cold facts spring-2012

The Magazine of the Cryogenic Society of America, Inc. Spring 2012 Volume 28 Number 2

Inside this Issue

Sustaining MembersListed/SpotlightsBack Cover; 15, 18, 19, 24, 26, 34, 37, 39

Influence of Deep CryogenicTreatment 4

CSA Short Courses11

McIntosh’s Cryogenic Concepts13

Radebaugh’s Cryo Frontiers 14

Defining Cryogenics 16

Mason’s Space Cryogenics 20

Special Editorial: Specialty Gases25

Tour of JLab Cryogenics26

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4 SPRING 2012 | VOLUME 28 | NUMBER 2 www.cryogenicsociety.org

(Continued on page 6)

Introduction

The need for greater productivitycalls for the development of new, high-er performance tools and tool materialscapable of higher cutting speeds andfeed rates. It is important to rememberthat for complex machining jobs thatrequire several tools, floor-to-floor timedepends on the best performing tool.Generally, complex shaped HSS toolsare used; improving their performancebrings along higher productivity of theentire system. Its main applications arefor drills, taps, milling cutters, broachesand also bits where the economical cut-ting speed is too low to consider car-bide tools.

In recent decades, interest in lowtemperature effects has been demon-strated, particularly during heat treat-ing cycles of tool steels. Research hasshown that cryogenic treatmentincreases product life, and in most casesprovides additional qualities to theproducts such as stress relief, increasedservice life and increased hardness andtoughness simultaneously [1]. Theextent of benefits of this emerging pro-cessing route can only be suitablyexploited if the underlying mechanismof this process is carefully unfolded inan organized manner.

The main objective of this study isto examine the effect of cryogenic treat-ment on AISI M2 high-speed tool steelwith respect to microstructural changesand changes in mechanical propertiessuch as hardness and toughness. Thisarticle is the condensed version of a fullresearch paper. Interested readers areencouraged to refer to the authors’paper in CSA’s Cryogenic TreatmentDatabase (www.cryogenictreatmentdatabase.org) for comprehensiveunderstanding of the investigation.

Material and Methods

The chemical composition of thematerial used for this investigation wasmeasured using optical emission spec-troscopy (OES) and reported in Table 1.This confirms that the material used isAISI M2 high speed tool steel. AISI M2steel rod of 20 mm diameter wasmachined to required dimensions forvarious ASTM standards, i.e. Charpyimpact test, hardness. Then the sampleswere divided into three groups, namelyGroup I: conventional heat treatment(CHT), Group II: shallow cryogenictreatment (SCT) and Group III: deepcryogenic treatment (DCT). The tem-

perature and time details for the threeheat/cryogenic treatments areexplained in the full version of thispaper available in the CryogenicTreatment Database mentioned above.Table 2 shows the treatment conditionsand nomenclature followed for thepresent research work. Vickers hard-ness tester, instrumented impact tester,optical microscope and scanning elec-tron microscope (SEM) and thermomechanical analyzer were the instru-ments used for the investigation.

Results and Discussion

The result of the Vickers hardnesstest is shown in Figure 1 on page 6. It

Influence of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on Alloy Carbide Precipitationsand Mechanical Properties of AISI M2 High Speed Tool Steel by A. Bensely; S. Venkateswaran, Cognizant Technologies Solutions, India; Angel D. Subisak, Department of BiomedicalEngineering, The Ohio State University; D. Mohan Lal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University, India; A. Rajadurai,Department of Production Engineering, Madras Institute of Technology / Anna University, India; Gyöngyvér B. Lenkey, Departmentfor Structural Integrity, Bay Zoltán Foundation for Applied Research, Institute for Logistics and Production Systems, Hungary; PetePaulin, 300 Below Inc.

Table 1 Result of chemical analysis of AISI M2 raw material in weight %

Element

Name

Carbon

Chromium

Molybdenum

Tungsten

Vanadium

Iron

% 1.269 4.288 3.005 5.88 4.56 77.67

5

Cold Facts Editorial BoardRandall Barron, ret. Louisiana Tech University;Jack Bonn, VJ Systems, LLC;Robert Fagaly, Quasar Federal Systems;Brian Hands, ret. Oxford University;Peter Kittel, ret. NASA Ames;Peter Mason, ret. Jet Propulsion Lab;Glen McIntosh;John Pfotenhauer, University of Wisconsin-Madison;Ray Radebaugh, ret. NIST Boulder;Ralph Scurlock, Kryos Associates, ret. University of Southampton;Nils Tellier, Robertson-Bryan, Inc.

SPRING 2012 | VOLUME 28 | NUMBER 2www.cryogenicsociety.org

Cold Facts (ISSN 1085-5262) is published five times per year inthe Winter, Spring, Summer and Fall and a December Buyer’s Guideby the Cryogenic Society of America, Inc. Contents ©2012 Cryogenic Society of America, Inc.

Although CSA makes reasonable efforts tokeep the information contained in this maga-zine accurate, the information is not guaran-teed and no responsibility is assumed forerrors or omissions. CSA does not warrant theaccuracy, completeness, timeliness or mer-chantability or fitness for a particular purposeof the information contained herein, nor doesCSA in any way endorse the individuals andcompanies described in the magazine or theproducts and services they may provide.

Cold Facts MagazineExecutive Editor

LAURIE HUGET

EditorTHERESA BOEHL

CSA Board of Technical Directors

ChairmanJOHN WEISEND II

FRIB Michigan State University517/908-7743

PresidentJOHN URBIN

Linde Cryogenics, A Division of Linde ProcessPlants, Inc. | 918/477-1341

Past PresidentLOUIS J. SALERNO

NASA Ames Research Center | 650/604-3189

TreasurerMELORA LARSON

Jet Propulsion Laboratory818/354-8751

SecretaryEDWARD BONNEMA

Meyer Tool & Mfg. | 708/425-9080

Executive DirectorLAURIE HUGET

Huget Advertising, Inc. | 708/383-6220x222

Registered AgentWERNER K. HUGET, Huget Advertising, Inc.

FABIO CASAGRANDE

FRIB Michigan State University

MICHAEL COFFEY, Cryomagnetics, Inc.

LANCE COOLEY, Fermi Natl. Accelerator Lab

JAMES FESMIRENASA Kennedy Cryogenics Test Laboratory

VINCENT GRILLO, Cryofab, Inc.

JOHN PFOTENHAUERUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison

WILLIAM SOYARS, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory

STEVEN VAN SCIVER, FSU, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory

SIDNEY YUAN, The Aerospace Corp.

AL ZELLER, FRIB, MSU

ADVISORY COMMITTEESUSAN BREON, NASA Goddard Space

Flight Center

From the Executive DirectorIt’s been a busy time

at CSA headquartersrecently. We attended ameeting of the Super-conducting ParticleAccelerator Forum ofthe Americas (SPAFOA)held at Thomas Jeff-

erson National Accelerator Facility(Jlab) in April. There’s a lot of cryogen-ics going on at JLab, which is also aCorporate Sustaining Member of CSA,and it was great to spend a little timewith some of the staff and tour theirfacilities (see page 26). We also paid avisit to CSA Corporate SustainingMember Kelvin International Corpora-tion while we were in Virginia (see page19). It was exciting to learn of develop-ments there as well.

Quickly on the heels of that trip wasa week-long trip to Japan to attendICEC24/ICMC2102 in Fukuoka. Ourdays and nights at the conference werebusy. We were able to network withmany of our members and to meet newcolleagues and learn about cryogenicdevelopments in Europe and Asia. Wetoured an LNG plant, a power generat-ing plant and the Kyushu University ItoCampus cryogenics and superconduc-tivity facilities.

We were greeted by members of theJapanese, Indian and Chinese cryogen-ics societies, who were impressed withthe size and health of CSA and soughtcooperative relationships with us.

CSA has steadily been welcomingnew Corporate Sustaining Membersfrom all over the world. Right now theroster stands at 116 from 12 countries.

We’ll be on the road again in Julyfor the July 9 “Foundations ofCryocoolers” Short Course in conjunc-tion with the 17th InternationalCryocoolers Conference at the SheratonUniversal Hotel in Universal City CA.The organizers promise a great venueand some really interesting speakers.

In fall we’ll be at the AppliedSuperconductivity Conference inPortland OR, October 7-12. We’ll beoffering two Short Courses just beforethat meeting starts: “Cryogenics forSuperconductivity” and “Refrigerationfor Superconducting Systems.” Moreinformation is available on page 11.

Hope to see you this summer.

We’re going back to the Alyeska resort! Save the dates!2013 Space Cryogenics Workshop, June 23-25, 2013

(after CEC/ICMC).Make sure to make your reservations early for this wonderful

resort. Hotel reservation deadline: May 23, 2013.

