codes final 2005

CSE 223: C Examples

Code 1-1:

/******************************************************************************** EXAMPLE 1.1: THIS PROGRAM WILL DISPLAY SIMPLE INPUT & OUTPUT ** AUTHOR: RAFIUL HOSSAIN * * DATE: April, 2004 * *******************************************************************************/

#include<iostream.h> // C Style

//#include<iostream> ////using namespace std; // C++ Style

//int main(){

int myRoll, myYear, mySemester; // Define input data typechar firstName[100], lastName[100], myDept[100]; // Define input data typecout << "Enter your first name\t:\t"; // Print message on the screencin >> firstName; // Put the 1st inputcout << "Enter your last name\t:\t"; // Print message on the screencin >> lastName; // Put the 2nd inputcout << "Enter your roll number\t:\t"; // Print message on the screencin >> myRoll; // Put the 3rd inputcout << "Enter your year\t\t:\t"; // Print message on the screencin >> myYear; // Put the 4th inputcout << "Enter your semester\t:\t"; // Print message on the screencin >> mySemester; // Put the 5th inputcout << "Enter your dept name\t:\t"; // Print message on the screencin >> myDept; // Put the 6th inputreturn 0; // Default return

}

/* Note: Can't handle space(blank) in array input *//* Note: Requires correct inputs. No check for incorrect inputs. *//* Note: cin generates a new line */

Output in Visual C++ 6:

1

Code 2-1:

/*************************************************************************** EXAMPLE 2.1: THIS PROGRAM WILL ADD TWO INTEGER NUMBERS ** AUTHOR: RAFIUL HOSSAIN * * DATE: April, 2004 ***************************************************************************/

#include<iostream.h>

int main(){

int num1,num2; // Define input data typeint sum; // Define output data typecout << "Addition of two integer numbers:" << endl; // Print message on the screen

//cout << "Addition of two integer numbers:" << "\n"; // Alternate choice for new line//cout << "Addition of two integer numbers:\n"; // Alternate choice for new line

cout << "Enter first number\t:num1 = "; // Print message on the screencin >> num1; // Put the first inputcout << "Enter second number\t:num2 = "; // Print message on the screencin >> num2; // Put the second inputsum = num1 + num2; // Add two numberscout << "The sum of two numbers\t:sum = " << sum << endl; // Print message on the screenreturn 0; // Default return

}


2

Code 3-1:

/**************************************************************** EXAMPLE 3.1: SOLVING QUADRATIC EQATIONS ** AUTHOR: RAFIUL HOSSAIN * * DATE: April, 2004 ****************************************************************/

#include<iostream.h>#include<math.h>

int main(){

double a, b, c; // Define input data typedouble x1, x2; // Define output data typecout << "Solving a quadratic equation of x:" << endl; // Print message on the screencout << "Enter first coefficient: a = "; // Print message on the screencin >> a; // Give first inputcout << "Enter second coefficient: b = "; // Print message on the screencin >> b; // Give second inputcout << "Enter third coefficient: c = "; // Print message on the screencin >> c; // Give second inputdouble sqrd = sqrt(pow(b,2) - 4*a*c); // Add two numbersx1 = (-b + sqrd) / (2*a); // Get the first rootx2 = (-b - sqrd) / (2*a); // Get the second rootcout << "The solutions are:" << endl; // Print message on the screencout << "\tx1 = " << x1 << endl; // Print the first rootcout << "\tx2 = " << x2 << endl; // Print the second rootreturn 0; // Default return

}

// Note: b^2 - 4*a*c must not be less than zero// Note: sqrt return double data type. Use of float will give warning.


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Code 4-0:

/********************************************************************************Example 4.0: This Program will find bigger number from two inter numbersAuthor: Rafiul HossainDate: April, 2004

********************************************************************************/


int main()

{int num1, num2;cout << "Finding the bigger number from two integer numbers" << endl;cout << "----------------------------------------------------------------" << endl << endl;cout << "Enter the first number\t: ";cin >> num1;cout << "Enter the second number\t: ";cin >> num2;

int flag, biggerNum;flag = 1;

if(num1>num2) biggerNum = num1; // check num1 is biggerelse if(num2>num1) biggerNum = num2; // check num2 is bigger

else {cout << "\n*** Numbers are EQUAL! ***" << endl; // check numbers are equalflag = 0;

}

if(flag) cout << "\nBigger number is\t: " << biggerNum << endl << endl;

return 0;}


4

Code 4-0a:

// Nested if Example. Max of 3 different integer numbers


int main(){

int num1, num2, num3;

cout << "Enter 1st number : ";cin >> num1;

cout << "Enter 2nd number : ";cin >> num2;

cout << "Enter 3rd number : ";cin >> num3;

if(num1 > num2)if(num1 > num3)

cout << "Maximum number is: " << num1 << endl;else

cout << "Maximum number is: " << num3 << endl;else

if(num2 > num3)cout << "Maximum number is: " << num2 << endl;

elsecout << "Maximum number is: " << num3 << endl;

return 0;}

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Code 4-0b:

// Odd or EVEN Example.


int main(){

int N;cout << "Enter the final value: ";cin >> N;

cout << endl <<"Enter \"O\" for sum of odd numbers" << endl;cout << "Enter \"E\" for sum of even numbers" << endl << endl;

char choice;cout << "Enter your choice: ";cin >> choice;

int start;if(choice == 'O' || choice == 'o'){

start = 1;cout << "Sum of ODD numbers: ";

}else if(choice == 'E' || choice == 'e'){

start = 0;cout << "Sum of EVEN numbers: ";

}else{

cout << "Invalid CHOICE !!!" << endl;cout << "This is GARBAGE => ";

}

int sum =0;for(int i = start; i <= N; i+=2)

sum = sum + i;cout << sum << endl;

return 0;}

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Code 4-0c:

// Odd and EVEN Example. #include<iostream.h>

int main(){

int N;cout << "Enter the final value: ";cin >> N;

int start;for(int j = 0; j < 2; j++){

if(j == 0){

start = 1;cout << "Sum of ODD numbers: ";

}else{

start = 0;cout << "Sum of EVEN numbers: ";

}int sum = 0;for(int i = start; i <= N; i+=2)

sum = sum + i;cout << sum << endl;}

return 0;}

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Code 4-1:


int main(){

int choice;double temperature;

cout << "Enter temperature in Farenheit or Celsius: ";cin >> temperature;

cout << "Type 1 to convert Farenheit to Celsius" << endl;cout << "Type 2 to convert Celsius to Farenheit" << endl;

cout << endl << "Enter your choice: ";cin >> choice;

if(choice == 1){

cout << "Temperature in Farenheit: " << temperature << endl;cout << "Temperature in Celsius: " << (temperature- 32.0)*5.0/9.0 << endl;

