c genes i n E . c o l i .R e c e n t l y , we were a b l e t o d e m o n s t r a t e t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f

A z o s p i r i l l u m genes, i n v o l v e d i n p l a n t i n t e r a c t i o n , i n R h i z o -bium m e l i l o t i ( 1 8 ) . A n u c l e o t i d e sequence a n a l y s i s o f t h e se

genes i s i n progress ( C . V e r r e t h , u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a ; M.

B a z z i c a l u p o , p e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) , a n d i t w i l l b e o f

i n t e r e s t t o compare t h e 5 ' u p s t r e a m sequences o f t h e s e genes

w i t h t h e p u b l i s h e d sequence o f t h e glnA gene.

Th e d a t a on t h e occurrence, d u p l i c a t i o n , a n d e x p r e s s i o n

o f an a m p i c i l l i n r e s i s t a n c e gene i n A . b r a s i l e n s e spp. r a i s es ev e r a l p o i n t s f o r f u r t h e r a n a l y s i s . S i n c e t h e report o f

S a p i e n z a a n d D o o l i t t l e ( 2 3 ) on DNA r e i t e r a t i o n a s a common

f e a t u r e o f t h e genome o f a r c h a e b a c t e r i a , o t h e r r e p o r t s h a v e

s u g g e s t e d DNA r e i t e r a t i o n as a common g e n o m i c f e a t u r e i nt h e e u b a c t e n i a R h i z o b i l u m a n d A g r o b a c t e r i u m spp. ( 9 , 2 0 ) .Th e nature o f some o f t h e r e p e a t e d e l e m e n t s h a s b e e ne s t a b l i s h e d f o r v a r i o u s R h i z o b i u m s p e c i e s : n i f g e n e s , r e g u -

l a t o r y r e g i o n s , an e a r l y n o d u l a t i o n g e n e , i n s e r t i o n se -

quences. For A z o s p i r i l l u m spp. r e p o r t e d i n t h i s p ap e r , i t i st e m p t i n g t o s p e c u l a t e t h a t t h e o b s e r v e d DNA r e i t e r a t i o nrepre s e n t s a m o b i l e g e n e t i c e l e m e n t . A number o f t r a n s -

posons t h a t d e t e r m i n e a m p i c i l l i n r e s i s t a n c e b y a 3 - l a c t a m a s egene have b e e n i d e n t i f i e d ( 1 2 ) . I n f a c t , p r e l i m i n a r y h y b r i d -

i z a t i o n s t u d i e s suggest homology b e t w e e n t h e b l a g e n e o fTn 3 and t h e c l o n e d b l a gene o f A . b r a s i l e n s e S p 7 ( F i g . 4 ) .However, we c o u l d not d e t e c t DNA h o m o l o g y b e t w e e n t h e

pAplOO DNA a n d a DNA f r a g m e n t o f Tn 3 c o n t a i n i n g t h etr a nsp osa s e. T h i s o b s e r v a t i o n r e q u i r e s f u r t h er e x p l o r a t i o n .F i n a l l y , i t w i l l b e o f i n t e r e s t t o e x p l ai n t h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a to n l y one p a r t i c u l a r copy o f t he b l a gene o f A . b r a s i l e n s e i se x p r e s s e d i n E . c o l i a n d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e f u n c t i o n a l i t y o fe a c h copy i n A z o s p i r i l l u m s p e c i e s .

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

T h i s r e s e a r c h was s u p p o r t e d b y g r a n t s f r o m t h e F o n d s voor

K o l l e c t i e f Fundamenteel O n d e r z o e k ( F . K . F . O . 2 . 0 0 1 3 . 8 5 ) , t h eCommission o f t h e European C o m m u n i t i e s ( c o n t r a c t T S D - A - 2 5 5 5 -B [ R S ] ) , an d t h e O n d e r z o e k s f o n d s , K . U . Leuven ( O T / 8 8 / 2 0 ) .We t h a n k J . D o b e r e i n e r , C . E l m e r i c h , W. K l i n g m u l l e r , C . K o n c z ,

G . Va n de n E e d e , a n d K . V l a s s a k f o r p r o v i d i n g s t r a i n s a n d

p l a s m i d s . We a r e g r a t e f u l t o A . L e j e u n e f o r p r o v i d i n g t h e m i n i c e l l -p r o d u c i n g s t r a i n a n d h e l p f u l s u g g e s t i o n s f o r m i n i c e l l l a b e l i n g a n d t oC . E l m e r i c h f o r h e l p f u l s u g g e s t i o n s d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f t h i s w o r k .We t h a n k A . V e r m a s s e n a n d J . V l o e b e r g h s f o r p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e

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