coal-to-hydrogen mike holmes – deputy associate director for research
DESCRIPTION
Coal-to-Hydrogen Mike Holmes – Deputy Associate Director for Research Steve Benson – Senior Research Manager Energy & Environmental Research Center University of North Dakota. Webinar August 7, 2008. Overview. Introduction Why hydrogen Hydrogen from coal Key challenges - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Coal-to-Hydrogen
Mike Holmes – Deputy Associate Director for Research
Steve Benson – Senior Research Manager
Energy & Environmental Research Center
University of North Dakota
WebinarAugust 7, 2008
Overview
• Introduction
• Why hydrogen
• Hydrogen from coal
• Key challenges
• Bench- and pilot-scale testing
• Carbon management
National Center for Hydrogen Technology
The National Center for Hydrogen Technology (NCHT) builds on over 50 years of experience in advanced energy systems and gasification
development by the Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) at the University of North Dakota in Grand Forks, North Dakota. Annual
base funding has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) since FY2005, along with funding from over 70 partners.
EERC Facilities in Grand Forks, North Dakota
Why Hydrogen?
Source:: DOE
It can be obtained from many domesticresources and can be clean and efficient.
Hydrogen can:• Reduce energy dependence• Reduce carbon dioxide• Create jobs
• Improve energy efficiency• Reduce pollution
Hydrogen SafetyHydrogen Safety
Hydrogen Flammability TestingHydrogen Flammability Testing
Source: Rocky Mountain Institute
Hydrogen Leak Fire Gasoline Leak Fire
Tests at Miami University• 3000 ft³/min of hydrogen was leaked from a vehicle tank and
set on fire.• An increase of only 1°–2°C on the inside of the car.• The outside vehicle temperature rose no higher than the
temperature of a car sitting in the sun.
Fuel Cell Vehicle Market Penetration (Compared to National Research Council/ National Academy of Engineering Hydrogen Report & Oak Ridge Hydrogen Report)
H2 Energy Story.XLS; Tab 'Annual Sales';IC 209 7/2 /2008
H2 Energy Story.XLS; Tab 'Annual Sales';IK 211 7/2 /2008
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
NRC/NAE FCVOak Ridge FCVH2 FCV
Market Share of New Car Sales
GHG: H2 ICE HEV & Battery EV
-
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
Greenhouse Gas Pollution (Light duty vehicles only)
(Billion/ tonnes CO2-equivalent/year)
1990 LDV GHG Level
GHG Goal: 60% below 1990 Pollution
GHG Goal: 80% below 1990 Pollution
FCV Scenario
Ethanol PHEVScenario
Gasoline PHEV ScenarioPHEVs
Base Case:Gasoline HEV
Scenario
100% GasolineICEVs
H2 ICE HEVScenario
BPEVScenario
Oil Consumption (US)
US 2030 oil production = 2.72 B bbl/yr (14.3 Quads); US 2006 non-transportation consumption = 2.25 B bbl/year (6.16 M bbl/day) [Ref: AEO 2008]
-
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
Oil Consumption (Billion barrels/year)
FCV, H2 ICE PHEV & BPEV
Scenarios
Gasoline PHEV ScenarioPHEVs
Ethanol PHEVScenario
Base Case:Gasoline HEV
Scenario
100% GasolineICEVs
Energy "Quasi-Independence"
U.S. Energy Consumption by Fuel Type 2005 (Source: U.S. Department of Energy Energy Information Administration)
Fuel Type Energy (quad. Btu) Percent
Coal 22.8 22.5
Natural Gas 19.8 domestic
3.8 imported
23.6 total
19.5 domestic
3.8 imported
23.3 total
Oil 13.2 domestic
26.6 imported
39.8 total
13 domestic
26.2 imported
39.2 total
TOTAL U.S. FOSSIL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
86.2 85.0
Nuclear
(no new facilities in 30 years)
8.4 8.3
Renewable
(largely hydroelectric and wood burning)
6.8 6.7
TOTAL U.S. ENERGY CONSUMPTION 101.4 100
The United States Is Poised to Support a Hydrogen Economy
• The hydrogen economy will rely on a diverse mix for the supply of hydrogen.
