co ordination in life processes

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Co-ordination in Life Processes

Co-ordination in Life ProcessesCo-ordination in Life Processes

SynopsisSynopsis

1 Levels of different substances are generally maintained in the blood

mainly by our digestive system

2 Ghrelin is the hormone responsible for hunger pangs in the stomach3 Leptin suppresses hunger

4 Interactions between the senses of taste and smell enhance our

perception of the food we eat

5 We prefer the food material which is attractive to our eyes and flavor to

nose then we taste it

6 Russian scientist Pavlov found that even the thought of food will water

our mouth

7 Taste can be identified when the tongue is pressed against the palate

8 The fifth cranial nerve has been found to control the movement of muscles in the jaw

9 The food taken by us has to be broken down into constituent substances for proper digestion assimilation

and energy releasing process

10 The saliva secreted by three pairs of the salivary glands to moisten the food to make chewing and

swallowing easier

11 As a result of chewing food forms into a slurry mass called ldquobolusrdquo

12 The enzyme salivary amylase in the saliva breaks down the large starch molecules into smaller subunits

called sugars

13 We secrete around 1- 15 litres of saliva per day

14 The mechanism for swallowing is coordinated by the swallowing centre in the brain

15 Contraction and relaxation of the muscles present in the oesophagus bring a wave-like motion that propels

the food bolus into the stomach by the action called as peristalsis

16 Peristalsis is involuntary and under the control of autonomous nervous system and gut nervous system

17 The walls of the stomach secrete Hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria present in the food

18 The partially digested food in the stomach is called chyme

19 Large protein molecules in the food are broken down into smaller molecules in the stomach

20 Entry of chyme into the duodenum is regulated by a muscle called as the pyloric sphincter

21 A wave of contraction followed by relaxation in muscles help in forward movement of food in the digestive

canal

22 The mucus lining of the stomach protects it from damage by its own acids

23 The acidic nature of the food in the intestine initiates the production of hormones like secretion and

cholecystokinin which stimulates pancreas liver and walls of small intestine to secrete pancreatic juice bile

juice and succus entericus

24 The absorption of nutrients by villi in the small intestine is a very selective process

25 The neural apparatus of our digestive tract comprises of a vast and complicated network of neurons called

second brain or enteric nervous s stem

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26 The enteric nervous system stimulates and coordinates the breakdown of food absorbing nutrients and

expelling of waste requires chemical processing mechanical mixing and rhythmic muscle contractions

27 Oxidation of food is required to release the energy

28 Respiration is controlled by the medulla oblongata of the autonomous nervous system

29 Digestion occurs in the food canal coordination of respiration and transport of substances which is vital for

energy releasing process will not occur

4- Marks Questions4- Marks Questions

1 Write a note on peristalsis and sphincter function in stomach Write a note on peristalsis and sphincter function in stomach

Ans a PeristalsisAns a Peristalsis

1 The wave like movement of wall of oesophagus with the help of circular and longitudinal muscles that

propel the food bolus into the stomach are called ldquoperistalticrdquo movements

2 Contraction of the circular muscles results in narrowing of oesophagus just behind the ldquobolusrdquo Due to

this the food squeezed downwards

3 Contraction of the l muscles in front of the bolus widens the tube This results in the shortening of that

part of the oesophagus

4 This is involuntary and under the control of autonomous nervous system

5 ldquoMucusrdquo secreted by the walls of oesophagus also helps in the sliding of bolus in the food pipe

B) Pyloric SphincterB) Pyloric Sphincter

1 Pyloric sphincter is a muscular part present at the opening of the stomach and duodenum

2 As the process of digestion in the stomach nears completion the contractions of the stomach

decrease

3 This prompts the opening of the pyloric sphincter and opens the pathway into duodenum releasing the

partially digested food (chime) in small quantities into the duodenum

2 Observe the given part of the digestive system What is it What is itrsquos role during digestionObserve the given part of the digestive system What is it What is itrsquos role during digestion

AnsAns

1 The given part of the digesting system is intestine

2 It plays a vital role in the process of digestion

3 When the food enters the intestine the acidic nature of the food (chyme) initiates the production of

hormones like lsquosecretinrsquo and lsquocholecystochininrsquo which stimulate pancreas liver and walls of small

intestine to secrete lsquopancreatic juicersquo and lsquosuccus entericusrsquo

4 Due to their actions glucose amino acids and fatty acids are formed They are absorbed by the

intestinal blood capillaries Villi are very helpful to increase the area of absorption

5 The unwanted waste materials reach the large intestine The peristaltic waves move the stool into the

rectum6 Water gets absorbed and remaining waste material is later expelled out of the body through anus

3 Give ReasonsGive Reasons

a) If we press tongue against the palate we can recognize taste easilya) If we press tongue against the palate we can recognize taste easily

b) We canrsquot identify taste when food is very hotb) We canrsquot identify taste when food is very hot

c) If glucose level falls in blood we feel hungryc) If glucose level falls in blood we feel hungry

d) Small intestine is similar to a coiled piped) Small intestine is similar to a coiled pipe

e) Urination increases when we take lot of fluidse) Urination increases when we take lot of fluids

f) The process of digestion goes on in a person whose central nervous system has been largely affectedf) The process of digestion goes on in a person whose central nervous system has been largely affected

AnsAns

a) When the tongue is pressed against the palate the food substance is pressed against the opening of the

taste bud letting it to reach the taste cells and triggering taste signals Finally the taste is recognised by the

brain

b) The taste buds become paralyzed due to extreme heat of the food So they canrsquot recognise the taste of