}else{

cout << "Temperature in Celsius: " << temperature << endl;cout << "Temperature in Farenheit: " << (9.0/5.0)*temperature + 32 << endl;

}

return 0;}


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Code 4-2:


int main(){

char oper, choice;double num1, num2, ans;

do{cout << "Enter first number, operator, second number: ";cin >> num1 >> oper >> num2;

switch(oper){

case '+': ans = num1 + num2; break;case '-': ans = num1 - num2; break;case '*': ans = num1 * num2; break;case '/': ans = num1 / num2; break;default: "Invalid Operator!";

}

cout << "ans = " << ans << endl;cout << "Try again (Enter 'y' or 'n')? ";cin >> choice;

}while(choice != 'n');

return 0;}


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Code 4-3:// Simple Vowel or Consonant


int main(){

char myChar;

do{

cout << "Enter any chracter: ";cin >> myChar;

}while (myChar < 'a' || myChar > 'z');

switch(myChar){

case 'a': cout << myChar << " => vowel" << endl; break; case 'e': cout << myChar << " => vowel" << endl; break;case 'i': cout << myChar << " => vowel" << endl; break;case 'o': cout << myChar << " => vowel" << endl; break;case 'u': cout << myChar << " => vowel" << endl; break;default : cout << myChar << " => consonant" << endl;

}

return 0;}


Output:

Enter any character: 1Enter any character: A Enter any character: pp => consonantPress any key to continue

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Code 4-4:// Vowel or Consonant#include<iostream.h>#include<stdlib.h>

int main(){

char myChar, tempChar;

do{

cout << "Enter any chracter: ";cin >> myChar;tempChar = myChar;if(myChar >='A' && myChar <='Z') myChar = tolower(myChar);

}while (myChar < 'a' || myChar > 'z');

int flag = 0;

switch(myChar){

case 'a': case 'e': case 'i': case 'o': case 'u':

flag = 1;}

if(flag)cout << tempChar << " => VOWEL" << endl;

elsecout << tempChar << " => CONSONANT" << endl;

return 0;}


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Code 5-1:/********************************************************************************

Example 5.1: This Program will check you luck - Version 1Author: Rafiul HossainDate: April, 2004

********************************************************************************/

#include<iostream.h>#include<stdlib.h>

int main(){

int magic, guess;cout << "Guess the MAGIC number" << endl;cout << "===================" << endl << endl;

magic = rand()%99;cout << "Enter the number you guessed\t: ";cin >> guess;

cout << "Magic number\t: " << magic << endl;cout << "Your number\t: " << guess << endl;

if(magic == guess) { // Correct guesscout << "*** You are RIGHT ***" << endl << endl;

}

else { // Incorrect guesscout << "!!! You are WRONG !!!" << endl << endl;

}

return 0;}


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Code 5-2:/********************************************************************************

Example 5.2: This Program will check you luck - Version 2Author: Rafiul HossainDate: April, 2004

********************************************************************************/#include<iostream.h>#include<stdlib.h>

int main(){

int magic, guess;cout << "Guess the MAGIC number" << endl;cout << "======================" << endl << endl;

for(int i=0; i<=2; i++) { // Guess three times

magic = rand()%99;cout << "Enter the number you guessed\t: ";cin >> guess;

cout << "Magic number\t: " << magic << endl;cout << "Your number\t: " << guess << endl;

if(magic == guess) {cout << "*** You are RIGHT ***" << endl << endl;

}

else {cout << "!!! You are WRONG !!!" << endl << endl;

}}

return 0;}

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Code 5-3:

/********************************************************************************Example 5.3: This Program will check you luck - Version 3Author: Rafiul HossainDate: April, 2004

********************************************************************************/

#include<iostream.h>#include<stdlib.h>

int main(){

int magic, guess;char yesNo;

cout << "Guess the MAGIC number" << endl;cout << "===================" << endl;

int flag = 1;

while(flag) {

magic = rand()%99; // Random number less than 100cout << "\nEnter the number you guessed\t: ";cin >> guess; // Guessed number

cout << "Your number\t: " << guess << endl;cout << "Magic number\t: " << magic << endl;

if(magic == guess) {cout << "*** You are RIGHT ***" << endl << endl;//flag =0;exit (0); // Alternate

}

else {cout << "!!! You are WRONG !!!" << endl << endl;cout << "Try AGAIN ? [Y/N]: ";cin >> yesNo;//if(yesNo == 'Y' || yesNo == 'y') flag = 1;if(yesNo == 'Y' || yesNo == 'y') continue; // Alternate//else flag = 0;else exit(0); // Alternate

}}

return 0;

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}


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Code 6-1:

/********************************************************************************Example 6.1: This Program for Simple Menu using if-else block - Version 1Author: Rafiul HossainDate: April, 2004

********************************************************************************/


int main(){

float num1, num2;int choice;char try_again;try_again='y';

cout << "Simple Math Operation of two numbers" << endl;cout << "============================" << endl << endl;

cout << "Instruction 1: Enter two integer numbers first.\n";cout << "Instruction 2: Choose a number from 1 to 4 for the desired math operation.\n\n";

while(try_again=='y'){

cout << "Enter the first number\t: ";cin >> num1;cout << "Enter the Second number\t: ";cin >> num2;

cout << "\n||||||< MENU >||||||\n\n";cout << "[1]. Addition\n";cout << "[2]. Subtraction\n";cout << "[3]. Multiplication\n";cout << "[4]. Division\n\n";

cout << "Choose the desired option [1/2/3/4]: ";cin >> choice;

float result;if(choice == 1) {

result = num1+num2;cout << endl << num1 << " + " << num2 << " = " << result;

}else if(choice == 2) {

result = num1-num2;cout << endl << num1 << " - " << num2 << " = " << result;


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result = num1*num2;cout << endl << num1 << " * " << num2 << " = " << result;


result = num1/num2;cout << endl << num1 << " / " << num2 << " = " << result;

}else {

cout << "\nInvalid choice. Try again !";}

cout << "\n\nDo you want to continue? [Y/N]: ";cin >> try_again;

}

return 0;}


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Code 6-2:

/********************************************************************************Example 6.2: This Program for Simple Menu using switch-case block - Version 2Author: Rafiul HossainDate: April, 2004

********************************************************************************/


int main(){

float num1, num2;int choice;char try_again;try_again='y';int valid;

cout << "Simple Math Operation of two numbers" << endl;cout << "============================" << endl << endl;

cout << "Instruction 1: Enter two integer numbers first.\n";cout << "Instruction 2: Choose a number from 1 to 4 for the desired math operation.\n";

while(try_again=='y') {cout << "\nEnter the first number\t: ";cin >> num1;cout << "Enter the Second number\t: ";cin >> num2;

cout << "\n||||||< MENU >||||||\n\n";cout << "[1]. Addition\n";cout << "[2]. Subtraction\n";cout << "[3]. Multiplication\n";cout << "[4]. Division\n\n";

valid=1;while(valid) {

cout << "Choose the desired option [1/2/3/4]: ";cin >> choice;

float result;switch(choice) {case 1:

result = num1+num2;cout << endl << num1 << " + " << num2 << " = " << result;valid=0;break;

case 2:

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result = num1-num2;cout << endl << num1 << " - " << num2 << " = " << result;valid=0;break;

case 3:result = num1*num2;cout << endl << num1 << " * " << num2 << " = " << result;valid=0;break;

case 4:result = num1/num2;cout << endl << num1 << " / " << num2 << " = " << result;valid=0;break;

default:cout << "\nInvalid choice. Try again !\n\n";valid=1;break;

}}cout << "\n\nDo you want to continue? [Y/N]: ";cin >> try_again;}

return 0;}


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Code 7-1:

/***************************************************************** Example 7.1: Simple one dimensional array* Author: Rafiul Hossain* Date: May 2004****************************************************************/

#include <iostream.h>

int main(){

int myArray [10];int i;

for(i=0; i<10; i++) myArray[i] = i;cout << "The contents of the array are: " << endl;for(i=0; i<10; i++) cout << "myArray[" << i << "] = " << myArray[i] <<endl;

return 0;}


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Code 7-2:

/***************************************************************** Example 7.2: Simple two dimensional array* Author: Rafiul Hossain* Date: May 2004****************************************************************/


int main(){

int myArray[3][4];int i,j;

for(i=0; i<3; i++)for(j=0; j<4; j++)

myArray[i][j] = i*4 + j +1;

cout << "The contents of the array are:" << endl;

for(i=0; i<3; i++)for(j=0; j<4; j++) cout << "\tmyArray[" << i << "][" << j << "] = " << myArray[i][j] <<endl;

return 0;}


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Code 7-3:

/***************************************************************** Example 7.3: Simple three dimensional array* Author: Rafiul Hossain* Date: May 2004****************************************************************/


int main(){

int myArray[3][4][3];int i,j,k;

for(k=0; k<3; k++)for(i=0; i<3; i++)

for(j=0; j<4; j++)myArray[i][j][k] = k*12 + i*4 + j + 1;

cout << "The contents of the array are:" << endl;

for(i=0; i<3; i++)for(j=0; j<4; j++)

for(k=0; k<=3; k++)if(k == 3) cout << endl;else cout << "\tmyArray[" << i << "][" << j << "][" << k << "] = " << myArray[i]

[j][k];

return 0;}


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Code 7-4:

/* Use of Array */


int main(){

int age1, age2, age3, age4, age5;

cout << "Calculate Average age of five persion:" << endl;

cout << "Enter person 1 age: ";cin >> age1;cout << "Enter person 2 age: ";cin >> age2;cout << "Enter person 3 age: ";cin >> age3;cout << "Enter person 4 age: ";cin >> age4;cout << "Enter person 5 age: ";cin >> age5;

float avgAge;

avgAge = (age1 + age2 + age3 + age4 + age5)/5; // warning: conversion from 'int' to 'float'//int totalAge = age1 + age2 + age3 + age4 + age5; // int / int produces int resultcout << "Average age is: " << avgAge << endl;//cout << "Average age is: " << totalAge/5 << endl;

return 0;}


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Code 7-5:

/* Use of Array */


int main(){

float age[5];float totalAge = 0;

cout << "Calculate Average age of five persion:" << endl;

for(int i=0; i<5; i++){

cout << "Enter person " << i+1 <<" age: ";cin >> age[i];totalAge = totalAge + age[i];

}

float avgAge = totalAge/5;

cout << "Average age is: " << avgAge << endl;

return 0;

}


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Code 7-6:


int main(){

float age[100];float sum, avg;

int n, i;

cout << "How many PERSONS: ";cin >> n;cout << endl << "Enter individual person's AGE below: " << endl << endl;

sum = 0;

for(i=0; i<n; i++){

cout <<"Enter person " << i+1 << " age: " ;cin >> age[i];sum = sum + age[i];

}

avg = sum / n;cout << endl <<"AVERAGE age is: " << avg << endl;

float diffAge;int m;

cout << endl <<"At what AGE: ";cin >> m;

cout << endl << "Person at the AGE of " << m <<" YEARS: " << endl << endl;for(i=0; i<n; i++){

if(age[i] > m){

diffAge = age[i] - m;cout << "Person " << i+1 << ": " << diffAge << " Years back" << endl;

}else if(age[i] == m)

cout << "Person " << i+1 << ": Just " << m << " Years" << endl;else{

diffAge = m - age[i];cout << "Person " << i+1 << ": " << diffAge << " Years later" << endl;

}}

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return 0;}


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Code 7-7:

/***************************************************************** Example 7.4: Sorting using array - Ver 1* Author: Rafiul Hossain* Date: May 2004****************************************************************/

#include <iostream.h>#include <stdlib.h>

int main(){

int myArray[10];int i, j;int temp;

for(i=0; i<10; i++) myArray[i] = rand()%9;

cout << "The random numbers are:" << endl;

for(i=0; i<10; i++) cout << myArray[i] << endl;

for(i=0; i<10; i++)for(j=i+1; j<10; j++)

if(myArray[i] > myArray[j]){

temp = myArray[j];myArray[j] = myArray[i];myArray[i] = temp;

}

cout << "The sorted numbers are:" << endl;

for(i=0; i<10; i++) cout << myArray[i] << endl;

return 0;}

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Code 7-8:

/***************************************************************** Example 7.5: Sorting using array - Ver 2* Author: Rafiul Hossain* Date: May 2004****************************************************************/


int main(){

int myArray[100];int i, j;int temp;

for(i=0; i<100; i++) myArray[i] = rand()%99;

cout << "The random numbers are:" << endl <<endl;

for(i=0; i<100; i++)if((i+1)%10 == 0) cout << myArray[i] << endl;else cout << myArray[i] << "\t";

for(i=0; i<99; i++)for(j=i+1; j<100; j++)

if(myArray[i] > myArray[j]){

temp = myArray[j];myArray[j] = myArray[i];myArray[i] = temp;

}

cout << endl <<"The sorted numbers are:" << endl << endl;

for(i=0; i<100; i++)if((i+1)%10 == 0) cout << myArray[i] << endl;else cout << myArray[i] << "\t";

return 0;}

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Code 7-9:

/* Arrays of strings */


int main(){

int size1 = 100;int size2 = 20;char myName[100], myDept[100];char myRoll[20], myYear[20], mySemester[20];

cout << "Enter your name\t\t: ";cin.getline(myName, size1);

cout << "Enter your roll\t\t: ";cin.getline(myRoll, size2);

cout << "Enter your department\t: ";cin.getline(myDept, size1);

cout << "Enter your year\t\t: ";cin.getline(myYear, size2);

cout << "Enter your semester\t: ";cin.getline(mySemester, size2);

return 0;}


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Code 7-10:

#include<iostream.h>#include<string.h>

void reverse(char[]);

int main(){

const int MAX = 80;char str[MAX];

cout << "Enter a string: ";cin.get(str, MAX);

reverse(str);

cout << "Reverse string is: " << str << endl;

return 0;}

void reverse(char s[]){

int len = strlen(s);for(int i = 0; i < len/2; i++){

char temp = s[i];s[i] = s[len - i -1];s[len - i - 1] = temp;

}}


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Code 7-11:// Prime Number#include<iostream.h>

int main(){

int prime;int pby2;

cout << "Enter your number: ";cin >> prime;

if(prime % 2 == 0)pby2 = prime / 2;

elsepby2 = (prime - 1) / 2;

int divisor[100];int count = 0;

for(int i = 2; i <= pby2; i++){

if(prime % i == 0){

divisor[count] = i;count++;

}}

if(count > 0){

cout << prime << " is not a prime number" << endl;cout << "The number is divisible by: ";for(i = 0; i < count; i++) cout << divisor[i] << " ";cout << endl;

}

else cout << prime << " is a prime number" << endl;

return 0;}Output in Visual C++ 6:

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Code 7-12// Prime Number from a Range


int main(){

int start, end;int middle;

cout << "Enter the start number: ";cin >> start;cout << "Enter the end number: ";cin >> end;

int prime[1000];int count = 0;int flag;

for(int j = start; j < end; j++){

flag = 1;if(j % 2 == 0)

middle = j / 2;else

middle = (j - 1) / 2;

for(int i = 2; i <= middle; i++) if(j % i == 0) flag = 0;

if(flag){

prime[count] = j;count++;

}

}

cout << "The prime numbers are:" << endl; for(int k = 0; k < count; k++){

if(k % 5 == 0) cout << endl;cout << prime[k] << "\t";

}

cout << endl;

return 0;}

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Code 8-1:

// Simple function: Areas of Circles


double CircleArea(float r); // Function declaration

int main(){

float MyRadius1;cout << "Enter radius: ";cin >> MyRadius1;double Area1 = CircleArea(MyRadius1); // Function invocation/callingcout << "Circle 1 has area: " << Area1 << endl;float MyRadius2 = 2*MyRadius1;double Area2 = CircleArea(MyRadius2); // Function invocation/callingcout << "Circle 2 has area: " << Area2 << endl;return 0;

}

double CircleArea(float r) // Function definition{

const double Pi = 3.14;double Area = Pi * r * r; // Local variable. r doesn't change MyRadius1return Area;

}


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Code 8-1b# Reverse an array#include<iostream.h>#include<stdlib.h>

void reverse(int a[], int n);

int main(){

int myArray[100];int i;

cout << "How many elements in the Array: ";cin >> i;

for(int j=0; j<i; j++){

myArray[j] = rand()%99;}

cout << "The original array:" << endl;

for(j=0; j<i; j++){

cout << myArray[j] << endl;}

reverse(myArray, i);

cout << endl << "The reverse array:" << endl;

for(j=0; j<i; j++){

cout << myArray[j] << endl;}

return 0;}

void reverse(int a[], int n){ int head = 0; // index of first element int tail = n-1; // index of last element while (head < tail) { int temp = a[head]; a[head] = a[tail]; a[tail] = temp; head++; tail--;

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} return;}


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Code 8-2:

// Simple function: Lower case – upper case conversion


char lowerToUpper(char c1);

int main(){

char lower, upper;cout << "Enter a lower case character: ";cin >> lower;

upper = lowerToUpper(lower);

cout << "The upper-case equivalent is: " << upper << endl;return 0;

}

/*char lowerToUpper(char c1){

if(c1 >= 'a' && c1 <= 'z')return ('A' + c1 - 'a');

elsereturn (c1);

}*/

char lowerToUpper(char c1) // Alternate way: Conditional operator{

char c2;c2 = (c1 >= 'a' && c1 <= 'z') ? ('A' + c1 - 'a') : c1;return (c2);

}


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Code 8-3:

// Simple function: Calculate factorial


long factorial(int n);

int main(){

int n;cout << "n = ";cin >> n;

cout << "The factorial is: " << factorial(n) << endl;return 0;

}

/*long factorial(int n){

int i;long prod = 1;if(n>1)

for(i=2; i<=n; i++)prod *= i;

return (prod);}*/

long factorial(int n) // Alternate: Function recursion{

if(n<=1)return (1);

elsereturn (n * factorial(n - 1));

}


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Code 8-4:

// Get Day of Week for any Date


int dayofweek( int year, int month, int day);

int main(){

int yy, mm, dd;cout << "Enter Year[yyyy] Month[mm] Day[dd]: ";cin >> yy >> mm >> dd;int thisDay = dayofweek(yy, mm, dd);

switch(thisDay){

case 0: cout << "Sunday" << endl; break;case 1: cout << "Monday" << endl; break;case 2: cout << "Tueday" << endl; break;case 3: cout << "Wednesday" << endl; break;case 4: cout << "Thursday" << endl; break;case 5: cout << "Friday" << endl; break;case 6: cout << "Saturday" << endl; break;default: cout <<"The D Day" << endl;

}

return 0;}

int dayofweek( int year, int month, int day) /* 0=sunday, 1=monday, etc. */{

int a = (14-month) / 12;int y = year - a;int m = month + 12*a - 2;

return (day + y + y/4 - y/100 + y/400 + (31*m)/12) % 7;}


43

Code 8-5:// Convert Decimal to Binary [Max 8-bit binary]

#include<iostream.h>#include<stdio.h>

void binaryOp(int byte); /* Print a byte in binary*/

int main(){

int byte;

cout << "Enter a decimal integer number (<256): ";cin >> byte;

binaryOp(byte); /* Print a byte in binary*/return 0;

}

void binaryOp(int byte){

int count = 8; /* Number of bits in a byte*/int MASK = 1 << (count-1);

while(count--){

/*AND the high order bit (the left one) If the bit is set print a ONE*/cout << (( byte & MASK ) ? 1 : 0); /* Move all the bits LEFT*/byte <<= 1;

}

cout << endl;}


44

Code 8-6://*************************************** // Payroll program // This program computes each employee's // wages and the total company payroll //*************************************** #include <iostream.h> #include <fstream.h> // For file I/O

void CalcPay( float, float, float& );

// Maximum normal work hours const float MAX_HOURS = 40.0; // Overtime pay rate factor const float OVERTIME = 1.5;