• Coal is a likely cornerstone for that mix, with integration of hydrogen production into coproduction of power and synthetic fuels.
• Hydrogen production from coal needs to be developed with related purification, storage, transport, and end-use technologies.
• Carbon management is a key requirement in hydrogen production from coal.
Hydrogen Production Is Not NewHydrogen Production Is Not New
• Over 9 million tons of hydrogen is produced annually in the United States today.
• Currently, the two primary hydrogen uses are for producing fertilizers and hydrocracking petroleum.
• The EERC is not reinventing the wheel; instead, we are working on efficient, reliable, clean, and cost-effective technologies for hydrogen– Hydrogen from renewable sources– Coal-to-hydrogen– Handling product impurities– Developing and demonstrating hydrogen uses– Etc.
Natural Gas to HydrogenNatural Gas to Hydrogen• For hydrogen production from natural gas to replace
even one-third of gasoline use for transportation, all of the natural gas currently used (6.9 trillion cubic feet) for the generation of electricity in the United States would be required.1
– Represents 30% of all natural gas usage.
– Resulting in the production of 46 billion kg of H2 or the equivalent of 46 billion gallons of gas.2
– In 2007, the United States consumed 142 billion gallons of finished motor gasoline.1
• Currently, 8 billion kg of H2 are produced in the United States each year, and about 95% of the hydrogen is derived from natural gas reforming.3
1. Energy Information Association (tonto.eia.doe.gov).2. Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrogen Production via Natural Gas Steam Reforming, NREL, 2001.3. U.S. Department of Energy, Fossil Energy (www.fossil.energy.gov).
Coal-to-Hydrogen OpportunityCoal-to-Hydrogen Opportunity
• Coal can be a cornerstone for the diverse hydrogen supply mix, with integration of hydrogen production into coproduction of power and synthetic fuels.
• The United States has more than one-quarter of the world’s coal reserves, with a supply that will last over 250 years at current mining rates.
• About 12% more coal would need to be mined and converted to hydrogen to serve one-third of the transportation demand.
Tremendous opportunity to increase domestic energy supply without adding transmission capacity includes hydrogen, power, advanced tactical fuels for the military, fuels for energy markets, and specialty chemicals.
Teamed with carbon management, coal-to-hydrogen technology can help meet the main goals of a hydrogen economy (energy security, environmental benefits, and economic advantages).
1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2010
Annular ExternallyHeated Retort
Slagging Fixed-Bed Gasifier
CatalyticGasification/SOFC
Mild Gasification
Transport ReactorDevelopment Unit
Microgasifier
Tec
hn
olo
gy
Dem
on
stra
tio
ns
Refractory and slag flowLignite properties – moisture friability
Gasification Kinetics
Coal water slurries
CABRE I – Ash behavior Entrained flow gasifiers
CABRE II – Computer model for entrained flow
gasifiers
CABRE III – Systems Engineering modeling – design of future systems
Trace elementsin gasification
Lignite Gasification – ashbehavior
Res
earc
h a
nd
Dev
elo
pm
ent
Entrained flow Slagging gasifier
Dakota GasificationSupport
Selected Gasification ActivitiesSelected Gasification Activities at the EERCat the EERC
Coal Is the Bridge to a Hydrogen EconomyCoal Is the Bridge to a Hydrogen Economy
Centralized ProductionClean Coal Gasification to Hydrogen
• Advancement of coal gasification for polyproduction of hydrogen, synthetic fuels, and power.
• Evaluate warm-gas cleanup: – Particulate and trace element control, including
mercury.– Sulfur removal to meet limits required for use of
hydrogen in refineries, chemical production, and fuel cells.
– Test methods of ammonia removal.– Test carbon dioxide separation and removal
technologies in order to produce a clean hydrogen stream and CO2 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) or sequestration.
– Test hydrogen separation materials.