Related Topics



food

c) When glucose levels in the blood fall we get hunger pangs in stomach The reason for this is a hormone

called ldquoghrelinrdquo is released into the blood when the stomach is empty

d) The small intestine is just like a coiled tube In order to increase the area of absorption the small intestine

is just like a coiled tube the inner surface of the wall of the intestine contains thousands of finger like

projections called villi These villi increase the surface area so that he food retained in the folds can remain

longer thereby enhancing absorption

e)

1 when we take lot of fluids urination increases

2 It is because the person has consumed more fluids than actually needed

3 Kidney expels this extra water in the form of urine

4 Write difference between the followingWrite difference between the following

a) Bolus ndashChymea) Bolus ndashChyme

b) Small Intestine-Large Intestineb) Small Intestine-Large Intestine

c) Mastication -Ruminationc) Mastication -Rumination

d) Propulsion-Retropulsiond) Propulsion-Retropulsion

A)A)

BolusBolus ChymeChyme

1) It is the food which is in the form of lsquoslurry massrsquo 1) It is the food which is in the form of a lsquosmooth

porridgersquo-like consistency

2) This is formed due to mastication 2) This is formed due to enzymatic action

3) This is formed in the buccal cavity 3) This is formed in the stomach

B)B)

Small IntestineSmall Intestine Large IntestineLarge Intestine

1) The diameter of the small intestine is lesser than

large intestine

1) The diameter of the small intestine is greater than

small intestine

2) Digestion of food is completely done here 2) Absocrption of the water from the remaining

wastes occurs here

3) lsquoSucuus entericusrsquo is secreted 3) lsquoNo enzymes rsquoare secreted

4) Villi are present 4) Villi are absent

C)C)MasticationMastication RuminationRumination

1) During mastication food size becomes conviniet

to swallow

1) During rumination small pieces food is completely

chewed and swallowed

2) Mastication occurs in man 2) It can be seen in ruminants only like cows and

buffaloes

3) After mastication the bolus is moved with the help

of peristaltic movements

3) Reverse peristolosis occurs and the food moves

from stomach to the mouth and starts chewing

D)D)

PropulsionPropulsion RetropulsionRetropulsion

1) In this peristaltic waves move food from one part

1) Small amounts of chyme is pushed into the



into the stomach

2) It is forward in direction 2) It is backward in direction

3) It occurs in the front portion of the stomach 3) It occurs in the hind portion of the stomach

5 How can you say that mouth is a munching machineHow can you say that mouth is a munching machine

AnsAns

1 There is need of mechanical crushing of food Hence the food in the mouth has to be broken down into

tiny pieces to increase the surface area for action of substances that help in digestion

2 Teeth help in chewing food material

3 The circular muscles of the food to be pushed into the oral cavity and to be moved around

4 The teeth grind chew and shred it This process is called mastication

5 The surface muscles of the jaw help in biting and chewing actions during food mastication

6 The teeth help in cutting and grinding while tongue helps in spread out the food and help in mixing it

with saliva

7 Thus mouth acts as the munching machine

6 During the journey of food from mouth to stomach through oesophagus How muscular system coordinateDuring the journey of food from mouth to stomach through oesophagus How muscular system coordinate

in this processin this process

AnsAns

1 The circular muscles of the mouth enable the food to be pushed into the oral cavity and to be moved

around

2 During the mastication the surface muscles help in the chewing and biting actions Thus the muscles

of the mouth enable the food to push in to the oral cavity and to be moved around

3 The wall of the oesophagus is made up of two kinds of smooth muscles viz

i) Circular muscles and

ii) Longitudinal muscles

4 Contraction of the circular muscles results in narrowing of the oesophagus just behind the bolus So

the food is squeezed downwards

5 Contraction of the longitudinal muscles in front of the bolus widen the tube this results in shortening of

the particular part of the oesophagus

6 Contraction and relaxation of these muscles dring in a wave like motion that propels the food bolus into

the stomach by the action called as ldquoperistalsisrdquo

7 What is the function of peristalsis in these partsWhat is the function of peristalsis in these parts

a) Oesophagusa) Oesophagus

b) Stomachb) Stomachc) Small Intestinec) Small Intestine

d) Large Intestined) Large Intestine

AnsAns a) The peristaltic movements in oesophagus propel the food bolus into the stomach

b) The peristaltic movements in stomach prompt the musular part called as pyloric sphincter which is

present at the opening of the stomach and duodenum to relax This results in the movement of partially

digested food (chyme) into the duodenum

c) The peristaltic movements in the small intestine result in the releasing of undigested food into the larger

intestine

d) The peristaltic movements in the larger intestine prompt the muscular sphincter to relax This results in

expelling of smelly yellowish faecal mass to outside the body

8 How can you justify the enteric nervous system as the second brain of the gutHow can you justify the enteric nervous system as the second brain of the gut

AnsAns

1 The nervous apparatus of our digestive tract comprises of a vast and complicated network of neurons



nicknamed by scientists as the ldquosecond brainrdquo

2 This second brain acts as the connection with the brain and partly determines the mental state and

plays a vital role in certain diseases throughout the body

3 ldquoThe enteric nervous systemrdquo (or) the second brain consists of sheaths of neurons embedded in the

walls of the long tube of our gut which about 9 meters length

4 The second brain contains some 100 million neurons more than either the spinal cord or peripheral

nervous system

5 Due to the presence of these neurons we ldquofeelrdquo the inner world of our gut and its contents

6 Stimulating coordinating the breakdown of food absorbing nutrients and expelling of waste requires

chemical processing mechanical mixing and rhythemic muscle contractions are completely under the

control of enteric nervous system

9 Rajesh feels hungry upon seeing food Sheela says no to food as she is not hungry What makes RajeshRajesh feels hungry upon seeing food Sheela says no to food as she is not hungry What makes Rajesh

hungry and what suppresses Sheelas hungerhungry and what suppresses Sheelas hunger