6 SPRING 2012 | VOLUME 28 | NUMBER 2 www.cryogenicsociety.org

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indicates that there is no large varia-tion in hardness values among the SCTand DCT samples for different stagesof tempering but significant variationwas observed between the CHT-1T,SCT-1T and DCT-1T samples.However, on comparing the improve-ment caused by shallow and deepcryogenic treatment, a marginal

increase in thehardness values isnoted for all thestages of temper-ing in SCT andDCT sampleswhen comparedwith CHT sam-ples. Generallythe wear resist-ance improve-ment can be influ-enced by hard-ness values. Anincrease in hard-

ness can increase the abrasion resist-ance and the load bearing capacity ofthe material [2]. The cutting perform-ance of high speed steel is primarilydetermined by its toughness, and itsresistance to both wear and temperingat operating temperatures. The tough-ness of high-speed steel is determinedby the state of tempering of the matrix

and the spatial and size distribution ofthe primary carbides. The uniform dis-tribution and small size carbides in thematrix represent important toughnessadvantages. Wear resistance is general-ly a function of hardness and of thetype, volume and shape of the primarycarbides present in the materials.Temperature resistance is largely deter-mined by the composition and growthof secondary hardening carbides [3].From Table 3 on page 8, it is observedthat the value of impact energy forDCT-1T and DCT-2T samples havelower value than all other samples.This is due to the presence of highermartensitic structure. This can be sup-ported by the higher hardness valuereported in Figure 1.

Figure 2 on page 8 shows the opti-cal and SEM micrographs of doubletempered samples. This clearly indi-cates that cryogenic treatment reduces

Figure 1. Vickers hardness test results.

Influence of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on Alloy Carbide Precipitationsand Mechanical Properties of AISI M2 High Speed Tool Steel (Continued from page 4)


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the retained austenite (white region withno definite shape) and promotes carbide(spherical) precipitation. DCT is muchbetter than SCT for higher carbide pre-cipitation which is evident by comparingthe SEM micrographs (magnification:2000x). Figure 3 shows the linear expan-sion coefficient of untempered CHT, SCTand DCT specimens with respect to tem-perature. The thermomechanical studyrevealed that that there is a sudden con-traction between the temperature rangeof 373K to 423K, which is due to theredistribution of the carbon atoms in themartensite by segregation of the carbonatoms to lattice defects and a clusteringof carbon atoms, i.e., the precipitation ofa carbon-rich phase called carbide. As aconsequence, the carbon in the marten-site is reduced to approximately 0.3%.From 423K to 543K, it is observed thatthere is increase in length, which is dueto decomposition of the retained austen-ite to ferrite and cementite. From the tem-perature interval of 543K to 633K, there isa sudden contraction; this may be attrib-uted to the formation and growth of

cementite (Fe3C) at theexpense of carbides.

From 623K to 773K, thelength increased, the mainreason for this being the effectof carbide coarsening. At823K, it is observed that theslight increase in length isdue to the decomposition of aminor part of the austenite.At higher temperatures, pre-cipitation of alloy carbidesand breakdown of martensiteoccur, as a result of whichthere is a contraction inlength [4].

Conclusion

The study resulted in thefollowing findings:

• From the hardness test,it was identified that there

was a slight increase in the

(Continued from page 6)

Table 3 Instrumented Impact strength test results

Sample ID Impact energy (J)

Static fracture toughness

KIC

MPa (m)½

Dynamic fracture toughness

K Id

MPa (m)½

CHT-1T 3.6 27.273 5.258

CHT-2T 3.4 26.509 5.202

CHT-3T 3.1 25.313 5.113

SCT-1T 3.1 25.313 5.113

SCT-2T 3.5 26.869 5.230

SCT-3T 3.4 26.509 5.202

DCT-1T 2.83 24.185 5.026

DCT-2T 2.83 24.185 5.026

DCT-3T 3.3 26.117 5.173

Figure 2. Optical and SEM micrographs of double tempered samples

CHT-2T SCT-2T DCT-2T

Optical Micrograph

SEM Micrograph

Spheroided carbide Clustered Carbides

Influence of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on Alloy Carbide Precipitationsand Mechanical Properties of AISI M2 High Speed Tool Steel

SPRING 2012 | VOLUME 28 | NUMBER 2 9www.cryogenicsociety.org

average hardness value for DCT sampleswhen compared to CHT samples.

•SCT samples experienced higher hard-ness values when compared with CHT sam-ples, due to the reduction of retainedaustenite.

•CHT samples show the presence oflarge elongated primary carbides and smallspherical secondary carbides in a temperedmartensitic matrix along with newlyformed martensite. The DCT samples showthat the sizes of the secondary carbides aremuch finer and uniformly distributedthroughout the matrix.

•The precipitation of more hard car-bides in the deep cryogenically treated sam-ples can reduce the carbon and alloy con-tents in the matrix which can improve thetoughness of the matrix.

•There is no large variation in fracture tough-ness value between CHT, SCT and DCT samples.

•Fractographic analysis of all the samplesshows that the fracture mode is quasi cleavage.

Acknowledgement:

The authors gratefully acknowledge the timelyhelp rendered by the employees of Chennai Metco,Chennai, and Department of Chemistry, AC Collegeof Technology, Anna University Chennai for testing.

References

1. Preciado M., P.M. Bravo and J.M. Alegre, “Effectof low temperature tempering prior cryogenic treatmenton carburized steels,” Journal of Materials ProcessingTechnology, 176, 2006, pp. 41-44.

2. Molinari A., M. Pellizzari, S. Gialanella, G.Straffelini, K. H. Stiasny, “Effect of deep cryogenic treat-ment on the mechanical properties of tool steels,”Materials Processing Technology, 118, 2001, pp. 350-355.

3. Krauss G., “Steels: Heat Treatment andProcessing Principles,”ASM International. Ohio, USA,1990.

4. Reed-Hill R.E., Reza Abbaschian, “PhysicalMetallurgy Principles,” Third edition, EswarPublishers, 1994.

Influence of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on Alloy Carbide Precipitationsand Mechanical Properties of AISI M2 High Speed Tool Steel

Exp

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nt (1

0-6 /

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Temperature (K)Figure 3. Plot of linear expansion of specimen vs. temperature (K)

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CorrectionThe Winter issue of Cold Facts featured

a “Spotlight on Sustaining Member” pieceon Lake Shore Cryotronics entitled, “NewMeasurement System, Cryogen-free ProbeStations from Lake Shore.” The followingsentence should have read, “The 8400 seriesHMS uses AC field techniques to extract thediminishingly small Hall voltage from thebackground noise produced by these newmaterials...”. The reference to “DC” wasincorrect. Cold Facts regrets the error.

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11SPRING 2012 | VOLUME 28 | NUMBER 2www.cryogenicsociety.org

CSA to Offer Educational Opportunities at ICC-17 and ASC’12As part of

our commitmentto education incryogenics andsuperconductivi-ty, CSA is offer-ing short coursesat two majorcryogenics con-ferences, the In-t e r n a t i o n a lC r y o c o o l e r sC o n f e r e n c e(ICC-17) andthe Applied Su-

perconductivity Conference (ASC’12).These courses are taught by experts and aredesigned to expand the knowledge of pro-fessionals at all levels.

“Foundations” Short Course at ICC-17

The Cryogenic Society of America willonce again offer the “Foundations ofCryocoolers” short course just before theInternational Cryocooler Conference onMonday, July 9, 2012, in Universal City,California.

Presented byDr. Ray Rad-ebaugh, Consul-tant to the Phys-ical and ChemicalProperties Divisionof NIST, Boulder,and Dr. PhilipSpoor, Develop-ment Engineer atChart Qdrive, the“ F o u n d a t i o n s ”course providesthe backgroundand tools for con-cepts in cryocoolerdesign for both sea-

soned experts and those new to the field.The course is also helpful to marketing pro-fessionals, those only familiar with one typeof cryocooler and those looking to catch upwith developments in the last few years.Additionally, this year’s course will featurenew material on compressors.

Not only will students gain valuableknowledge from the instructors, they willalso benefit from the exchange of questions

and answers, as well as the discussions ofthe whole class. Each student will receive acopy of course notes compiled by theinstructors.

“Foundations of Cryocoolers” will beheld at the Sheraton Universal Hotel inUniversal City CA, close to many touristdestinations including Universal Studiosand City Walk. Discounted rates are offeredto CSA members and students.

Fees

Regular Registration: $385* Student Registration (with valid ID): $200*For non-members, fees include 1 year ofCSA membership.

To register, visit: www.cryogenicsociety.org/calendar/icc17_short_course_registration/.

Course Description

Cryogenic temperatures provide bene-fits in a wide variety of applications.Depending on the application, these tem-peratures can vary from about 50 mK to150K. Cryocoolers are used in most cases toachieve such temperatures. However, theuse of cryocoolers can present some disad-vantages that can hinder the developmentof applications. Developments in cryocool-ers in the past twenty years or so have alle-viated many of these disadvantages, whichhave ushered in many more practical appli-cations, especially many space and super-conductor applications.

This course will review many of theadvances that have been made to overcomesome of these disadvantages, and then pro-ceed to discuss new areas of research. Thecourse begins with a study of cryocoolerfundamentals, followed by a description ofhow these principles are used in the varioustypes of gas-cycle cryocoolers to achievetemperatures from about 2K to 150K. Theoperating principles of the major cryocoolertypes will be discussed, which includesJoule-Thomson, Brayton, Claude, Stirling,Gifford McMahon and pulse tube systems.The advantages and disadvantages of eachtype will be discussed and examples ofapplications of each will be shown.Alternative cooling methods to reach themillikelvin temperature range are briefly

mentioned.