Pilot-scale transport reactor (scale-up to Wilsonville, Alabama, system).
Producing economical, high-purity hydrogen from coal.
Conventional Gasification
Air
O2
Coal
Steam
AcidGas
TailGas
CO2
S
Hydrogen Electricity
PowerGeneration
Gasification
Quench Coolerand Scrubber
Water–Gas Shift(sour high temperature)
Sulfur Removal
CO2 Capture(physical scrubbing)
Pressure SwingAdsorption
Air SeparationUnit
Claus Plant
Steam
“Advanced” Gasification System
Air
O2
Coal
Electricity
Gasification
Hot-Gas Cleanupand Sulfur Removal
High-Temperature Shift
Membrane Separation
O2 Combustor
Air SeparationUnit
Mercury Capture
Hydrogen
PowerGeneration
TurbineExpander
CO2-Rich Gas
CO2 H2O
Steam
O2
Key Challenges
Air
O2
Coal
Electricity
Gasification
Hot-Gas Cleanupand Sulfur Removal
High-Temperature Shift
Membrane Separation
O2 Combustor
Air SeparationUnit
Mercury Capture
Hydrogen
PowerGeneration
TurbineExpander
CO2-Rich Gas
CO2 H2O
Steam
O2
Sulfur Removal ResultsPolishing Bed
• Achieved as low as 0.01 ppm H2S.
% R
emov
al
99%
99.9%
99.99%
99.999%
%H2S Slip for Polishing Bed Runs
0.000
0.001
0.010
0.100
1.000
Red Hills Arkansas Oak Hill Coteau
% S
lip
, Lo
g S
cale
Air O2
Freedom
Mercury ResultsMetal-Based Sorbent
• Red Hills Lignite
• 410°F
• ~95% Removal
Hydrogen Stream Characteristics
• After nearly 50 hours of operation, CO2 concentration in the permeate was nearly zero.
• Oxygen and nitrogen were present because of a leak in the sample system (a vacuum pump was used).
• About >99.9% purity of hydrogen is anticipated without a leak in the sample system.
mol% Measured Normalized Measured Normalized Measured NormalizedHydrogen 96.48 96.86 97.48 97.67 96.74 96.76Carbon Dioxide 0.69 0.69 0.54 0.54 0.07 0.07Oxygen/Argon 2.44 2.45 1.79 1.79 0.43 0.43Nitrogen 2.74 2.74Total 99.61 100.00 99.81 100.00 99.98 100.00
Real Btu (saturated) 309.52 312.10 309.20Real Btu (dry) 315.00 317.63 314.68
Ideal Specfic Gravity 0.10 0.09 0.10Real Specific Gravity 0.10 0.09 0.10Ave. Molecular Weight 2.86 2.64 2.89
Date: 6/10/2008 Date: 6/11/2008 Date: 6/13/2008
Coal-to-Hydrogen Demonstration
• Demonstrated the technical capability to produce a pure stream of hydrogen from lignite coal while maintaining gas temperature above 400°F.
• Demonstration was completed using commercial or near-commercial technologies.
• Texas lignite was gasified in the EERC’s transport reactor development unit (TRDU), and a slipstream was cleaned and purified.
Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships (RCSPs)
The RCSP Program represents more than 350 organizations in 41 states, three Indian nations, and four Canadian provinces.
60 GT
39 GT
3 GT
Phase II: Field Validation Tests
Opportunity for Energy Synergy
How Do We Get There (?) How Do We Get There (?) from Here (?)from Here (?)
• Technology investment• Education of society• Investment in logistics• Infrastructure development
• We need a national vision.• We need focused regional assessments and
implementation plans for the future.
Contact Information
Energy & Environmental Research CenterUniversity of North Dakota15 North 23rd Street, Stop 9018Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202-9018World Wide Web: www.undeerc.org
Michael J. HolmesDeputy Associate Director for [email protected] No. (701) 777-5276Fax No. (701) 777-5181
Steven A. BensonSenior Research [email protected] No. (701) 777-5177Fax No. (701) 777-5181