Ans

1 Rajesh feels hungry on seeing the food The reason for this secretion of hormone ldquoghrelinrdquo It is

secreted when the stomach is empty

2 Due to lsquoghrelinrsquo secretion hunger contractions start to occur in the stomach Because of that Rajesh

feels hungry

3 Sheela refused to take the food because her stomach is full and there is no need of food any more

4 When the stomach is full and there is no need of food anymore a hormone called ldquoleptinrdquo is secreted

that suppresses hungry

5 Because of the secretion of ldquoleptinrdquo Sheelarsquos hunger is suppressed

10 List out the sphincter muscles of the food canal you have observed and give a brief descriptionList out the sphincter muscles of the food canal you have observed and give a brief description

AnsAns

1 Pyloric SphincterPyloric Sphincter

1 It is present at the opening of the stomach and the first part of the small intestine

2 This sphincter allows the partially digested food in small quantities into the duodenum

2 Anal SphincterAnal Sphincter

1 This is the muscular that help in the opening and closing of the aperture of the digestive canal

2 This helps in the expulsion of stools from the body

3 Urinary Bladder SphincterUrinary Bladder Sphincter

1 These are two sets of circular sphincter muscles present in the urinary bladder

2 When the bladder is filling up both these muscles are constricted in order to close the exit

3 The upper sphincter is having automatic reflex action with regard to the pressure of the urine

4 But the lower sphincter in contrast is under the control of the will and the urine can still be retained

until this muscle is relaxed

11 What happens if salivary ducts are closedWhat happens if salivary ducts are closed

AnsAns

1 Any food substance when placed on the tongue gets dissolved in the saliva secreted by salivary glands

in the mouth

2 When the tongue is pressed against the palate this dissolved food substance is pressed against the

opening of the taste bud and triggering the taste cells finally taste is recognized in the brain3 If the salivary glands are not functioning the taste of the food canrsquot be recognized

4 Beside that mucous present in the saliva makes the food sticky and helps its passage easy If they are

not properly functioning swallowing of solid food becomes very difficult

5 Saliva acts as a useful solvent dissolving the chemical substances present in food If it is not secreted



c emica su stances are not issove in t e mout

6 The enzyme called lsquoptyalinrsquo converts starch into dextrose and maltose This partial digestion of starch

would not occur if saliva is not secreted

12 What experiment should you perform to understand action of saliva on flour Explain its procedure andWhat experiment should you perform to understand action of saliva on flour Explain its procedure and

apparatus that you followedapparatus that you followed

Ans AimAns Aim test tubes saliva starch powder iodine solution paraffin wax

ProcedureProcedure

1 keep a piece of paraffin wax in your mouth and collect saliva into a test tube and filter it

2 Take frac14 spoon of starch in a beaker add little water and mix it Then heat it and prepare 200 ml of starch

solution

3 Take 10ml of starch solution into a test tube and add 2 drops of iodine solution to it The colour of the

starch changes into blue

4 Now divide it in to two parts To one part add 5ml of water to other part add 5ml of filtered saliva

5 Keep the tubes in a test-tube stand Examine the test tube to after every few minutes for any colour

changes

Observation Observation

1 we will not find any colour change in the test tube to which water is added

2 The solution of the test tube to which saliva is added shows colour change

Inference The saliva acts on starch solution and converted it into simple sugars like maltose and

dextrose Hence the colour change in the solution

13 Suggest a simple experiment to prove the role of palate in recognizing tasteSuggest a simple experiment to prove the role of palate in recognizing taste

Ans AimAns Aim to prove that palate plays a major role in recognizing taste

ApparatusApparatus sugar crystals stop watch

ProcedureProcedure

1 Place some sugar crystals on your tongue doesnrsquot touch the palate

2 Record the time from the moment you placed the crystals on your tongue till you got the taste by using

stop watch

3 Now repeat the test by placing the sugar crystals on your tongue and pressing it against the palate till

you got the taste by using stop watch

ObservationObservation the taste is identified easily when tongue is pressed against the palate

Inference when the tongue is pressed against the palate the food substance is pressed against the opening

of the taste bud letting it to reach the taste cells and triggering taste signals and finally taste is recognized

in the brain

14 Collect information related to feeling hunger from your school library and prepare a note on itCollect information related to feeling hunger from your school library and prepare a note on it

AnsAns

1 Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov (1849 to 1936) has conducted experiments on conditioning with dogs

2 He discovered that dogs produced extra saliva when they were offered food This is natural response to

a stimulus

3 Pavlov noticed that saliva is excreted when the person who fed them came into the room even if the

person had not brought any food

4 Pavlov went on to ring bell at the start of feeding time and eventually the dogs produced extra saliva

when they heard the bell before any food was brought in

5 A dog salivating when it hears a bell is not a natural response The behavior has been learned Itrsquos called

a conditioned response

15 Explain how digestive system coordinate with circulatory systemExplain how digestive system coordinate with circulatory system



Schematic Diagram of VillusSchematic Diagram of Villus

AnsAns

1 Small intestine is the main region for the absorption of digested food

2 The walls of the small intestine is richly supplied with blood capillaries A finger like projections called

villi increase the area of absorption of nutrients

3 Due to villi the large surface of the intestine helps in the rapid absorption of digested food

4 The blood carries digested and dissolved food to all the parts of the body where it becomes assimilated

as part of the cells

5 The energy is released by the oxidation of assimilated food in the cells during respiration

6 The digested food which is not used by our body immediately is stored in the liver in the form of

lsquoglycogenrsquo This lsquoglycogenrsquo can be used as a source of energy in our body

16 Show the movement of food from mouth to the stomach with the help of diagram What muscles and nervesShow the movement of food from mouth to the stomach with the help of diagram What muscles and nerves

are involved in the movement of food and what is this action calledare involved in the movement of food and what is this action called