//***************************************** int main() { float payRate; // Employee pay rate float hours; // Hours worked float wages; // Wages earned float total; // Total payroll int empNum; // Employee ID number ofstream payFile; // Payroll file

payFile.open("payfile.txt");payFile << "E. ID\t" << "P. Rate\t" << "Hours\t" << "Wages" << endl;payFile << "-----\t" << "-------\t" << "-----\t" << "-----" << endl << endl;

total = 0.0; cout << "Enter employee number: "; cin >> empNum; while (empNum != 0) { cout << "Enter pay rate: "; cin >> payRate; cout << "Enter hours worked: "; cin >> hours; CalcPay(payRate, hours, wages); total = total + wages;

payFile << empNum << "\t" << payRate << "\t" << hours << "\t"<< wages << endl;cout << "Enter employee number: ";

cin >> empNum; } payFile << endl <<"Total payroll is: " << total << endl; return 0; }

//*****************************************

45

void CalcPay( /* in */ float payRate, // Employee rate /* in */ float hours, // Hours worked /* out */ float& wages ) // Wages earned

// CalcPay computes wages from the // employee's pay rate and the hours // worked, taking overtime into account

{ // Is there overtime? if (hours > MAX_HOURS) wages = (MAX_HOURS * payRate) + (hours - MAX_HOURS) * payRate * OVERTIME; else wages = hours * payRate; } // End of Payroll program

Text file:

E. ID P. RateHours Wages----- ------- ----- -----

1 10 60 7002 15 50 8253 20 40 800

Total payroll is: 2325


46

Code 9-1:

#include <iostream.h>#include <ctype.h>

void scanLine(char line[], int *pv, int *pc, int *pd, int *pw, int *po);

int main(){

char line[100];int vowel = 0;int consonant = 0;int digit = 0;int whiteSpace = 0;int other = 0;

cout << "Enter a line of text: ";cin.getline(line, 100);scanLine(line, &vowel, &consonant, &digit, &whiteSpace, &other);

cout << "Number of vowel: " << vowel << endl;cout << "Number of consonant: " << consonant << endl;cout << "Number of digit: " << digit << endl;cout << "Number of white space: " << whiteSpace << endl;cout << "Number of other: " << other << endl;

return 0;}

void scanLine(char line[], int *pv, int *pc, int *pd, int *pw, int *po){

char c;int count = 0;

while((c = toupper(line[count])) != '\0'){

if(c == 'A' || c == 'E' || c == 'I' || c == 'O' || c == 'U')++ *pv;

else if(c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z')++ *pc;

else if(c >= '0' && c<= '9')++ *pd;

else if(c == ' ' || c == '\t')++ *pw;

else++ *po;

++count;}

}

47


48

Code 9-3:


int main(){

int x[10] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};int i;

for(i = 0; i <=9; i++)cout << i << "\t" << x[i] << "\t" << *(x+i) << "\t" << &x[i] << "\t" << (x+i) << endl;

return 0;}


49

Code 9-4:


int main(){

int i, n, *x;

void sorting(int n, int *x);

cout << "How many number to be sorted: ";cin >> n;

x = (int *) malloc(n * sizeof(int)); // x is the addresses like in array

for(i = 0; i < n; i++){

cout << "Number " << i+1 << "\t: ";cin >> *(x + i);

}

sorting(n, x); // x is the address. No need of & like array

for(i = 0; i < n; i++)

cout << "Sorted Number " << i+1 << "\t: " << *(x + i) << endl;

return 0;}

void sorting(int n, int *x){

int i, j, temp;

for(i = 0; i < n-1; i++)for(j = i+1; j < n; j++)

if(*(x+j) < *(x+i)){

temp = *(x+i);*(x+i) = *(x+j);*(x+j) = temp;

}}

50


51

Code 9-4:

#include <iostream.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <string.h>

void sorting(int n, char *x[]);

int main(){

int n = 0;char *x[10];

cout << "Enter each string on a separate line." << endl;cout << "Type \"END\" when done." << endl << endl;

do{

x[n] = (char *)malloc(15 * sizeof(char)); // malloc returns voidcout << "String " << n+1 << "\t: ";cin >> x[n];

} while (strcmp(x[n++], "END"));

sorting(--n, x);

cout << endl <<"Reordered list of strings:" << endl << endl;

for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)cout << "String " << i+1 << "\t: " << x[i] << endl;

return 0;}

void sorting(int n, char *x[]){

char *temp;int i, j;

for(i = 0; i < n - 1; i++)for(j = i + 1; j < n; j++)

if(strcmp(x[i], x[j]) > 0){

temp = x[i];x[i] = x[j];x[j] = temp;

}}

52


53

Code 10-0// ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV Complex Numbers


typedef struct {float r,i;} fcomplex;

fcomplex Cadd( fcomplex a, fcomplex b);fcomplex Csub(fcomplex a, fcomplex b);fcomplex Cmul(fcomplex a, fcomplex b);fcomplex Cdiv(fcomplex a, fcomplex b);

int main(){

fcomplex cnum1, cnum2;char c1, c2;cout << "Enter the first complex number [a+jb]: ";cin >> cnum1.r >> c1 >> c2 >> cnum1.i;

if(c1 == '-') cnum1.i = -cnum1.i;

cout << "Enter the second complex number [c+jd]: ";cin >> cnum2.r >> c1 >> c2 >> cnum2.i;

if(c1 == '-') cnum2.i = -cnum2.i;

fcomplex d = Cadd(cnum1, cnum2);fcomplex e = Csub(cnum1, cnum2);fcomplex f = Cmul(cnum1, cnum2);fcomplex g = Cdiv(cnum1, cnum2);

c1 = '+'; // c1 may be kept - from above cin

if(d.i < 0){

c1 = '-';d.i = -d.i;

}

cout << "Sum = " << d.r << c1 << c2 << d.i << endl;

c1 = '+'; // c1 may be kept - from above if block

if(e.i < 0){

c1 = '-';e.i = -e.i;

}

54

cout << "Sub = " << e.r << c1 << c2 << e.i << endl;


if(f.i < 0){

c1 = '-';f.i = -f.i;

}

cout << "Mul = " << f.r << c1 << c2 << f.i << endl;


if(g.i < 0){

c1 = '-';g.i = -g.i;

}

cout << "Div = " << g.r << c1 << c2 << g.i << endl;

return 0;}

fcomplex Cadd(fcomplex a, fcomplex b){

fcomplex c;

c.r = a.r + b.r;c.i = a.i + b.i;

return c;}

fcomplex Csub(fcomplex a, fcomplex b){

fcomplex c;

c.r = a.r - b.r;c.i = a.i - b.i;

return c;}

fcomplex Cmul(fcomplex a, fcomplex b) {

fcomplex c;