A new area to be covered in this coursefocuses on compressors, especially thoseused for Stirling and pulse tube systems inwhich an oscillating pressure is required.This type of compressor is often called apressure wave generator or pressure oscilla-tor. This course will cover compressor loss-es, flexure bearings, acoustic impedancematching to cold heads, some generaldesign guidelines and compressor manu-facturing issues.

Half-Day Short Courses at ASC

CSA will alsopresent two half-daycourses on Sunday,October 7, 2012, justbefore the AppliedSuperconductivityConference in Port-land OR. Dr. JohnWeisend II, Professor

of Engineering and Cryomodule Depart-ment Head at the Facility for Rare IsotopeBeams, Michigan State University, will pres-ent “Cryogenics for Superconductivity.” Dr.Ray Radebaugh, mentioned above, willpresent “Refrigeration for SuperconductingSystems.”

Fees

Early Registration (before September 7):$175 per courseRegular Registration: $225 per course.Student Registration (with valid ID): $115per course

OR Register for both courses:Early (before September 7): $325Regular: $425Student: $220

Online registration will be availablesoon on the CSA website.

Course Descriptions

“Cryogenics for Superconductivity”

The successful application of supercon-ductivity requires that the devices be kept attheir operating temperatures via a cryo-genic cooling system. There are a variety ofways to cool superconductors and each has


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Cryogenic Conceptsby Dr. Glen McIntosh, CEC Collins Awardee, CSA Fellow, [email protected]

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In the previous issue of Cold Facts, Idiscussed the potential of superconduct-ing computers in solving the problem ofexcessive power consumption in thequest for exascale computers by the year2020. The world’s fastest computer, theJapanese K-computer, runs at 10petaflops (1016 floating point operationsper second) and consumes 10 MW ofpower. A 1-exaflops (1018 flops) comput-er of the same efficiency would thenrequire 1 GW of power and cost about $1 billion per year to operate. For anexascale computer to be practical, bothDARPA and DOE goals have set a powerlimit of about 20 MW for exascale com-puters. That limit means a reduction inenergy per flops by two orders of magni-tude must be achieved within ten years.

In the previous column, I focused onthe central processing unit (CPU), forwhich two recent developments insuperconducting logic circuits offeredthe potential for much higher speeds andlower power consumption than that ofconventional semiconductor computers.However, the CPU accounts for less than50% of the total power consumption.The power used for memory and thetransmission of information between theCPU and memory accounts for much ofthe rest and is increasing as speedincreases. Thus, a superconducting com-puter must be teamed with equally effi-cient memory and communication if themore efficient superconducting proces-sor can lead to overall higher efficiency.

Computer memory has not kept upwith the speed of processors, so deepmemory hierarchies have been devel-oped with multi-level caches to positionthe most relevant data for a programclose to the processing unit. The accesstime for memory depends on the type ofmemory and its distance from theprocessor. The first level of cache, themost expensive, is placed on the same

chip as the processor, whereas the nextlevel may be on another chip with longercommunication time. Communication isby wire, which is about an order of mag-nitude slower than the speed of light.Thus, research on optical communicationwithin computers has become importantrecently, both at room temperature and atcryogenic temperatures. The ideal mem-ory should be fast, cheap, persistent(non-volatile) and dense. No currentlyavailable memory satisfies all these char-acteristics, so different types are used atthe various levels.

Static random access memory(SRAM) is the fastest, but very expen-sive, volatile and low density. It is usedfor caches. Dynamic RAM (DRAM) hashigher density, is somewhat cheaper, alittle slower and also volatile. It is usedfor main memory. Hard disk drives(HDD) or magnetic disks are cheap,dense and non-volatile, but very slow.

The quest for exascale computersmust begin to focus on the energy effi-ciency of memory in addition to speed.Current SRAM requires about 1 pJ (10-12

joules) of energy per bit and an accesstime of about 10 ns. Because it is volatile,it also requires static power, which easilydoubles the effective energy per bitaccessed. Several new memory technolo-gies are being studied to meet the exa-scale demands. These include phasechange (MCRAM), resistive (RRAM) andmagnetoresistive (MRAM). One versionof MRAM, known as spin-torque transferRAM (STT-MRAM), offers a read speedand density comparable to SRAM, butbecause it is non-volatile the energy perbit access is significantly reduced.

A superconducting computer canonly operate at high speed if the cachememory is located close to the processor,i.e., at 4K. The main memory could belocated farther away, but it would still

need to be at about 80K to keep the com-munication time short. All of the com-puter memories developed for semicon-ductor computers will not work at cryo-genic temperatures, although some ofthe new types are being investigated forcryogenic operation. Low temperaturesreduce thermal noise and allow devicesto operate well at much lower voltagesand powers.

The superconducting single fluxquantum (SFQ) logic devices being stud-ied for the processor could form the basisof cryogenic memory. Read/write ener-gies as low as 10-17 to 10-19 J may be pos-sible. Unfortunately, the size of the niobi-um circuits to detect flux quantum is rel-atively large with node spacings of 90 to250 nm compared with 22 nm for currentsilicon technology. The use of electron ornuclear spins for high density memory isthe subject of many research efforts, bothat cryogenic temperatures and at roomtemperature. DARPA is currently devel-oping a program to investigate cryogenicmemory for use with superconductingcomputer logic. Their intermediate goalis to develop a superconducting 32 bit, 1-million gate processor operating at 10to 100 GHz with at least 1 Mb of localmemory integrated on a multi-chip mod-ule.

Cryogenic memory should easilymeet the exascale memory goal of lowpower and high speed, but the density isa big question mark at this time. We mayneed another type of Moore’s law overmany years to bring the density of anynew cryogenic memory up to the levelachieved in silicon. Breakthrough dis-coveries in cryogenic memory areurgently needed in order for supercon-ducting computers to seriously competein the race to develop exascale comput-ers by 2020.


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Cryo Frontiersby Dr. Ray Radebaugh, NIST Boulder, 2009 CEC Collins Awardee, [email protected]


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Taylor-Whartonhas announced the“Taylor-WhartonPartners for Life”A c h i e v e m e n tProgram, which will

support various medical research fieldseach year.

The inaugural “Taylor-WhartonPartners for Life” campaign aims tosupport the ongoing challenge of find-ing a cure for breast cancer. Accordingto the American Cancer Society, 226,870individuals are expected to be diag-nosed with this terrible disease in theUnited States this year. In addition,approximately 39,510 US deaths areexpected to be attributed to breast can-cer in 2012 alone. “Partners for Life”aims to play a role in developing a cureto reduce these tragic statistics.

Luke Bradshaw, CryoScience SalesManager for the Americas, stated, “Aspart of our campaign, Taylor-Wharton

has produced aspecialty-manu-factured versionof the popularLABS-20K cryo-genic freezer,incorporat ingthe well-knownbreast cancerribbon into thelogo. This freez-er, with special-t y - d e s i g n e dpink accents,will be used fortrade shows and other industry eventsacross North America throughout theyear.”

Researchers from North Americawill be asked to submit a narrative ontheir work to find a cure for breast can-cer and how this freezer could benefitthe search for a cure. At the end of 2012,Taylor-Wharton will donate the LABS-

20K freezer, valued at over $22,000.

A panel of six has been selected todetermine the most worthy recipient ofthe LABS20K cryogenic freezer. Thepanelists are six professionals in thecancer research field: Marie Hoover,Mark R. Ackermann DVM, PhD, ElaineGunter, Lisa Miranda, Cara Kliefothand William B. Coleman, PhD.

More information will be availablesoon on how to apply and be consid-ered to become a recipient of the LABS -20K cryogenic freezer.

Taylor-Wharton in Theodore ALmanufactures state-of-the-art Cryo-Science equipment from 1.5 liters to thelargest LABS freezer that holds up to94,200 vials. A complete line ofCryoScience laboratory inventory con-trol systems and accessories is alsoavailable. For more information, visitwww.taylorwharton.com.

Taylor-Wharton Announces “Partners for Life” CampaignSpotlight on Sustaining Member


Defining Cryogenicsby Dr. John Weisend II, FRIB, Michigan State University, CSA Chairman, [email protected]

A thermosyphon(or thermosiphon) is adevice that transfersheat via natural convec-tion in a fluid. The natu-ral convection is drivenby gravity with thecolder, denser fluid

flowing downhill and the warmer, lessdense fluid flowing back up. Thus, ther-mosyphons connect an object to becooled with a reservoir or device provid-ing the cooling. There are a variety ofdesigns in thermosyphons; they may usea single phase fluid or, more commonlyin cryogenic applications, a two-phasesystem in which liquid flows down to theitem being cooled and vapor flows backup to the cold sink. Depending on theapplication, thermosyphons may consistof a single pipe or separate pipes for thecold and the warm fluids.Thermosyphons in cryogenics use a vari-ety of working fluids, including helium,nitrogen, argon or even neon.Increasingly, thermosyphon systemshave incorporated small cryocoolers toprovide cooling at the cold reservoir end.