AnsAns

1 When the food is placed in the mouth the circular muscles of mouth enable the food to push into the

oral cavity and to be moved around

2 The teeth grind and shred the food This process is called mastication

3 The teeth help in cutting and grinding the food The muscles of the mouth enable the food to be pushed

in the oral cavity and to be moved around


5 Under the action of autonomous nervous system saliva is secreted to make the swallowing easier As a

result of chewing food forms a slurry mass called ldquobolusrdquo

6 The mechanism for swallowing is also under nervous coordination and its control centre is lsquomedulla

oblongatarsquo

7 The wall of the esophagus is made up of two kinds of smooth muscles and longitudinal muscles



8 The contraction and relaxation of these muscles bring a wave like motion called ldquoperistalsisrdquo This

action is involuntary and under the control of autonomous nervous system

17 There is a great variety in diversified life processes express your feelings in the form a poemThere is a great variety in diversified life processes express your feelings in the form a poem

AnsAns

Nutrition excretion respiration

All are essential for our life

Control and coordination are

Much needed to lead a balanced life

Reproduction makes our species

Go on and on forever

Autotrophs and heterotrophs are brothers

And depend on each other in a systematic way

Thus making the human beings in a stable tray

18 How can you show that taste is affected by the sense of smellHow can you show that taste is affected by the sense of smell

Ans AimAns Aim Taste is affected by the sense of smell

Requirements Requirements zeera sounf potato slices and apple

ProcedureProcedure

1 First close your nose with your fingers

2 Pop in some zeera in your mouth and chew it for some time

3 After sometime wash your mouth and repeat the activity by chewing a piece of an apple followed by a

potato (remember to close your nose)

ObservationsObservations

1 Recognition of taste is delayed

2 It takes much longer time to identify the taste

ConclusionConclusion

1 We can taste the food that is in the form of liquid only

2 When we smell the chemo receptors in the nose trigger signals in the form of nerve impulses to the

brain where smell is detected

3 Without the smell of the food recognition of taste is delayed

19 How do you show the breakdown of food by using the model of chalk piece kept in vinegarHow do you show the breakdown of food by using the model of chalk piece kept in vinegar

Ans AimAns Aim To show the breakdown of food by using the model of chalk piece

RequirementsRequirements beakers plastic water bottles vinegar pieces of chalk

ProcedureProcedure

1 Break a piece of chalk into two halves crush one half into tiny pieces leaving the other as it is

2 Take two small mineral water bottles cut them into two equal halves and discard the upper portion

Now fill them half with vinegar and add the crushed chalk to one beaker and the other uncrushed half

chalk to the other observe this for half an hour

ObservationObservation

1 The crushed chalk kept in the vinegar quickly broken down into small particles Inference mechanical

crushing in necessary for the food to increase the surface area for action of substances that aid to

digestion

20 Perform an activity to show the functions of different teeth in manPerform an activity to show the functions of different teeth in man

Ans AimAns Aim to show the relation between shapes and their function in man

RequirementRequirement Plaster of Paris dentition model

ProcedureProcedure observe the relation between their shape and their function



InferenceInference

1 The dental formula of man is 2123 2123

2 Incisors have sharp edges and useful to bite the food substances Canines have sharp and pointed

edges useful to pierce the meat

3 Molars and premolars have blunt and nearly flat surface They are useful to grind the food substances

21 How do test the pH of mouth at intervals of one hourHow do test the pH of mouth at intervals of one hour

Ans AimAns Aim To test the ph of mouth with the help of pH paperRequirementsRequirements pH indicator paper (with a colour chart)

ProcedureProcedure

1 Take the pH paper from your lab and touch it to your tongue

2 Match the colour with the colour chart and note the pH value

3 Take some readings after having lunch fruits or breakfast Take at least four readings compare the

readings with your colour chart

4 Test with different types of food as you eat them and check just after you have swallowed them

Findings it is found that the saliva secreted causes the medium to change to alkaline as it aids in

action of enzyme salivary amylase

22 How do you demonstrate the forward movement of bolus in oesophagusHow do you demonstrate the forward movement of bolus in oesophagus

Ans AimAns Aim to show the movement of food in the oesophagus with the help of a rubber tube

Required materialsRequired materials waste cycle tube piece two potatoes lubricant oil

ProcedureProcedure

1 Take a piece of waste cycle tube and insert one or two potatoes into it

2 Lubricate the inner side of the tube with oil Smear the oil over potatoes

3 Insert oil coated potatoes in the tube now try to push the potatoes by squeezing the tube

ObservationObservation the potatoes move like waves and make a forward movement simply sliding through the

rubber tube

Inference this shows that the bolus moves in the oesophagus through a lubricant passage (mucus)

that is secreted by the walls of oesophagus

23 How do you demonstrate an experiment showing how the stomach is protected from its own acidHow do you demonstrate an experiment showing how the stomach is protected from its own acid

secretionssecretions

Ans AimAns Aim to show that mucus protects the stomach lining from its acid secretions

Required material green leaves grease weak acid like sulphurus acid

ProcedureProcedure

1 Take two similar green leaves2 Grease one leaf with petroleum jelly and leave the other free

3 Add 1 or to drops some weak acid on both the leaves (sulphurus acid)

4 Observe them for half an hour



1 The leaf that has petroleum jelly coating is not affected by the action of the acid

2 The normal leaf has got the acid affect The leaf has damaged

InferenceInference The petroleum jelly protected the leaf acidic action Like this petroleum jelly our stomach wall is

also coated with mucus layer which protects the stomach from the action of hydrochloric acid