55

c.r = a.r * b.r - a.i * b.i;c.i = (a.r * b.i) + (a.i * b.r);

return c;}

fcomplex Cdiv(fcomplex a, fcomplex b) {

fcomplex c, neu, bcon;bcon.r = b.r;bcon.i = -b.i;float den = (b.r*b.r)+(b.i*b.i);neu = Cmul(a, bcon);c.r = neu.r/den;c.i = neu.i/den;

return c;}


56

Code 10-1:

// Version 1: Using array


struct date{

int day;int month;int year;

};

struct account{

char name[100];char street[100];char city[20];int accountNumber;char accountType;float oldBalance;float newBalance;float payment;struct date lastPayment;

} customer[100];

/* Alternate waytypedef struct{


} date;

typedef struct{

char name[100];char street[100];char city[20];int accountNumber;char accountType;float oldBalance;float newBalance;float payment;date lastPayment;

} account;

account customer[100];date lastPayment;

57

*/

int main(){

int i, n;void readInput(int i);void writeOutput(int i);

cout << "******** CUSTOMER BILLING SYSTEM *********" << endl << endl;cout << "How many customers are there? ";cin >> n;

for(i = 0; i < n; i++){

readInput(i);

if(customer[i].payment > 0)customer[i].accountType = (customer[i].payment < 0.1*customer[i].oldBalance) ? 'O' :

'C';else

customer[i].accountType = (customer[i].oldBalance > 0) ? 'W' : 'C';

customer[i].newBalance = customer[i].oldBalance - customer[i].payment;}

for(i = 0; i < n; i++)writeOutput(i);

return 0;}

void readInput(int i){

char slash;cout << endl << "Customer No. " << i + 1 << endl;cout << "Name: ";cin >> customer[i].name;cout << "Street: ";cin >> customer[i].street;cout << "City: ";cin >> customer[i].city;cout << "Account Number: ";cin >> customer[i].accountNumber;cout << "Previous balance: ";cin >> customer[i].oldBalance;cout << "Current payment: ";cin >> customer[i].payment;cout << "Payment day (dd/mm/yyyy): ";

58

cin >> customer[i].lastPayment.day >> slash >> customer[i].lastPayment.month >> slash >> customer[i].lastPayment.year;

}

void writeOutput(int i){

cout << endl << "Name: " << customer[i].name;cout << "\tAccount number: " << customer[i].accountNumber << endl;cout << "Street: " << customer[i].street << endl;cout << "City: " << customer[i].city << endl << endl;cout << "Old balance: " << customer[i].oldBalance << endl;cout << "Current payment: " << customer[i].payment;cout << "\tPayment date: " << customer[i].lastPayment.day << "/" << customer[i].lastPayment.month

<< "/" << customer[i].lastPayment.year << endl;cout << "New balance: " << customer[i].newBalance << endl << endl;cout << "Account status: ";

switch(customer[i].accountType){case 'C':

cout << "CURRENT" << endl;break;

case 'O':cout << "OVERDUE" << endl;break;

case 'W':cout << "WITHHELD" << endl;break;

default:cout << "*** ERORR !!! ***" << endl;

}}

59


60

Code 10-2:

// Version 2: Using pointer


typedef struct{


} date;

typedef struct{

char name[100];char street[100];char city[20];int accountNumber;char accountType;float oldBalance;float newBalance;float payment;date lastPayment;

} account;

account customer, *pc;

int main(){

int i, n;

void readInput(int i);void writeOutput(int i);

cout << "******** CUSTOMER BILLING SYSTEM *********" << endl << endl;cout << "How many customers are there? ";cin >> n;

pc = &customer;pc = (account *) malloc(n * sizeof(account));

for(i = 0; i < n; i++){

readInput(i);

if((pc+i)->payment > 0)(pc+i)->accountType = ((pc+i)->payment < 0.1*(pc+i)->oldBalance) ? 'O' : 'C';

61

else(pc+i)->accountType = ((pc+i)->oldBalance > 0) ? 'W' : 'C';

(pc+i)->newBalance = (pc+i)->oldBalance - (pc+i)->payment;}

for(i = 0; i < n; i++)writeOutput(i);

return 0;}

void readInput(int i){

char slash;cout << endl << "Customer No. " << i + 1 << endl;cout << "Name: ";cin >> (pc+i)->name;cout << "Street: ";cin >> (pc+i)->street;cout << "City: ";cin >> (pc+i)->city;cout << "Account Number: ";cin >> (pc+i)->accountNumber;cout << "Previous balance: ";cin >> (pc+i)->oldBalance;cout << "Current payment: ";cin >> (pc+i)->payment;cout << "Payment day (dd/mm/yyyy): ";cin >> (pc+i)->lastPayment.day >> slash >> (pc+i)->lastPayment.month >> slash >> (pc+i)-

>lastPayment.year;

}

void writeOutput(int i){

cout << endl << "Name: " << (pc+i)->name;cout << "\tAccount number: " << (pc+i)->accountNumber << endl;cout << "Street: " << (pc+i)->street << endl;cout << "City: " << (pc+i)->city << endl << endl;cout << "Old balance: " << (pc+i)->oldBalance << endl;cout << "Current payment: " << (pc+i)->payment;cout << "\tPayment date: " << (pc+i)->lastPayment.day << "/" << (pc+i)->lastPayment.month << "/" <<

(pc+i)->lastPayment.year << endl;cout << "New balance: " << (pc+i)->newBalance << endl << endl;cout << "Account status: ";

switch((pc+i)->accountType){

62

case 'C':cout << "CURRENT" << endl;break;

case 'O':cout << "OVERDUE" << endl;break;

case 'W':cout << "WITHHELD" << endl;break;

default:cout << "*** ERORR !!! ***" << endl;

}}

63

Code 10-3:// file Calendar.cpp // Program Calendar will output a calendar for // any given year.

