cognitive development in middle childhood. thinking in middle childhood thought becomes more logical...
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Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Thinking in Middle childhood
• Thought becomes more logical– Can now pass Piagetian conservation tasks
• Understanding of spatial concepts improves– Can now give clear, well organanized
directions; can draw and read maps
Attention in Middle Childhood
Attention becomes more:
• Selective• Adaptable• Planful
Steps in Planning• Postponing action to weigh alternatives• Organizing task materials
Remembering steps of planMonitoring how well plan works
Revising if necessary
Development of Memory Strategies
• Rehearsal – early grade school• Organization – soon after rehearsal
–Knowledge base helps organization• Elaboration – end of middle childhood
–Meaningful chunks of information
• Schooling promotes using these memory strategies
Theory of Mind in Middle Childhood
• See mind as active, constructive• Understand more about sources of
knowledge– Mental inferences– False beliefs
• Consider interactions of variables
• Schooling promotes developing theory of mind
Explaining Differences in IQ• Genetics
– Accounts for about half of differences
• Environment– SES– Culture
• Communication styles• Cultural bias in test content
Stereotype Threat
• The fear of being judged on the basis of a negative stereotype that can trigger anxiety that interferes with performance– Ex: Girls don’t do well on Math exams…
Language Development in Middle Childhood
• Vocabulary– Increases fourfold during school years– 20 new words a day
• Grammar– Passive voice– Infinitive phrases
• Pragmatics– Adjust to people and situations– Phrase requests to get what they want
Learning Two Languages• Bilingual Development
– Learn both languages at the same time
– Learn first language, then second
– Sensitive period - childhood• Bilingual Education
– Language immersion– Bilingual education
Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood
Self-Concept in Middle Childhood• More refined me-self
– Social comparisons– Emphasize competencies
• Both positive and negative
• Cognitive development
affects structure of self-concept– Perspective taking
• Social & cultural development affect content of self-concept– Real self vs. ideal self
Influences on Self-Esteem• Culture• Child-rearing
practices• Messages from
adults• Attributions
–Mastery-oriented–Learned helplessness
Achievement-Related AttributionsMastery-Oriented
• Attribute success to ability
• Incremental view of ability– Can improve by
trying• Focus on learning
goals
Learned Helplessness
• Attribute failure to ability
• Fixed view of ability– Cannot be changed
• Focus on performance goals
Emotional Development in Middle Childhood• Self-Conscious Emotions
– Pride– Guilt
• Emotional Understanding– Explain using internal states– Understand mixed emotions
• Emotional Self-Regulation– Motivated by self-esteem and
peer approval– Emotional self-efficacy
Peer Groups• Formed from proximity, similarity• Adopt similar dress and behavior• Peer Culture
–Relational
aggression–Exclusion
Friendship in Middle Childhood
• Personal qualities, trust become important
• More selective in choosing friends
• Friendships can last several years
• Influence each other’s behavior
Family Relationships
• Parents–Coregulation
• Siblings–Rivalry–Companionship and
assistance
Types of Families• Traditional• Employed parents• One-child• Gay & lesbian parents• Single parents• Divorced parents• Blended• Extended
International Divorce Rates
Consequences of Parental Divorce
Immediate• Instability, conflict,
drop in income• Parental stress,
disorganization• Consequences
affected by:– Age– Temperament– Sex
Long-Term• Improved adjustment
after 2 years• Boys, children with
difficult temperaments more likely to have problems
• Father’s involvement affects adjustment
Helping Families Through Divorce
• Divorce mediation• Joint custody• Child support
Blended FamiliesMother-Stepfather• Most frequent• Boys usually adjust
quickly• Girls adapt less
favorably• Older children and
adolescents of both sexes display more problems
Father-Stepmother• Often leads to reduced
father-child contact• Children in fathers’
custody often react negatively
• Girls & stepmothers slow to get along at first, more positive interaction later