Thermosyphons have a number ofadvantages. They are passive devices

requiring no external pumping to pro-vide fluid flow and heat transfer. Thisleads to simpler, more reliable systems.Since the thermal conductivity of mostmaterials at cryogenic temperatures isquite low, thermosyphons can in manycases transfer heat more efficiently thansolid conduction.

There are potential disadvantages tothermosyphons as well. As they are grav-ity driven, they are best oriented in verti-cal or near vertical geometries. The dis-tance between the top and bottom of thethermosyphon must be sufficiently largeto set up the natural convection flowneeded. The design of the thermosyphonloops must be carefully done to avoidpockets that can trap the returning warmvapor, thus stopping the convective flow.The passive nature of the thermosyphoncan limit the amount of adjustability thatthe cooling system has for dealing withunexpected heat loads.

Thermosyphons have been wellstudied, both in general and in support ofspecific applications. Examples of gener-al studies and recommendations for ther-mosyphon design include: “DesignParameters for Cryogenic Thermo-

syphons,” H. Timinger et al. Adv. Cryo.Engr. Vol. 53B (2008); “Impact of CoolingCondition and Filling Ratio on HeatTransfer Limit of Cryogenic Thermo-syphon,” Z.Q. Long et al. Cryogenics 52(2012); “Technology of Gravity Coolingand Heat Transfer Systems,” G.E.McIntosh and “Experimental Study of aNitrogen Natural Circulation Loop atLow Heat Flux,” B. Baudouy, both inAdv. Cryo. Engr. Vol. 55B (2010).

A recent large-scale application of athermosyphon cooling loop is found inthe superconducting solenoid in the CMSexperiment at LHC. This is described in“Commissioning of the CMS CryogenicSystem after Final Installation in theUnderground Cavern,” T. Dupont et al.Adv. Cryo. Engr. Vol. 55A (2010). Anotherapplication of thermosyphons, this oneusing a NeAr mixture, is described in“Cryogenic Design of the KATRINSource Cryostat,” S. Grohmann et al.Adv. Cryo. Engr. Vol. 53B (2008). A recentthermosyphon application is found in “AHelium Thermosiphon Cooling Loop forthe APS Superconducting Undulator,” byD.C. Potratz et al., which will be pub-lished in the forthcoming Vol. 57 of Adv.Cryo. Engr. (2012).

advantages and disadvantages. Theapproach taken depends on issues such asthe required temperature, expected heatload, number of devices, physical geome-try, cost and expected lifetime of the device.This course surveys the various methods ofcooling superconductors, describing theirgoverning equations, design aspects,advantages and disadvantages. It also pro-vides a brief overview of cryogenic insula-tion and refrigeration techniques as well ascryogenic safety. Extensive use is made ofexamples of the cooling of both supercon-ducting RF cavities and superconductingmagnet systems in the areas of basicphysics research, fusion energy and MRIsystems. The emphasis will be on largesuperconducting systems as opposed tothe cooling of superconducting electronics.

Cooling via small cryocoolers will bebriefly discussed.

Course Outline

IntroductionBath CoolingForced Flow CoolingConduction CoolingHe II CoolingThermosyphonsCooling of HTS systemsThermal Insulation BasicsCryogenic Refrigeration BasicsSafety Basics

“Refrigeration for SuperconductingSystems”

Practical superconductors must bekept at temperatures below about 80K.

This half-day short course reviews thevarious refrigeration methods currentlyused to provide these temperatures. Thecourse is limited primarily to closed-cycle systems, known as cryocoolers,although their use in liquefaction is alsoincluded in the course.

Cycles discussed in the courseinclude Joule-Thomson, Brayton,Claude, Stirling, Gifford-McMahon andpulse tube systems. Millikelvin refrigera-tion techniques for use in cooling somesuperconducting detectors will be brieflycovered. Refrigeration systems for smallsuperconducting electronics as well aslarge superconducting magnets are con-sidered.

CSA to Offer Educational Opportunities at ICC-17 and ASC’12(Continued from page 11)


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SPRING 2012 | VOLUME 28 | NUMBER 218


Wessington Cryogenics Annouces New Facility, ProjectsDue to a surge in demand for

some of their most popular tanks, aswell as a move toward new and largerproducts, Wessington Cryogenics hasannounced its expansion to an addi-tional facility.

The new facility spans more than 15,000 square feet and is based only ashort distance from Wessington’s main 70,000-square-foot factory. For theimmediate future it will assist in the building of ISO frames, skid units andother related products. The additional facility will allow for more space inthe company’s main site to start building new 40-foot LNG ISO containers, abigger throughput of their world-leading 10-foot ISO containers and existingrange of 20-foot ISOs. New, larger capacity cranes are being installed to assistwith these new/bigger tanks, including a 60,000 liter tank that was recentlyordered.

Wessington has also announced that the company has shipped thelargest helium dewar they have built to date—a 15,000 ASME certified liquidhelium dewar, ultimately destined for a client in the US. A new MLI insula-tion machine was designed and built specifically for this project, but withenough scope to allow the company to go even bigger if needed.

The ladder and platform/handrail were all designed to be easilyremoved prior to shipping to meet dimensions/transportation requirements.

Wessington was recently awarded a contract tobuild a number of 40-foot ISO containers for liquefiednatural gas. Although the company has been buildingLNG vessels for many years and has supplied a num-ber of 20-foot LNG ISOs, these are their first 40-foottanks and will be a great addition to their existingportfolio. Wessington will be offering these in bothEuropean and ASME approved versions.

Other news at Wessington includes the announce-ment that Gill Southern and Paul Rowe have recentlymade the regional finals for the prestigious E & YEntrepreneur of the Year 2012 award. The judges’interviews recently took place in Leeds, with theresults to be announced at the Regional Awards Nightin Manchester in June. Wessington is also a finalist forboth the CIPD Engagement and Wellbeing Award andthe CIPD SME Excellence in HR & D Award. The CIPDPeople Management Awards recognize and celebrateoutstanding achievements in HR and the impact HRhas on business success.

Also, Darren Nutter has been hired as businessdevelopment manager and will be looking at newareas that complement Wessington Cryogenics’ exist-ing product portfolio. Darren has worked in the tankmanufacturing industry for 26 years, first with FortVale, a manufacturer of tank fittings, and then movinginto liquid road transport with a local road tankermanufacturer as their sales manager, and then as gen-eral manager.

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Kelvin International Offers Variety of Products, ServicesA lot has changed and developed at Kelvin International Corporation (KIC)

since the company first joined CSA. A recent visit to their Newport News VAheadquarters revealed a host of product developments at the company, which isheaded by President Al Guerra. KIC’s Business Manager is Jan Sherwood. Thecompany has been in business since 1993.

KIC’s core competency is cryogenic engineering and manufacturing. Theyhave customers the world over. They also are a distributor for a wide range ofother companies such as Wessington Cryogenics, International Cryogenics,Iwatani, and others.

LN2 and LOX generators and instruments, bioarchival tanks, military and industrial cryogenics, cryocoolers and detector applications are all part of theKIC product line. They have an SBA 8(a) Certified FederalCCR Registration, CE marked products, and bothISO9001:2008 and SEMI S2 are in process.

The M50n LN2 generator and automatic deliverysystem, with applications in the biological and semicon-ductor industries, can produce more than 100 liters perweek and stores LN2 in an internal 40 liter storage low-loss dewar. Liquid levels for the internal and satellitedewars are monitored and automatically controlled usingTouch Screen controls. Upon a power loss, the liquefiercan be configured to Auto-Start. The M50n LN2 generator.


The M50n has higher capacity and costs less thancompetitors. It is CE certified, complete and ready touse—no field installation needed. A safe and reliable,fully automatic unit, it is available as a commercial off-shelf product, with worldwide support. It features mod-ular design, is stand alone with compressor, availablewith seismic bolting or casters and is suited to dedicat-ed use with tool or instrument.

With KIC’s transfer systems, the M50n can generatethe cryogen and deliver it to solid state and IR detectorsin class 10 clean rooms. The computer interface allowsthese devices to be operated and monitored from anoffice outside the clean room environment.

Features include PLC and Touch Screen controls;semi-tool ready; auto-delivery for tool dewars; built-indiagnostics and safety, VJ transfer line option, and anincluded LN2 external sensor. Applications includesolid state detectors, SEM and CCD instruments, x-raycrystallography, controlled rate freezers and biologicalstorage devices.

For automatic LN2 stor-age and transfer, the KryoBot KBN2 is ideal. Safe, reli-able and fully automatic, itreplaces transfer lines andeliminates the need for han-dling dewars. It can extendthe range of transfer lines orexpand the inventory of aliquefier in the laboratory.Once filled with 120 liters ofLN2, it provides automaticfilling to any target dewar,most instruments and tools.It plug and plays with liquefiers and has built-in diag-nostics and safety.

For commercial heliumdewars, cryogenic storagesystems, biostorage tanks andgas management systems, theKryo Bot Model KBHEdewar contents managermonitors and controls thepressure within the storagevessel. A PID loop drives a“drop-in” heater maintaininga user selectable pressure.Level and temperature aredisplayed. Venting anddecanting valves can be con-trolled to maintain a required level and pressure limits.Both Kryo Bots feature PLC and Touch Screen controls.