#include <iostream.h> #include <iomanip.h>

// ----------------------------------- Constants enum {JAN, FEB, MAR, APR, MAY, JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP, OCT, NOV, DEC};

// ---------------------------------- Prototypes void PrintMonth(int, int, int&); void PrintMonthHeader(int, int); int MonthDays(int, int);

// ---------------------------------------- main int main() { int year; // calendar year int day; // number of the day of the week int month; // number of the month cout << "Enter year for calendar: "; cin >> year; cout << "Enter day of the week for January 1," << year <<"." << endl; cout << "Enter 0 for Sunday, 1 for Monday,etc.: "; cin >> day;

month = JAN; while (month <= DEC) { PrintMonth(month, year, day); cout << endl; month++; }

return 0; } // end main

// ---------------------------------- PrintMonth void PrintMonth(int month, int year, int& startDay) { int daysInMonth; // number of days in month int day; // day of the week

64

PrintMonthHeader(month, year);

daysInMonth = MonthDays(month, year);

// output empty days in first line day = 0; while (day < startDay) { cout << " "; day++; }

// output days for the month day = 1; while (day <= daysInMonth) { cout << setw(3) << day; startDay++; if (startDay % 7 == 0) // Saturday { cout << endl; startDay = 0; }

day++; } cout << endl;

} // end PrintMonth

// ---------------------------- PrintMonthHeader void PrintMonthHeader(int month, int year) { cout << endl; if (month == JAN) cout << " January " << year << endl << endl; else if (month == FEB) cout << " February " << year << endl << endl; else if (month == MAR) cout << " March " << year << endl << endl; else if (month == APR) cout << " April " << year << endl << endl; else if (month == MAY) cout << " May " << year << endl << endl; else if (month == JUN) cout << " June " << year << endl << endl;

65

else if (month == JUL) cout << " July " << year << endl << endl; else if (month == AUG) cout << " August " << year << endl << endl; else if (month == SEP) cout << " September " << year << endl << endl; else if (month == OCT) cout << " October " << year << endl << endl; else if (month == NOV) cout << " November " << year << endl << endl; else if (month == DEC) cout << " December " << year << endl << endl;

cout << " S M T W T F S " << endl; cout << " ------------------- " << endl;

} // end PrintMonthHeader

// ------------------------------------ MonthDays int MonthDays(int month, int year) { int days; // number of days in the month

if (month == JAN || month == MAR || month == MAY || month == JUL || month == AUG || month == OCT || month == DEC) days = 31; else if (month == FEB) { // leap year is a year that is divisible // by 4 but is not divisible by 400, // unless it is divisible by 2000 if ( (year % 4 == 0) && ( (year % 400 != 0) || (year % 2000 == 0) ) ) days = 29; else days = 28; } else days = 30;

return days; } // end MonthDays

// end of file Calendar.cc

66


67

Code 11-1:

#include <iostream.h>#include <ctype.h>#include <stdio.h>

int main(){

FILE *ftp;char c;

ftp = fopen("sample.txt", "w");

cout << "Enter a line below:" << endl;

doputc(toupper(c = getchar()), ftp);

while (c != '\n');

fclose(ftp);

return 0;}


Output in text file:

68

Code 11-2:

#include <iostream.h>#include <stdio.h>

int main(){

FILE *ftp;char c;

ftp = fopen("sample.txt", "r");if(ftp == NULL)

cout << "Can not open file !" << endl;else{

cout << "Reading from the file:" << endl;do

putchar(c = getc(ftp));while (c != '\n');

}

fclose(ftp);

return 0;}


69

Code 11-3:

#include <iostream.h> #include <fstream.h>

int main() {

ifstream inFile; char ch; long totalAlphaChars = 0; inFile.open("payfile.txt"); if (!inFile)

return 1;inFile.get(ch); while (inFile) // Read until EOF {

cout << ch; // echo input if ((ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z') || (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z'))

totalAlphaChars++;

inFile.get(ch);} cout << endl << "There are " << totalAlphaChars << " characters in the file." << endl << endl;

return 0;

}


70

Code 12-1: Class and Object, Version 1


class rectangle{

float length;float width;float area;

public:void getArea(float x, float y);void showData();

};

void rectangle :: getArea(float x, float y){

length = x;width = y;area = length * width;//area = x * y; // length & width have garbage

}

void rectangle :: showData(){

cout << "Length\t: " << length << endl;cout << "Width\t: " << width << endl;cout << "Area\t: " << area << endl;

}

int main(){

rectangle rect1;float length; // Not same as in Classfloat width; // Not same as in Classcout << "Enter length of rectangle\t: ";cin >> length;cout << "Enter width of rectangle\t: ";cin >> width;rect1.getArea(length, width);rect1.showData();

return 0;}

71


72

Code 12-1: Class and Object, Version 2


class rectangle{


public:void getData();void getArea();void showData();

};

void rectangle :: getData(){

cout << "Enter length of rectangle\t: ";cin >> length;cout << "Enter width of rectangle\t: ";cin >> width;

}void rectangle :: getArea(){

area = length * width;}



}

int main(){

rectangle rect1;cout<< "THIS IS OBJECT 1:" << endl;rect1.getData();rect1.getArea();rect1.showData();

rectangle rect2;cout<< "THIS IS OBJECT 2:" << endl;rect2.getData();rect2.getArea();rect2.showData();

73

return 0;}


74

Code 12-1.3: Class and Object, Version 3 (Constructor and Destructor)


class rectangle{


public:rectangle(float x, float y){

//cout << "This is CONSTRUCTOR" << endl;length = x;width = y;

}/*~rectangle(){

cout << "This is DESSTRUCTOR" << endl;}*/void getArea();void showData();

};

void rectangle :: getArea(){

area = length * width;}



}

int main(){

rectangle rect1(15, 10);cout<< "THIS IS OBJECT 1:" << endl;rect1.getArea();rect1.showData();

rectangle rect2(20, 12);cout<< "THIS IS OBJECT 2:" << endl;rect2.getArea();rect2.showData();

75

return 0;}

Output in Visual C++ 6: Only Constuctor

Output in Visual C++ 6: Constructor and Destructor

76

Code 12-2:

salesp.h file

#ifndef SALESP_H#define SALESP_H

class SalesPerson{public:

SalesPerson();void getSalesFromUser();void setSales(int, double);void printAnnualSales();

private:double totalAnnualSales();double sales[12];

};

#endif

salespc.cpp file

#include <iostream.h>#include "salesp.h"

SalesPerson :: SalesPerson(){

for(int i = 0; i < 12; i++)sales[i] = 0.0;

}

void SalesPerson :: getSalesFromUser(){

double salesFigure;for(int i = 1; i <=12; i++){

cout << "Enter sales amount for month " << i << "\t\t: ";cin >> salesFigure;setSales(i, salesFigure);

}}

void SalesPerson :: setSales(int month, double amount){

if(month >= 1 && month <= 12 && amount > 0)sales[month -1] = amount;

else

77

cout << "Invalid month or sales figure!" << endl;}

void SalesPerson :: printAnnualSales(){

cout << "The total annual sales are\t\t: " << totalAnnualSales() << endl;}

double SalesPerson :: totalAnnualSales(){

double total = 0.0;for(int i = 0; i <12; i++)

total += sales[i];return total;

}

salespm.cpp file

#include "salesp.h"

int main(){

SalesPerson s;s.getSalesFromUser();s.printAnnualSales();return 0;

}


78

Code 12-3:


class complex{

double x;double y;

public:complex () {}complex (double real, double img){

x = real;y = img;

}complex operator + (complex c);void display();