2-MARKS QUESTIONS2-MARKS QUESTIONS

1 What do you mean by hunger pangsWhat do you mean by hunger pangs

AnsAns

1 Hunger pangs are nothing but hunger generating signals that reach the brain from the stomach due to

the secretion of a hormone called ldquoghrelinrdquo

2 When glucose levels in the blood fall we get hunger pangs in the stomach

3 Then ldquoghrelinrdquo hormone is secreted from the cells of the stomach wall then lsquohunger contractionrsquo start in

the stomach

4 Hunger pangs continue up to 30-45 minutes Increase of ghrelin levels results in sensation of hunger

and motivation to consume food

2 What are the organ systems involved in digestion of food which we eatWhat are the organ systems involved in digestion of food which we eat

AnsAns

1 Circulatory system digestive system central nervous system and endocrine system are the systems

involved in the process of digestion

3 Rafi said smell also increase our appetite can you support this statement HowRafi said smell also increase our appetite can you support this statement How

AnsAns

1 Rafirsquos statement is correct

2 Taste and smell are closely related

3 Anyone with severe cough and cold cannot make out the difference in tastes of certain food items It isdue to the failure in the combination of taste and smell

4 Interaction between the senses and taste enhance our perceptions of the foods we eat

4 What is masticationWhat is mastication

Explain the role of different sets of teeth in this process

1 The grinding chewing and shredding of food in the oral cavity with the help of teeth is called

ldquomasticationrdquo

2 Incisors have sharp edges and very useful in biting the food to make small pieces

3 Canines have sharp and pointed edges which are very helpful in piercing (or) tearing the food especially

in carnivores these canines are very useful in piercing the flesh

4 Molars and premolars have blunt and nearly flat surface These are also called ldquogrinding teethrdquo

5 Which help in grinding the foods like nuts peas and ground nuts etc

5 Is there any reason for the intestine to be coiled with many folds In what way it is helpful during theIs there any reason for the intestine to be coiled with many folds In what way it is helpful during the

process of digestionprocess of digestion

AnsAns

1 Yes there is a specific reason for the intestine to be coiled with many folds

2 The inner surface of the small intestine contains thousands of finger like projections called villi

3 These villi increase the surface area so that the food retained in the folds can remain longer therebyenhancing absorption

6 How the taste and smell are relatedHow the taste and smell are related

AnsAns



as e an sme are c ose y re a e

2 It is evident in how we perceive the flavors of food

3 During severe cold and cough we cannot make out the difference in tastes of different food items

4 When a food is hot and delicious with spicy smell we feel tastier while eating the food

5 The interaction between the senses of taste and smell enhance our perceptions of the foods we eat

7 If size and shape of small intestine is like oesophagus what will happenIf size and shape of small intestine is like oesophagus what will happen

AnsAns

1 The complete digestion of entire food would not take place

2 The absorption of selective nutrients would not occur

3 The body suffers from starvation of nutrients It becomes lean and weak

4 All the food taken into the body is expelled out only after completing partial digestion in stomach

Hence the availability of energy to the animal is low

8 Explain the importance of mucus on the walls of food pipeExplain the importance of mucus on the walls of food pipe

AnsAns

1 The walls of the food pipe secrete a slippery substance called lsquomucusrsquo

2 Mucus lubricates and protects the oesophageal walls from damage

3 This helps in the food bolus to side down easily just as the oily potatoes that move in the tube

4 Mucus also aids in easy movement of food which moves into the stomach

9 The mere smell or sight of food stimulates hungerThe mere smell or sight of food stimulates hunger

AnsAns

1 When we smell the air bone substances get dissolved in the watery film of nasal mucus

2 The chemo receptors in nose are otherwise called lsquoolfactory receptorsrsquo which trigger signals in the form

of nerve impulses to the brain where smell is detected

3 Similarly we see the food the retina forms the image and the optic nerve carries the impulse to the

optic lobes in the brain

10 How do you appreciate stomach as a churning machine How does this coordination go onHow do you appreciate stomach as a churning machine How does this coordination go on

AnsAns

1 Our stomach is not like a bag with specific volume It is like a pouch which is elastic in nature

2 The contraction of the stomach muscles squeeze and mix the food with the acids and juices of the

stomach

3 Due to this churning the bolus becomes a smooth porridge like consistency called ldquochymerdquo The large

protein molecules are also broken down here

4 As the contractions in the stomach decreases prompts the pyloric sphincter at the opening of the

stomach and duodenum to relax

5 Hence I appreciate the role of stomach as a churning machine in the process digestion

One Mark QuestionsOne Mark Questions

1 Suggest any two important habitual actions to your friend while eating food keeping in view of this chapterSuggest any two important habitual actions to your friend while eating food keeping in view of this chapter

AnsAns I will suggest my friend the following precautions while eating food

1 Do not swallow food without chewing properly

2 Do not eat food in a hurry and hectic manner

2 What is the use of saliva in our mouthWhat is the use of saliva in our mouth

1 Saliva maintains alkaline medium that helps digestion in stomach

2 Saliva moistens the food to make chewing and swallowing easier

3 What are the functions of the tongueWhat are the functions of the tongue

Tongue is not only gustatory in function but also performs different functions including shifting and mixing



10th class study material tenth class biology Coordination in Life Processes study material

Trending On Web

the food in the oral cavity and swallowing

4 How can we recognize the tasteHow can we recognize the taste

Taste can be identified easily only when the tongue is pressed against the palate