Contact KIC, 709 Middle Ground Blvd., NewportNews VA 23606, 800-8KELVIN, [email protected],www.kelvinic.com.

The Kryo Bot KBN2.

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It occurs tome that many ofmy readers wouldwelcome specificinformation onhow to view spacelaunches withoutnecessarily beinginvited by NASA.It turns out thatmost launches are

visible from publicly accessible loca-tions. I will supply a directory of sites.I’ll give some idea of where viewingsites are, and of launch schedules. Forthis column, I’ll cover Kennedy SpaceCenter, Florida, and Wallops FlightFacility, Virginia. In my next column, Iwill cover Vandenberg Air Force Base,California, White Sands Missile Range,New Mexico, the Kauai Test Facility,Hawaii, and the Kodiak, Alaska,Launch Complex.

Balloon launches are often as inter-esting as rocket launches, and I will alsodiscuss NASA’s balloon launch facili-ties in Texas, New Mexico, Australiaand Antarctica.

The big players in space launchesare the NASA Kennedy Space Center(KSC) and the Cape Canaveral AirForce Station (CCAFS), which are locat-ed next to each other on the Floridacoast east of Orlando. Shuttle launchesused to fly out of KSC, while rocketlaunches continue out of CCAFS.Launches fly mainly to the east, in theplane of the moon and the solar system,and hence are used for lunar and inter-planetary missions. However, they canfly well above and below the eclipticplane for special purposes.

Wallops Flight Facility is an activesite for smaller NASA scientific pay-loads. On the west coast, VandenbergAir Force Base is a major launch site fornorth-south trajectories, which are pri-marily for military earth surveillance

and scientific surveys of the earth’s sur-face and atmosphere. White SandsMissile Range in New Mexico is usedfor sub-orbital rocket launches of mili-tary and scientific payloads. There arealso launch sites in Kodiak, Alaska,used mostly for scientific observationsof the northern sky. Another rocketlaunch site is in Hawaii, on KauaiIsland, originally used for surveillanceof atomic bomb tests on Kwajalein, butnow used for a variety of military andscientific sub-orbital rockets.

I. Kennedy Space Center andCape Canaveral Air Force Station

KSC has been the launch site of allthe space shuttles. However, since thefinal grounding of the space shuttle,there have been no launches from KSClaunch sites. All booster rocket launchactivity has taken place from CapeCanaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS),east of KSC and directly on the ocean.Both NASA and military payloads arelaunched on large boosters such as theDelta.

Viewing can take place from sever-al sites. Perhaps the best is the city ofCape Canaveral, directly south ofCCAFS. From I-95, Route 528 crossesMerritt Island and becomes Route A1A(see map 1) which continues to the cityof Cape Canaveral and then southalong the ocean. Access from the beach-es east of A1A provides an excellentview of the launch sites. One may alsoview launches from 528 and 520, a littlefurther away. One can also watch fromUS 1 on the mainland. It is furtheraway, but more convenient. One canalso visit the NASA visitor center onRoute 405 from the mainland to KSC.See www.kennedyspacecenter.com/buy-tickets.aspx. In the past, ticketswere available from the Visitor Centerfor viewing Space Shuttle launches, butthis does not appear to be case for therocket launches, nor could I get infor-

mation as to whether one could viewlaunches from the Visitor Center.

The current big news is the launchand rendezvous of the privately devel-oped Dragon, the first commercialspacecraft to visit the space station. Itwas launched on May 22 on a Falcon 9launch booster from CCAFS, anddocked with the space station on May25. Cargo was moved from Dragon intothe shuttle on May 26. Both the Dragonand Falcon 9 were built by SpaceExploration Corporation, Space X, amajor participant in NASA’s programto launch its spacecraft from privatelyowned vehicles, which are expected tobe cheaper than NASA-developedvehicles. Falcon 9 and Dragon are notman-rated, but NASA intends to movein that direction.

The following launches are on theKennedy Space Center schedule for2012 (see the schedule athttp://2csa.us/4j):

June 18, Atlas V • NROL-38. AUnited Launch Alliance Atlas V rocketwill launch a classified spacecraft pay-load on behalf of the US NationalReconnaissance Office.

June 28, Delta 4-Heavy • NROL-15. A United Launch Alliance Delta 4-Heavy rocket will launch a classifiedsatellite cargo on behalf of the USNational Reconnaissance Office.

August 18, SpaceX Falcon 9. TheSpaceX Falcon 9 rocket will launch thethird Dragon spacecraft, called DragonC3. The mission will demonstrate therendezvous and docking with theInternational Space Station. The com-pany is building the Dragon to fly onresupply missions to the InternationalSpace Station.

August 23, Atlas V • RBSP. AUnited Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket

20 SPRING 2012 | VOLUME 28 | NUMBER 2

by Dr. Peter Mason, retired, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Visiting Associate, California Institute of Technology, CSA Fellow, [email protected]

Where to Go—Viewing a Space Launch

Space Cryogenicswww.cryogenicsociety.org


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will launch NASA's Radiation Belt StormProbes (RBSP) mission. Two spacecraftwill fly in elliptical orbits to study Earth'sradiation belts and probe the influences ofthe sun. The mission has been built andmanaged by the Applied PhysicsLaboratory located at Johns HopkinsUniversity.

September 20, Delta 4 • GPS 2F-3A.United Launch Alliance Delta 4 rocket willlaunch a navigation satellite for the GlobalPositioning System for the Air Force.

December 15, Falcon 9 • Dragon C4.A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket will launch theDragon spacecraft on a cargo delivery mis-sion to the International Space Station.

II. Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia

Wallops Flight Facility is located onthe east coast of the Assateague Peninsula.The recommended site for viewing rocketlaunches and aircraft activities at theWallops Flight Facility is from the NASAVisitor Center. The Center is located onState Route 175 directly across from theWallops runways and adjacent to themarsh, for a clear view of Wallops Island,the location of the rocket launch facilities.From this site, visitors can keep apprisedof the launch schedule and countdown.Televisions in the center also give the visi-tor a look at activities on the launch pad.

Route 175 is accessible from the southvia Norfolk VA on US Route 13, and fromthe north via Route US 13 from SalisburyMD (see Map 2). A detailed map of theWallops Flight Facility is available athttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wallops_Island_map.png.

In addition to the Wallops websitewhich lists the WFF Operations Schedule,(www.nasa.gov/centers/wallops/home/index.html) the public can get the latestlaunch schedule on the Wallops PublicInformation Line by calling 757/824-2050.See Figure 1 for key dates from the launchschedule.

Space CryogenicsMap 1. KSC Map 2. Wallops

Flight Facility

Figure 1. Wallops Flight Facility Launch Schedule


When ColdQuanta, Inc. CEO Rainer Kunz and co-founder Dr. Dana Andersonstarted their cold atom technology company in 2007, they faced two major challenges inbringing their products to the market: securing funding to commercialize such a nicheproduct and making sure their cutting-edge products would work consistently in thereal world.

ColdQuanta is a spinoff of the University of Colorado–Boulder and is located inBoulder. The company produces devices that simplify the creation of Bose-EinsteinCondensate (BEC) and ultracold matter. Ultracold matter can dramatically increase theaccuracy of the current widely used laser-based measurement technologies, due to theirstrong interaction with gravity and magnetic fields.

This cold atom technology is especially suited for instrumentation such as gyro-scopes, accelerometers, gravimeters and magnetometers, where precise measurement

is crucial. Onlya few hundredlabs in theworld wouldbe interestedin purchasingsuch a device,but those thatdo find itinvaluable. AsKunz ex-plains, Cold-Quanta’s BECdevices helpscientists lower the timeframe needed toset up complex experiments for theirwork in applied research.

“Our advantage is that we can deliv-er compact, completely enclosed vacuumsystems,” he said.“The system comeswith an atom chip by which theresearchers can manipulate the atomcloud just millimeters from ambient roomtemperature. We take away all the pain ofvacuum processing.”

The University of Colorado spentabout a decade developing the technolo-gy before it was licensed to ColdQuanta,which then worked to lower the barriersof entry for new R&D. The company nowsells to research institutions and universi-ties, both in the US and abroad, and hasbroadened its product line to includeaccessories and devices destined for theeducational market.

While the ultracold atom market hasbeen ramping up recently, Kunzexplained that in the early stages, the spe-cialized nature of this technology present-ed some obstacles to finding privateinvestors, who often expect relativelyquick returns. In addition, the companydealt with the pressures of getting variouskinks out of the manufacturing process toensure reliability, both a time-consumingand expensive task. Now that the technol-ogy is commercialized, Kunz is confidentthat ColdQuanta’s products can helpresearchers with limited time andresources.

“We sell equipment that takes part ofthe headache away from people,” saidKunz. “If they buy our product, they onlyhave to do half the work, so to speak.”

Contact ColdQuanta, Inc., 1600Range Street, Suite 103, Boulder CO80301, [email protected], 303/440-1284, www.coldquanta.com.

