cognitive science - gunadarma...

11/26/14

Cognitive Science Information Processing Theory

Matrissya Hermita Universitas Gunadarma

http://www.gunadarma.ac.id


Information Processing


INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY

Seeks to : •  understand how people

acquiring information, •  how people store

information à recall it from a memory

•  how what they already know

•  guides and determines what and how they will learn


Information Processing Model



Information Processing Theory •  These Theory Focus on internal mental process that occur as opposed to

external behavior

•  The mind takes in information, perform operation to change it form, stores it and retrieves it when needs.

•  Three majors category : q  Sensory memory q  Working/Short term memory q  Long Term memory



Sensory Memory

•  Berdasarkan stimulus yang diterima oleh panca indera

•  last in 1 sec.



Gage dan Berliner (1988)

“When we pay aention to a stimulus, the informations

represented by that stimulus goes into short-term memory or

working memory.”



Long Term Memory

Memori jangka panjang merupakan bagian dari sistem memori tempat menyimpan informasi untuk periode panjang. Pandangan Tulving (dalam Slavin, 2000:) membagi memori jangka panjang menjadi tiga bagian: a.  Memori episodik, yaitu bagian memori jangka panjang yang menyimpan

gambaran dari pengalaman-pangalaman pribadi kita. b.  Memori semantik, yaitu suatu bagian dari memori jangka panjang yang

menyimpan fakta dan pengetahuan umum. c.  Memori prosedural adalah memori yang menyimpan informasi tentang

bagaimana melakukan sesuatu.


Assessing Cognitive Process….

Reaction time : Measuring of how quickly an organism can respond to a particular stimulus.

Stimulus à Sensory Neuron à Spinal Cord/ Brain à Motor Neuron à Response



Three basic kinds of reaction time experiments named by Psychologist (Luce, 1986; Welford, 1980) : Simple Reaction Time Experiments o  only one stimulus and one response: 'X at a known location,' 'spot the

dot,' and 'reaction to sound' all measure simple reaction time.

mean simple reaction times (college-age individuals) : •  190 ms (0.19 sec) for light stimuli •  160 ms for sound stimuli (Galton, 1899; Fieandt et al., 1956; Welford, 1980; Brebner and Welford, 1980)



Recognition Reaction Time Experiments : o  S t i m u l i t h a t s h o u l d b e

responded to (the 'memory set'), and should get no response (the 'distractor set').

o  There is still only one correct response.

o  'Symbol recognition' and 'tone r e c o g n i t i o n ' a r e b o t h recognition experiments. Eg. Stroop effect



Choice Reaction Time Experiments •  Multiple Stimulus and Multiple Responses, give a responses that

corresponds to the stimulus

•  A pure choice reaction time, the sequence of stimuli types is random.

Pressing blue key corresponding to the blue dot if the dot appears on the screen either in the same side (compatible) or in the opposite side (incompatible) – Simon Effect



Serial Reaction Time o  Variant of choice reaction time in which the order of stimulus types is

not random (sequence). Instead, a stimulus of type y is likely to follow a stimulus of type x.

o  The subject can become faster and faster with practice due to learnable sequences that’s been anticipated by the respondents.

o  The serial reaction time literature is reviewed by Schwarb and Schumacher (2012).

Thank you very much

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