5 What hormones are related to the hungerWhat hormones are related to the hunger

1 Ghrelin hormone is secreted in the stomach is responsible for hunger generating sensation

2 Leptin hormone suppresses hunger

6 Name the muscles that help in peristalsisName the muscles that help in peristalsis

Circular muscles and longitudinal muscles of oesophagus will help in peristalsis

7 What is meant by lsquoretropulsionrsquoWhat is meant by lsquoretropulsionrsquo

Small amounts of chyme is pushed into the duodenum simultaneously forcing most of it back into the

stomach which is known as lsquoretropulsionrsquo

8 What is the main function of villiWhat is the main function of villi

Villi increase the area of absorption of nutrients so that the food retained in the folds can remain longer

thereby enhancing absorption

9 What are the systems involved in the process of digestionWhat are the systems involved in the process of digestion

Muscular system and nervous system are involved in digestion

10 What is meant by lsquogrindingrsquoWhat is meant by lsquogrindingrsquo

The most vigorous peristalsis and mixing of action occur close to the pylorus which is called lsquogrindingrsquo

Published on 12192014 35600 PM

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590 Comments Sort by

Inshah Neha

Very helpful for students like me

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endi ne katta


Vamshi Rider

wt u sd i write

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Rawee Balabhadra middot C I of Police at Police Department

this website is very useful to our children I am very happy and also thanks to sakshi

education team

Like middot Reply middot 3 middot Feb 21 2015 950pm


you have kept the reproduction study material in the place of respiration please

change it and keep the respiration study material under that head instead of

reproduction

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Sakshi Education

Its updated plz check


Kishore Kumar middot Assistant Professor at GITAM University Hyderabad

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Sakshi Education sirmadam

How to download Biology study materials


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Kishore Kumar ctrl+p and save option will appear click on save thats it


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thnqq a lotttfor saakshi educatinn we all are back of uu once again soo thnks


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plzzzz make biology and social study material available in pdf so that we can

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26 The enteric nervous system stimulates and coordinates the breakdown of food absorbing nutrients and

expelling of waste requires chemical processing mechanical mixing and rhythmic muscle contractions

27 Oxidation of food is required to release the energy

28 Respiration is controlled by the medulla oblongata of the autonomous nervous system

29 Digestion occurs in the food canal coordination of respiration and transport of substances which is vital for

energy releasing process will not occur

4- Marks Questions4- Marks Questions

1 Write a note on peristalsis and sphincter function in stomach Write a note on peristalsis and sphincter function in stomach

Ans a PeristalsisAns a Peristalsis

1 The wave like movement of wall of oesophagus with the help of circular and longitudinal muscles that

propel the food bolus into the stomach are called ldquoperistalticrdquo movements

2 Contraction of the circular muscles results in narrowing of oesophagus just behind the ldquobolusrdquo Due to

this the food squeezed downwards

3 Contraction of the l muscles in front of the bolus widens the tube This results in the shortening of that

part of the oesophagus

4 This is involuntary and under the control of autonomous nervous system

5 ldquoMucusrdquo secreted by the walls of oesophagus also helps in the sliding of bolus in the food pipe

B) Pyloric SphincterB) Pyloric Sphincter

1 Pyloric sphincter is a muscular part present at the opening of the stomach and duodenum

2 As the process of digestion in the stomach nears completion the contractions of the stomach

decrease

3 This prompts the opening of the pyloric sphincter and opens the pathway into duodenum releasing the

partially digested food (chime) in small quantities into the duodenum

2 Observe the given part of the digestive system What is it What is itrsquos role during digestionObserve the given part of the digestive system What is it What is itrsquos role during digestion

AnsAns

1 The given part of the digesting system is intestine

2 It plays a vital role in the process of digestion

3 When the food enters the intestine the acidic nature of the food (chyme) initiates the production of

hormones like lsquosecretinrsquo and lsquocholecystochininrsquo which stimulate pancreas liver and walls of small

intestine to secrete lsquopancreatic juicersquo and lsquosuccus entericusrsquo

4 Due to their actions glucose amino acids and fatty acids are formed They are absorbed by the

intestinal blood capillaries Villi are very helpful to increase the area of absorption

5 The unwanted waste materials reach the large intestine The peristaltic waves move the stool into the

rectum6 Water gets absorbed and remaining waste material is later expelled out of the body through anus

3 Give ReasonsGive Reasons

a) If we press tongue against the palate we can recognize taste easilya) If we press tongue against the palate we can recognize taste easily

b) We canrsquot identify taste when food is very hotb) We canrsquot identify taste when food is very hot

c) If glucose level falls in blood we feel hungryc) If glucose level falls in blood we feel hungry

d) Small intestine is similar to a coiled piped) Small intestine is similar to a coiled pipe

e) Urination increases when we take lot of fluidse) Urination increases when we take lot of fluids

f) The process of digestion goes on in a person whose central nervous system has been largely affectedf) The process of digestion goes on in a person whose central nervous system has been largely affected

AnsAns

a) When the tongue is pressed against the palate the food substance is pressed against the opening of the

taste bud letting it to reach the taste cells and triggering taste signals Finally the taste is recognised by the

brain

b) The taste buds become paralyzed due to extreme heat of the food So they canrsquot recognise the taste of

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A)A)






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small intestine


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to swallow




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D)D)