ColdQuanta Inc. Offers Cold Atom Technology for Applied Research

Physics station withColdQuanta’s RuBECi®.

www.cryocomp.com

23www.cryogenicsociety.org SPRING 2012 | VOLUME 28 | NUMBER 2

Experts Contribute to Book on Future of Helium

Cold Facts recently spoke withRichard Clarke, cryogenics specialist atthe UK’s Culham Center for FusionEnergy, about “The Future of Helium as aNatural Resource,” of which he is co-edi-tor. Clarke explained that in the Spring of2009, the Culham Science Center spon-sored a workshop that brought togetheraround 40 experts from the helium com-munity, all working in diverse fields andapplications, to discuss the future of thisimportant resource.

The meeting sparked such interestthat rather than produce a set of confer-ence proceedings, the organizers decidedto make use of the some of the partici-pants’ expertise to produce a book on thesubject. Three years in the making, “TheFuture of Helium as a Natural Resource”was published on April 26, 2012, as partof the publisher’s “Routledge Explo-rations in Environmental Economics”series. The book’s 18 chapters explorehelium’s role in current and future mar-kets, as well as strategies for improvedhelium resource exploitation, conserva-tion and substitution.

Clarke said that the contributorswere largely—but not exclusively—cho-sen from participants in the 2009 work-shop and tasked to write about the mostpressing and relevant topics, such as geo-graphical issues, the natural gas industry,

substitution technologies and modelingof the market. Clarke and his co-editorsWilliam J. Nutall and Bartel A. Glowacki,both of the University of Cambridge,hope the book garners interest from busi-ness, government and even the academicsector, as well as any industry that reliesheavily on helium. Taking a differentapproach from much of the existing liter-ature on helium, the editors made a pointto recognize the increasingly internation-al nature of the helium market.

“We felt that quite a lot of the papersand the writing were fairly US-centric,”said Clarke. “Of course, the US is the pre-dominant source of helium, but as wemove to LNG and so on, it’s becomingmuch more of an international market,and as the BLM winds down, that willincrease.” Special chapters on helium inAlgeria, Russia and India are featured inthe book.

The contributors also tackle two fun-damental challenges that face the heliummarket: intermittency of supply andlong-term resources. The book’s contrib-utors speculate on short-term and long-term solutions to these problems, includ-ing additional crude storage and substi-tute technologies.

“We think there’s a need for anotherform of crude storage somewhere,” saidClarke, adding that this could be any-

where in the world. “There’s no doubtthat having a reservoir where there arepotentially useful quantities of gas defi-nitely has a sort of flywheel effect. Andthat’s one of the things we’re desperatelyshort of now.” Clarke said that in addi-tion to getting a better handle on poten-tial sources of helium, pricing of crudehelium by the US government will alsoplay a role in helium’s future outlook andopportunities for investment in newplants.

Clarke hopes what readers take awayfrom the book is a more informed view ofthe realities of the helium market today,and how these realities influence currentand future decisions about the gas.

“It’s definitely not a question of allhelium gone in 20 years—definitely not,”said Clarke. “We may get to what we callpeak helium in 2030, but that’s not theend of it by any means.” He stressed thathelium supply will depend on the effi-ciency of the market, which he assessedas “not quite right at the moment.” Butrather than feed uncertainties and anxi-eties with regard to the market, thebook’s co-editors wanted to address theissues facing an industry they feel has along-term future.

“If we do nothing else, that would begreat,” Clarke said.

“The Future of Helium as a Natural Resource”

About the editors: William J. Nuttall is University Senior Lecturer in Technology Policy at the Judge Business School, at theUniversity of Cambridge, UK.

Richard Clarke is a Cryogenic Process and Helium Specialist at Culham Center for Fusion Energy, a UK-based research organization developing fusion as a sustainable, long-term energy source.

Bartek A. Glowacki is Reader in the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University ofCambridge, UK.

Chapters: 1. Introduction Richard Clarke, William J. Nuttall and Bartek Glowacki 2. A History of the Helium Industry Bo Sears 3. The US Federal Helium Reserve Joseph B. Peterson 4. Helium in Algeria Benjamin Rheinoehl 5.

LNG Andrew Flower 6. Helium in Russia Benjamin Hooker 7. India: Harnessing Helium from Earth’s Interior Nisith K. Das 8. Helium fromthe Air R. Clarke and R. Clare 9. Helium Demand Z. Cai 10. The Dynamics of the Helium Market W.J. Nuttall, Z. Cai and B.A. Glowacki11. Closed Cycle Refrigeration—Minimizing Helium Demand in Cryogenic Applications T.W. Bradshaw and T. Miller 12. Helium inMedical Imaging A. Thomas 13. Rising to the Challenges of Changing Liquid Helium Supply on Cryogenic Systems for the ResearchMarket John W. Burgoyne and Michael N. Cuthbert 14. Helium and Nuclear Fission Energy R. Stainsby 15. Helium and Fusion EnergyRichard H. Clarke and Z. Cai 16. Substituting Hydrogen for Helium in Cryogenic Applications Bartek A. Glowacki 17. Future for HeliumRalph Scurlock 18. Future for Helium William J. Nuttall, Richard H. Clarke and Bartek A. Glowacki



Janis Research Company Adds Dr. John Brisson to Board

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Brisson received his BE fromStevens Institute of Technology, and hisMS and PhD in Applied Physics fromHarvard University.

Founded in 1961, Janis designs andbuilds standard and custom cryostatsfor a variety of experiments using liquidhelium, liquid nitrogen, and cryogenfree technology. For more information,please visit the Janis website atwww.janis.com/JohnBrissonCF.aspx.

CryoOps 2012Held at KEK

The 2012 Cryogenic OperationsWorkshop, CryoOps 2012, was heldMay 21-23 at the KEK Laboratory inTsukuba, Japan. This workshop, the fifthheld since 2004, brought together opera-tors and vendors of large-scale cryo-genic systems used in scientific facilitiesto discuss areas of common interest.More than 30 attendees met to discusstopics in areas including: operationalexperience, reliability, automation andsafety.

While this workshop was aimed atengineers who operate large cryogenicfacilities in support of physics researchor industrial applications, engineersfrom private industry and students fromparticipating institutes were also wel-come.

The CryoOps Workshop featured aseries of 40-minute oral presentationsincluding Q&A and discussions. Thebanquet was held on Tuesday, May 22.On Wednesday, May 23, there was a tourof KEK and a factory tour of Mayekawain Moriya.



Specialty Gases: Going Beyond the MoleculeAs perhaps a smaller fraction

of your overall industrial gasspend, you might be tempted toconclude that specialty gases areway down the list in terms of pur-chasing priorities. In fact, many anuninformed purchasing agent hasundervalued the importance ofspecialty gases and discoveredlater the consequences of inaccu-rate measurements, poor perform-ing instruments or manufacturingline shutdown. It’s easy to see why

you’d be tempted to sway your attention from this relativelysmaller spend in favor of your much larger gases and chemicalpurchases. However, when you look closer, you will see just howmuch of an impact specialty gases can have on your operationand how your success in specialty gas applications goes waybeyond the molecule itself.

From medical procedures to deposition of elements on semi-conductor devices, specialty gases, in pure or mixed form, are per-vasive. In addition to medical and semiconductor applications,specialty gases are found in a plethora of applications in environ-mental testing, renewable energy, laboratory, oil and gas, refining,chemical, power generation and petrochemical market segments.Within these segments, there are mission critical applications thatrequire gases of specific purity, accuracy or precision.

Sometimes these “special” gases (or gases of precise specifica-tion) are consumed in the manufacturing process or application.Some medical specialty gases are actually inhaled by patients fortherapeutic use, and electronic specialty gases leave behindimportant elements or compounds on advanced semiconductorcircuits that enable devices such as cell phones, televisions, com-puters and appliances to function properly. Other times, thesespecialized gases are not directly consumed in the application butinstead are created to simulate process or emission gas streams, sothat process, medical or analytical instruments can be properlycalibrated. These types of specialty gases are often defined as “ref-erence standards” or “calibration gases.” One example of the useof calibration gases is in the area of continuous emission monitor-ing (CEM): trace part-per-million concentration mixtures of stackgas pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide, are careful-ly blended and analyzed in cylinders as a “known sample,” and astack monitoring system is calibrated daily against them.

Because many of the applications used in various segmentsare absolutely mission critical, the considerations for the selectionof a supplier of specialty gases go way beyond the moleculesthemselves. Using a little alliteration, the core attributes areCapabilities, Consultation, Customization, Customer Care,Consistency and Collaboration. In addition to leading edge capa-bilities, an excellent specialty gas provider will have experiencedsales personnel, backed by product and applications specialists to

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consult with customers up front to understand the require-ments of the application and to customize a total solution,including gas, equipment, service and information to sup-port it. And since specialty gases often involve detailed andcustomized purities and specifications, the provider mustnot only have the appropriate cylinder preparation, purifi-cation, precision blending and analysis technologies forproduct consistency, it must also have proper CRM systemsand experienced people to render excellence in ongoingcustomer care. And when all parties work hard together toget the details right, then a true collaboration existsbetween the customer and supplier.

In summary, while your specialty gas purchases maynot rival other commodities you purchase in terms of dollarspend, the opportunity cost associated with ignoring theircriticality or choosing the wrong provider can be verylarge…look beyond the molecule!