};

complex complex :: operator + (complex c){

complex temp;temp.x = x + c.x;temp.y = y + c.y;return (temp);

}

void complex :: display(){

cout << x << " + j" << y << endl;}

int main(){

complex C1(1.23, 2.34);complex C2(2.13, 3.21);complex C3;

C3 = C1 + C2;

cout << "C1 = "; C1.display();cout << "C2 = "; C2.display();cout << "C3 = "; C3.display();

return 0;}

79


80

Code 12-4.1:


class Base{

int a;public:

int b;void set_ab();int get_a();void show_a();

};

class Derive : public Base // Derive class: Can access Base Public data/members.{

int c;public:

void mul();void display();

};

void Base :: set_ab(){

a = 5;b = 10;

}

int Base :: get_a(){

return a;}

void Base :: show_a(){

cout << "a = " << a << endl << endl;}

void Derive :: mul(){

c = b * get_a(); // b is accessed directly, a through member function.}

void Derive :: display(){

cout << "a = " << get_a() << endl; // a instead of get_a() won't workcout << "b = " << b << endl;cout << "c = " << c << endl << endl;

}

81

int main(){

Derive d; // Object of derive class

d.set_ab(); // Object can directly access public membersd.show_a();d.mul();d.display();

d.b = 20;d.mul();d.display();

return 0;}


82

Code 12-4.2:


class Base{

int a;public:

int b;void set_ab();int get_a();void show_a();

};

class Derive : private Base // Derive class: Can access Base Public data/members.{

int c;public:

void mul();void display();

};

void Base :: set_ab(){

cout << "Enter a and b:" << endl;cin >> a >> b;

}

int Base :: get_a(){

return a;}

void Base :: show_a(){

cout << endl << "a = " << a << endl;}

void Derive :: mul(){

set_ab();c = b * get_a(); // b is accessed directly, a through member function.

}

void Derive :: display(){

show_a();//cout << "a = " << get_a() << endl;// a instead of get_a() won't workcout << "b = " << b << endl;

83

cout << "c = " << c << endl << endl;}

int main(){

Derive d; // Object of derive class

//d.set_ab(); // Object can’t directly access public members//d.show_a();d.mul();d.display();

//d.b = 20;d.mul();d.display();

return 0;}


84

Code 12-4.3:


class student{protected:

int rollNumber;public:

void getNumber(int r){

rollNumber = r;}void putNumber(){

cout << "Roll number: " << rollNumber << endl;}

};

class test : virtual public student{protected:

float part1, part2;public:

void getMarks(float x, float y){

part1 = x;part2 = y;

}void putMarks(){

cout << "Number obtained:" << endl;cout << "\tPart 1: " << part1 << endl;cout << "\tPart 2: " << part2 << endl;

}};

class sport : virtual public student{protected:

float score;public:

void getScore(float s){

score = s;}void putScore(){

cout << "Sport weight: " << score << endl;

85

}};

class result : public test, public sport{

float total;public:

void display();};

void result :: display(){

total = part1 + part2 + score;putNumber();putMarks();putScore();cout << "Total marks: " << total << endl;

}

int main(){

result std1;std1.getNumber(123);std1.getMarks(35.5, 40.0);std1.getScore(6.5);std1.display();

return 0;}


86

Code 12-5.1:#include<iostream.h>

class item{

int code;float price;

public:void getdata(int a, float b){

code = a;price = b;

}void showdata(){

cout << "Code\t: " << code << endl;cout << "Price\t: " << price << endl;

}};

const int size = 2;

int main(){

item *p = new item[size];item *d = p;int i, x;float y;

for(i = 0; i <size; i++){

cout << "Input code for item " << i+1 << "\t: ";cin >> x;cout << "Input price for item " << i+1 << "\t: ";cin >> y;p -> getdata(x,y);p++;

}

for(i = 0; i <size; i++){

cout << endl << "Item\t: " << i+1 << endl;d -> showdata();d++;

}return 0;

}

87


88

Code 12-5.2:

#include<iostream.h>#include<string.h>

class media{protected:

char title[100];float price;

public:media(char* s, float a){

strcpy(title, s);price = a;

}virtual void getdata(){};virtual void display(){};

};

class book : public media{

int page;public:

book(char* s, float a, int p ): media(s, a){

page = p;}void getdata();void display();

};

class tape : public media{

float time;public:

tape(char* s, float a, float t ): media(s, a){

time = t;}void getdata();void display();

};

void book :: getdata(){

cout << "Enter BOOK Details" << endl << endl;cout << "Title: "; cin >> title;cout << "Price: "; cin >> price;

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cout << "Page: "; cin >> page;}

void book :: display(){

cout << "Display BOOK Details" << endl << endl;cout << "Title: " << title << endl;cout << "Pages: " << page << endl;cout << "Price: " << price << endl << endl;

}

void tape :: getdata(){

cout << endl << "Enter TAPE Details" << endl << endl;cout << "Title: "; cin >> title;cout << "Price: "; cin >> price;cout << "Time: "; cin >> time;

}

void tape :: display(){

cout << "Display TAPE Details" << endl << endl;cout << "Title: " << title << endl;cout << "Time: " << time << endl;cout << "Price: " << price << endl << endl;

}

int main(){

char title[100] = {‘ ‘};float price = 0.0;float time = 0.0;int page = 0;

media* list[2];book book1(title, price, page);tape tape1(title, price, time);

/* book book1(" ", 0.0, 0); tape tape1(" ", 0.0, 0.0); */

list[0] = &book1;list[1] = &tape1;

cout << "Get BOOK and TAPE Media Details:" << endl << endl;list[0] -> getdata();list[1] -> getdata();cout << endl << "Display BOOK and TAPE Media Details:" << endl << endl;list[0] -> display();

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list[1] -> display();

return 0;}


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Misc 1:/* Method 1#include <iostream.h>

void low2up (char cArray[]);

int main(){

char cArray[5] = {'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u'};

cout << "Lower case vowels are:";for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) cout << "\t" << cArray[i];

low2up(cArray);

cout << endl << "Upper case vowels are:";for(i = 0; i < 5; i++) cout << "\t" << cArray[i];cout << endl;

return 0;}

void low2up (char cArray[]){

for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) cArray[i] = cArray[i] - 'a' + 'A';

}*/

// Method 2


char low2up (char c);

int main(){

char cArray[5] = {'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u'};

cout << "Lower case vowels are:";for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) cout << "\t" << cArray[i];

for(i = 0; i < 5; i++) cArray[i] = low2up(cArray[i]);

cout << endl << "Upper case vowels are:";for(i = 0; i < 5; i++) cout << "\t" << cArray[i];cout << endl;

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return 0;}

char low2up (char c){

c = c - 'a' + 'A';return c;

}

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codes final 2005

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