into the stomach




AnsAns








with saliva




AnsAns


around





















intestine




AnsAns










nervous system







Ans




feels hungry






AnsAns














AnsAns


in the mouth














ProcedureProcedure



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changes









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stop watch






in the brain


AnsAns



a stimulus











AnsAns












AnsAns










oblongatarsquo







AnsAns













ProcedureProcedure
















ProcedureProcedure








digestion







InferenceInference







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ProcedureProcedure












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Sakshi Education




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Sumanth Kandagatla



OldestOldest

Add a comment



s warya wee



Sridhar Talari

were do u study


Shruthi Upparpalli

ROFL


S Iamprudhvi Bck

hidden





download it


Jithendra Yenugula

itz my request too


Sai Vardhan

Its mine tooo


Sai Laxman

yes please



Meghana Reddy




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DIET CET-

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NET






into the stomach




AnsAns








with saliva




AnsAns


around





















intestine




AnsAns










nervous system







Ans




feels hungry






AnsAns














AnsAns


in the mouth














ProcedureProcedure



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changes









ProcedureProcedure



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in the brain


AnsAns



a stimulus











AnsAns












AnsAns










oblongatarsquo







AnsAns













ProcedureProcedure
















ProcedureProcedure








digestion







InferenceInference







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ProcedureProcedure





rubber tube







ProcedureProcedure












AnsAns





the stomach




AnsAns




AnsAns
















AnsAns





AnsAns









AnsAns







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stomach



















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Phenomenon of 2016



Inshah Neha



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reproduction


Sakshi Education




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Sumanth Kandagatla



OldestOldest

Add a comment



s warya wee



Sridhar Talari

were do u study


Shruthi Upparpalli

ROFL


S Iamprudhvi Bck

hidden





download it


Jithendra Yenugula

itz my request too


Sai Vardhan

Its mine tooo


Sai Laxman

yes please



Meghana Reddy




no way



PLS PROVIDE TM



















Competitive

Exams


Tests

DSC

Special

Panchayat

Secretary


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Exams

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DIET CET-

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nervous system







Ans




feels hungry






AnsAns














AnsAns


in the mouth














ProcedureProcedure



solution





changes









ProcedureProcedure



stop watch






in the brain


AnsAns



a stimulus











AnsAns












AnsAns










oblongatarsquo







AnsAns













ProcedureProcedure
















ProcedureProcedure








digestion







InferenceInference







ProcedureProcedure











ProcedureProcedure





rubber tube







ProcedureProcedure












AnsAns





the stomach




AnsAns




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AnsAns





AnsAns









AnsAns







AnsAns






AnsAns







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stomach



















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SmartOwner



Lybrate



Babbel



Boomerang for Gmail


Flights Until Now

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Phenomenon of 2016



Inshah Neha



Vamshi Rider

endi ne katta


Vamshi Rider

wt u sd i write




education team





reproduction


Sakshi Education




Campus







Sumanth Kandagatla



OldestOldest

Add a comment



s warya wee



Sridhar Talari

were do u study


Shruthi Upparpalli

ROFL


S Iamprudhvi Bck

hidden





download it


Jithendra Yenugula

itz my request too


Sai Vardhan

Its mine tooo


Sai Laxman

yes please



Meghana Reddy




no way



PLS PROVIDE TM



















Competitive

Exams


Tests

DSC

Special

Panchayat

Secretary


SBI Asso Banks

Clerks

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JAO

Bank

Exams

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Exams

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Exams

Police

Constable

RRC

GroupD




Affairs

DIET CET-

2015


NET












ProcedureProcedure



solution





changes









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in the brain


AnsAns



a stimulus











AnsAns












AnsAns










oblongatarsquo







AnsAns













ProcedureProcedure
















ProcedureProcedure








digestion







InferenceInference







ProcedureProcedure











ProcedureProcedure





rubber tube







ProcedureProcedure












AnsAns





the stomach




AnsAns




AnsAns
















AnsAns





AnsAns









AnsAns







AnsAns






AnsAns







AnsAns



stomach



















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SmartOwner



Lybrate



Babbel



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Flights Until Now

Save70com


Phenomenon of 2016



Inshah Neha



Vamshi Rider

endi ne katta


Vamshi Rider

wt u sd i write




education team





reproduction


Sakshi Education




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Sumanth Kandagatla



OldestOldest

Add a comment



s warya wee



Sridhar Talari

were do u study


Shruthi Upparpalli

ROFL


S Iamprudhvi Bck

hidden





download it


Jithendra Yenugula

itz my request too


Sai Vardhan

Its mine tooo


Sai Laxman

yes please



Meghana Reddy




no way



PLS PROVIDE TM



















Competitive

Exams


Tests

DSC

Special

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AnsAns












AnsAns










oblongatarsquo







AnsAns













ProcedureProcedure
















ProcedureProcedure








digestion







InferenceInference







ProcedureProcedure











ProcedureProcedure





rubber tube







ProcedureProcedure












AnsAns





the stomach




AnsAns




AnsAns
















AnsAns





AnsAns









AnsAns







AnsAns






AnsAns







AnsAns



stomach



















Trending On Web




















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SmartOwner



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Babbel



Boomerang for Gmail


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Phenomenon of 2016



Inshah Neha



Vamshi Rider

endi ne katta


Vamshi Rider

wt u sd i write




education team





reproduction


Sakshi Education




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Sumanth Kandagatla



OldestOldest

Add a comment



s warya wee



Sridhar Talari

were do u study


Shruthi Upparpalli

ROFL


S Iamprudhvi Bck

hidden





download it


Jithendra Yenugula

itz my request too


Sai Vardhan

Its mine tooo


Sai Laxman

yes please



Meghana Reddy




no way



PLS PROVIDE TM



















Competitive