CSA is reaching out to cover the industrial and specialtygases industry. This is the first in a series of invited articles onvarious aspects of these markets. If you’re interested in contribut-ing, contact [email protected].

by Rick Kowey, Executive Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer, Matheson

Guest Editorial

26 www.cryogenicsociety.orgSPRING 2012 | VOLUME 28 | NUMBER 2

Laurie Huget and Theresa Boehl fromCSA toured Thomas Jefferson NationalAccelerator Facility (JLab) on April 24 inconjunction with a meeting of theSuperconducting Particle AcceleratorForum of the Americas (SPAFOA). The labhosted a full day of technical introductionsand site visits. We learned much about thelab’s recent and future growth.

Greeted by JLab Director Dr. HughMontgomery, we learned about the overallstatus of the lab and its latest exciting activ-ities. He noted that there is substantialimprovement to infrastructure in progress,as well as lots of interesting acceleratorwork: SRF, cryogenics, Free Electron Laser(FEL)/Energy Recovery Linac develop-ments. The lab is doing “lots of excitingphysics,” with goals of understanding thestructure of the nucleus and nucleon, thestrong interaction, more broadly; measur-ing the weak interaction and exploring fun-damental symmetries.

SPAFOA Chairman Tony Favale, ofAES, standing in for SPAFOA PresidentKen Olsen, gave an update on the status ofthe forum and its efforts to bring accelera-tor business to US companies. There ismuch trepidation over looming DOE budg-et cuts, especially as the ITER agreement istaking away “most other funding andeclipsing other science,” he said.

Accelerator Program

Dr. Andrew Hutton, JLab AssociateDirector, Accelerators, discussed the lab’saccelerator program. The AcceleratorMission is to advance the capability ofJefferson Lab to carry out world-classnuclear science and, more broadly, todevelop Jefferson Lab’s expertise in tech-nologies associated with high-powersuperconducting linacs.

He cited four strategic areas:

1. Operate and upgrade the laboratory’s accelerator facilities2. Prepare the future evolution of nuclearphysics experimentation at Jefferson Lab 3. Expand Jefferson Lab’s core acceleratorcompetencies to support DOE Office ofScience projects and other partnerships and4. Attract and educate the next generationof accelerator scientists and engineers.

Hutton cited the many unique capabil-ities of JLab:

•Only high-power CW electron accel-erators in the world •Continuous ElectronBeam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) •FEL•Injector test stand •High-polarization,high-current beams •New SRF facility(TEDF), which incorporates and improvesthe capabilities of the existing Test Lab•Highly experienced SRF workforce•Scientists, engineers and technicians•Track record in delivering large SRF proj-ects •SNS superconducting proton cavities•C-100 cryomodules for the 12 GeV Project•World-leading cryogenics group.

Lab Tours

We toured the new Technology andEngineering Facility (TEDF) building,which will house office and research spacessupporting JLab’s role at the forefront ofdesign and fabrication for SRF technolo-gies. TEDF is a 74,600-square-foot, $72 mil-lion project that will accommodate 200employees from the lab’s Physics andEngineering division. This is the first sec-ond generation SRF facility in the world,home to the JLab SRF Institute.Construction is also in progress on the46,500-square-foot Test Lab Addition andrenovation is in progress on the 86,000-square-foot Test Lab.

Other tours included the Accelerator,

CHL2 and FEL. The lab is well underwaywith its 12GeV upgrade to the accelerator.The cryomodule development programexceeds the original design spec by a factorof five, using higher performing seven-cellSRF cavities with the original designlength. Ten higher performance cryomod-ules will be installed for the upgrade.

Cryogenic System

Later, we were treated to a special tourof the Cryogenic Systems area by Dr. RaoGanni, Deputy Cryogenics Group Leader.Ganni stated that JLab has established itselfas a key US technology leader in cryogenicsystems design required for 24/7 operationof both 2K and 4.5K systems to meet thepresently required availability and efficien-cy. The JLab cryo group has:

•Supported industrial collaborationsto improve the commercially producedcryogenic equipment and systems.

•Developed the floating pressurecryogenic system technology, also calledthe “Ganni Cycle.” This technology hasbeen transferred to industry.

•Developed a new helium screw com-pressor skid design.

Cold Facts Tours JLab’s Cryogenics Facilities

The Jefferson Lab SRF Institute.

Assembly to be inserted in a cryomodule.

Helium screw compressor for 12GeV cryogenic systems.

Kelly Dixon shows visitors the 12GeV 4K cold box.



27

What projects are you involved in now? My work involves development ofsemiconductor devices (diodes and transistors) for operation at cryogenic tempera-tures, down to as low as liquid helium temperatures for certain applications. Theidea is improved performance, such as better signal-to-noise for preamplifiers, orreduced losses for power converters.

Currently, what are the biggest challenges you face in your projects? Thebiggest challenges relate to semiconductor device design and fabrication. However,heat removal at cryogenic temperatures is also a serious challenge.

What future developments would help solve this? I would like to see a smallcryocooler, of modest cooling power, something like a thermoelectric cooler but ableto reach 20-40K. It should be electrically powered and self-contained (except for thewaste heat output) and not require any external apparatus or fluids. Such a cry-ocooler would be very useful for “spot” cooling of critical electrical components toimprove signal-to-noise, or frequency or speed capability.

What projects are you involved in now? Development of sub-femtotesla sensi-tivity magnetic field sensors.

Currently, what are the biggest challenges you face in your projects? Extendingbandwidths to tens of MHz and beyond (and of course, the usual need for funding).

What future developments would help solve this? Discovery and developmentof room temperature superconducting materials that are ductile and have coherencelengths that are at least 2 nm. For my application, the current carrying capability ofthe wire needs only to be at the 0.001 - 0.01 amp level.

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www.cryogenicsociety.orgSPRING 2012 | VOLUME 28 | NUMBER 228

At last fall’s EUCAS/ISEC/ICMC, theNew Zealand High Temperature Super-conductor Industry Association(NZ-HTSIA) hosted a reception to networkwith some of the leaders of the supercon-ductor world.

Cold Facts followed up with SimonArnold of arnold.co.nz, NZHTS ChiefExecutive, to learn more about this group.The association is an industry-led incorpo-rated society which represents NewZealand organizations and their interna-tional collaborators. It includes nationaland international engineering and manu-facturing; research and education; powersystems, utilities, equipment manufactur-ers and consultants; business consultanciesand venture financing; local government,economic development agencies and busi-ness organizations and central government.

According to the association, NewZealand has established itself as a key play-er in the development and application ofhigh temperature superconductivity (HTS)technologies since its discovery in 1988 andpatenting of BSCCO—the first commercial-ly viable material for wire production.Based on this capability, New Zealand hasdeveloped a strong global leadership posi-tion in the commercial sale of HTS devicesmade from wire supplied by internationalmanufacturers. Industry members such asHTS-110 Limited and General CableSuperconductors Limited are currentlyexporting scientific and industrial equip-ment based on HTS magnets and specialtycable for use in that equipment.

NZ-HTSIA’s aim is “to build a signifi-cant high technology industry in NewZealand based on our current world-lead-ing capability in HTS. In the future we will

move into medical imaging equipment,power systems equipment, generators andmotors, all based on HTS.”

Arnold commented that “the whole[HTS] industry depends commercially onthe ability to manage the cryogenic envi-ronment so the benefits of the material canbe cost effectively achieved.” He gave us anoverview of the history of HTS develop-ment in New Zealand: “The genesis of theactivity was the discovery and patenting byscientists at NZ government lab DSIR, nowIndustrial Research Limited (IRL),www.irl.cri.nz, of BSCCO and its licensingto American Superconductor (AMSC, aCSA Corporate Sustaining Member).”

IRL is a Crown Research Institute man-dated to support New Zealand industry. Itbrings together industrial, research andgovernment organizations working at the

Industry Association Boosts New Zealand HTS


•Provided the process design andplanning for a number of cryogenic sys-tems. These include its own 12GeVupgrade, as well as the Spallation NeutronSource (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Lab(ORNL), RHIC improvements atBrookhaven National Lab (BNL), the JamesWebb Telescope testing facility at theNASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) and theNational Superconducting CyclotronLaboratory (NSCL) and the FRIB project atMichigan State University (MSU).

Ganni Cycle

The ”Floating Pressure Process” hasbeen incorporated in the base design forthe 12GeV Upgrade. This patented refriger-ator process cycle is applicable for all cryo-

genic temperatures and has been licensedto Linde Cryogenics, Division of LindeProcess Plants, Inc. and Linde KryotechnikAG for worldwide commercialization.

In the “Floating Pressure Process,” therecycle compressors handling the recycleflow are allowed to “float” in pressure, butat a relatively constant pressure ratio. Thisallows optimum compressor and turbineefficiencies to be maintained over a wideload range without regulating turbine inletvalves or adding additional heat loads.

This process cycle has demonstratedpositive effects in improving the opera-tional efficiency, minimizing the repair,maintenance, operation and capital equip-ment cost at JLab and other laboratorycryogenic plants—including the NSCL atMSU; SNS at ORNL; the RHIC at BNL; andthe James Webb Telescope test facility atNASA-JSC. The combined operational costsavings at these places is in the millions ofdollars resulting from the power savings ofaround 10MW.