Exams


Tests

DSC

Special

Panchayat

Secretary


SBI Asso Banks

Clerks

BSNL

JAO

Bank

Exams

Civil Services SSC

Exams

Postal

Exams

Police

Constable

RRC

GroupD




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DIET CET-

2015


NET









AnsAns













ProcedureProcedure
















ProcedureProcedure








digestion







InferenceInference







ProcedureProcedure











ProcedureProcedure





rubber tube







ProcedureProcedure












AnsAns





the stomach




AnsAns




AnsAns
















AnsAns





AnsAns









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stomach



















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SmartOwner



Lybrate



Babbel



Boomerang for Gmail


Flights Until Now

Save70com


Phenomenon of 2016



Inshah Neha



Vamshi Rider

endi ne katta


Vamshi Rider

wt u sd i write




education team





reproduction


Sakshi Education




Campus







Sumanth Kandagatla



OldestOldest

Add a comment



s warya wee



Sridhar Talari

were do u study


Shruthi Upparpalli

ROFL


S Iamprudhvi Bck

hidden





download it


Jithendra Yenugula

itz my request too


Sai Vardhan

Its mine tooo


Sai Laxman

yes please



Meghana Reddy




no way



PLS PROVIDE TM



















Competitive

Exams


Tests

DSC

Special

Panchayat

Secretary


SBI Asso Banks

Clerks

BSNL

JAO

Bank

Exams

Civil Services SSC

Exams

Postal

Exams

Police

Constable

RRC

GroupD




Affairs

DIET CET-

2015


NET






InferenceInference







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rubber tube







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the stomach




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stomach



















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SmartOwner



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Babbel



Boomerang for Gmail


Flights Until Now

Save70com


Phenomenon of 2016



Inshah Neha



Vamshi Rider

endi ne katta


Vamshi Rider

wt u sd i write




education team





reproduction


Sakshi Education




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Sumanth Kandagatla



OldestOldest

Add a comment



s warya wee



Sridhar Talari

were do u study


Shruthi Upparpalli

ROFL


S Iamprudhvi Bck

hidden





download it


Jithendra Yenugula

itz my request too


Sai Vardhan

Its mine tooo


Sai Laxman

yes please



Meghana Reddy




no way



PLS PROVIDE TM



















Competitive

Exams


Tests

DSC

Special

Panchayat

Secretary


SBI Asso Banks

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BSNL

JAO

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Exams

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Constable

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Affairs

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2015


NET












AnsAns





the stomach




AnsAns




AnsAns
















AnsAns





AnsAns









AnsAns







AnsAns






AnsAns







AnsAns



stomach



















Trending On Web




















Tags





SmartOwner



Lybrate



Babbel



Boomerang for Gmail


Flights Until Now

Save70com


Phenomenon of 2016



Inshah Neha



Vamshi Rider

endi ne katta


Vamshi Rider

wt u sd i write




education team





reproduction


Sakshi Education




Campus







Sumanth Kandagatla



OldestOldest

Add a comment



s warya wee



Sridhar Talari

were do u study


Shruthi Upparpalli

ROFL


S Iamprudhvi Bck

hidden





download it


Jithendra Yenugula

itz my request too


Sai Vardhan

Its mine tooo


Sai Laxman

yes please



Meghana Reddy




no way



PLS PROVIDE TM



















Competitive

Exams


Tests

DSC

Special

Panchayat

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SBI Asso Banks

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Exams

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Constable

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GroupD




Affairs

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2015


NET












AnsAns







AnsAns






AnsAns







AnsAns



stomach



















Trending On Web




















Tags





SmartOwner



Lybrate



Babbel



Boomerang for Gmail


Flights Until Now

Save70com


Phenomenon of 2016



Inshah Neha



Vamshi Rider

endi ne katta


Vamshi Rider

wt u sd i write




education team





reproduction


Sakshi Education




Campus







Sumanth Kandagatla



OldestOldest

Add a comment



s warya wee



Sridhar Talari

were do u study


Shruthi Upparpalli

ROFL


S Iamprudhvi Bck

hidden





download it


Jithendra Yenugula

itz my request too


Sai Vardhan

Its mine tooo


Sai Laxman

yes please



Meghana Reddy




no way



PLS PROVIDE TM



















Competitive

Exams


Tests

DSC

Special

Panchayat

Secretary


SBI Asso Banks

Clerks

BSNL

JAO

Bank

Exams

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Exams

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Exams

Police

Constable

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GroupD




Affairs

DIET CET-

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Trending On Web




















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Vamshi Rider

endi ne katta


Vamshi Rider

wt u sd i write




education team





reproduction


Sakshi Education




Campus







Sumanth Kandagatla



OldestOldest

Add a comment



s warya wee



Sridhar Talari

were do u study


Shruthi Upparpalli

ROFL


S Iamprudhvi Bck

hidden





download it


Jithendra Yenugula

itz my request too


Sai Vardhan

Its mine tooo


Sai Laxman

yes please



Meghana Reddy




no way



PLS PROVIDE TM



















Competitive

Exams


Tests

DSC

Special

Panchayat

Secretary


SBI Asso Banks

Clerks

BSNL

JAO

Bank

Exams

Civil Services SSC

Exams

Postal

Exams

Police

Constable

RRC

GroupD




Affairs

DIET CET-

2015


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SmartOwner



Lybrate



Babbel



Boomerang for Gmail


Flights Until Now

Save70com


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endi ne katta


Vamshi Rider

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Sakshi Education




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Sumanth Kandagatla



OldestOldest

Add a comment



s warya wee



Sridhar Talari

were do u study


Shruthi Upparpalli

ROFL


S Iamprudhvi Bck

hidden





download it


Jithendra Yenugula

itz my request too


Sai Vardhan

Its mine tooo


Sai Laxman

yes please



Meghana Reddy




no way



PLS PROVIDE TM



















Competitive

Exams


Tests

DSC

Special

Panchayat

Secretary


SBI Asso Banks

Clerks

BSNL

JAO

Bank

Exams

Civil Services SSC

Exams

Postal

Exams

Police

Constable

RRC

GroupD




Affairs

DIET CET-

2015


NET






s warya wee



Sridhar Talari

were do u study


Shruthi Upparpalli

ROFL


S Iamprudhvi Bck

hidden





download it


Jithendra Yenugula

itz my request too


Sai Vardhan

Its mine tooo


Sai Laxman

yes please



Meghana Reddy




no way



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Competitive

Exams


Tests

DSC

Special

Panchayat

Secretary


SBI Asso Banks

Clerks

BSNL

JAO

Bank

Exams

Civil Services SSC

Exams

Postal

Exams

Police

Constable

RRC

GroupD




Affairs

DIET CET-

2015


NET




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