Helium Screw Compressors

The JLab cryogenics group has devel-oped and designed a standard model forwarm helium screw compressors with sev-eral innovations targeted to reduce capital

cost and improve the operating efficiency.

The compressors for CHL-2, the newrefrigerator for JLab’s 12 GeV project, arethe realization of these innovations. Someof these innovations were incorporatedinto the compressor used by NASA-JSC forthe James Webb Telescope test facility.

Helium Purification

To support the growing need for heli-um gas conservation, a standard purifica-tion system has also been developed andbuilt to support 12 GeV operations, and isnow available through industry to otherlaboratories.

Recently, JLab and NASA-JSC havecompleted preliminary testing of the 20 Khelium refrigerator at James WebbTelescope test facility which shows sub-stantial efficiency improvements in bothcompressor and overall process design.

This system, which uses the “FloatingPressure Process” shows an unprecedentedturn-down ratio, while maintaining neardesign point efficiency and temperaturestability automatically for a very wide loadcapacity range.


From left to right: compressor oil removal system,300-60K outside cold box, LN2 dewar.

Cold Facts Tours JLab’s Cryogenics Facilities

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24th International Cryogenic Engineering Conference/International Cryogenic Materials Conference 2012May 14-18, 2012, Fukuoka, Japan


The 24th International CryogenicEngineering Conference and the Inter-national Cryogenic Materials Conference2012 (ICEC24-ICMC2012) was held May 14-18 at the Fukuoka International CongressCenter in Fukuoka, Japan. The purpose ofthe conference was to “bring together peoplefrom universities and industries to stimulatethe fruitful exchange of information andideas in cryogenic engineering, supercon-ducting materials and applications, to out-line actual trends and to discuss present andfuture developments.” This conference hasbeen held every two years in European andAsian countries since it first began in 1967 inKyoto. Almost 600 individuals from 23 coun-tries attended the conference, the fifth hostedby the Cryogenics and SuperconductivitySociety of Japan.

Fukuoka, which has been recognized asone of the most livable international cities inthe area, boasts many historical sites, a mildclimate and a population of 1.4 million. TheFukuoka Convention and Visitors Bureau,along with the Commemorative Organiza-tion for the Japan World Exposition (’70),were supporters of ICEC24/ICMC2012.

The conference featured booths repre-

senting more than 45 exhibitors—productmanufacturers and service providersinvolved in the fields of cryogenics, cryo-genic materials and superconductivity,among others.

Chairman of the Conference was Prof.Tom Haruyama of KEK.

As part of the technical program, a num-ber of plenary talks were given on Tuesdayand Wednesday. These were: “New MaglevTransportation System in Japan,” Prof.Eisuke Masada, The University of Tokyo;“Low Temperature Cooling for SpaceMissions: from Mechanical Coolers to Sub-Kelv in Cool ing ,” Dr. Peter Shirron ,NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center;“Challenges for Cryogenics in the NuclearFusion Quest: the ITER Cryogenic System,”Dr. Luigi Serio, ITER Organization; “Topicsof Superconductors in Japan since 3.11Fukushima,” Prof. Koichi Kitazawa, JapanScience and Technology Agency; “Conduc-tors for Very High Field Magnets,” Prof.David C. Larbalestier, NHFML, Florida StateUniversity; “Mendelssohn Award Lecture:From Early Superconducting Magnets toMRI,” Sir Martin Wood.

In his plenary talk, Kitazawa made thecase for the use of superconductors to con-tribute to electric power sharing, a processthat would vitalize solar and wind power,which currently tend to be unstable. Newideas for energy sources and transmissioncome on the heels of the Fukushima DaiichiNuclear Power Station disaster following theMarch 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake.Kitazawa stated that for the time being allnuclear power plants have been taken offlinein Japan. He also stated that he felt super-conductors could play a large role in thefuture of energy both in Japan and aroundthe world.

As an example of efforts toward thisgoal, he mentioned the Yokohama Project,Japan’s first national in-grid HTS cable proj-ect. Kitazawa said that through supercon-ducting technologies we can connect east towest or south to north, averaging out dayand night and summer and winter, to meetpower demand, allowing for more stableelectric transmission.

Shirron’s plenary address explored lowtemperature cooling for space missions. Hesaid that requirements are getting more chal-lenging for cryogenic space technologies inthe case of both cooling and detectors.Where instrument trends are concerned,array sizes are growing, increasing the needfor more capable cooling. As one example of

this need, Shirron mentioned the X-raySpectrometer (XRS) on the Astro-E2 mission,where LHe was lost after just three weeks inorbit, which meant there was no chance forrecovery of the operation. Cryocoolers,rather than stored cryogens, will allow forrecovery from problems like those experi-enced by XRS. He discussed the advantagesand limitations of several kinds of AdiabaticDemagnetization Refrigerators for spacetechnologies, concluding that these areimportant technologies for the future ofspace exploration and would benefit fromcommercialization.

Haruyama presented the Mendelssohnaward to Sir Martin Wood, and mentionedthat in addition to knighthood, Wood hadalso achieved the honor of Order of theRising Sun. With the help of his wife Audrey,Wood shared his experiences as a youngengineer, including the co-founding ofOxford Instruments in 1959. He describedhis excitement during the early days ofdeveloping superconducting magnets, say-ing that during his first attempts, “I felt like Iwas standing on the heels of KamerlinghOnnes in a way.”

The company’s first whole-body super-conducting magnet was delivered to a hospi-tal in London in 1980. By 2000, OxfordInstruments had delivered more than 500dilution refrigerators. Wood stated thatnowadays Oxford Instruments is most heav-ily involved in cryogenics and materials. Inconcluding, Wood displayed the first super-conducting magnet he built; a crowd formedaround him to see and hold this fascinatingartifact.

ICEC24/ICMC12 also featured oral ses-sions, poster sessions and several socialactivities. An exhibitor reception was heldTuesday night, and the banquet was heldWednesday night at the Grand HyattFukuoka. Guests enjoyed traditionalJapanese music and cuisine and receivedseveral small gifts. Sumitomo, Air Liquideand Linde also hosted dinners by invitation.

Technical tours were offered as part ofthe conference. Participants in Course A vis-ited the Shin-Kokura Thermo-Electric PowerStation and the LNG Plant in KitakyushuCity. Participants in Course B visited theKyushu University Ito Campus, includingthe Research Institute of SuperconductorScience and Systems, the Low TemperatureCenter, the Research Center for HydrogenIndustrial Use and Storage and the ResearchLaboratory for High Voltage ElectronMicroscopy.

Report on ICEC24-ICMC12 Held in Fukuoka, Japan

(All descriptions are from left to right.) 1. RobinLangebach, TU-Dresden; Michael Boersch,WEKA AG; Nico Dittmar, TU-Dresden; JuergenEssler, TU-Dresden. 2. Tuesday night’s exhibitorreception. 3. Sir Martin Wood, co-founder ofOxford Instruments, Mendelssohn Awardee, dis-plays the first superconducting magnet he built.4. The Fukuoka International Congress Center,conference venue. 5. Cold Facts on display atCSA’s booth. 6. Dr. Peter Shirron presents a ple-nary address on Wednesday morning. 7. Guestsenjoy food and drinks at the Sumitomo reception.8. Guests are treated to a performance by tradi-tional Japanese drummers at the Air Liquidereception. 9. Exhibit Hall. (Photo courtesyICEC/ICMC.) 10. At the Linde dinner: Dr. PhilippeLebrun, CERN; Emmanuel Monneret, ITER;Laurent Tavian, CERN; Dr. Lars Blum, LindeKryotechnik 11. Downtown Fukuoka at night. 12. Conference organizers break into the specialsake reserved for the banquet. (Photo courtesyICEC/ICMC). 13. The energy-filtering high voltageelectron microscope at the Research Laboratoryfor High Voltage Electron Microscopy at KyushuUniversity. Conference attendees visited the uni-versity’s campus as part of a technical tour. 14. At the pre-banquet reception: MarincoLefevere, DeMaCo Holland BV; Ronald Dekker,DeMaCo Holland BV; John Urbin, Linde ProcessPlants. 15. The banquet hall at the Grand HyattFukuoka. Except 9 and 12, all photos courtesyCSA.

Visit www.cryogenicsociety.org/news/photo_galleries/ for more photos from ICEC/ICMC.

Photo Captions


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When I came togasworld five yearsago, LNG wasn’t onthe radar. It wasn’t anindustrial gas, itdidn’t have the samehype as hydrogen,and it wasn’t particu-larly topical. Oh, howthat has changed, forboth gasworld andthe industrial gascommunity.

It still isn’t an industrial gas. It perhapsstill doesn’t have quite the same level ofhype as hydrogen, in the public domain atleast. But it certainly is topical. And it is—potentially—big business for the industrialgas and equipment industry.

It’s been interesting to see that promi-nence evolve. There’s a buzz, an excitementfor LNG right now. In fact, I was speakingwith a very informed individual recentlyand I was told, “There’s a real buzz aboutthe LNG distribution chain at the moment.This is a hot topic. This is big business forour industry.”

That’s where I think we’re at right now:it’s undoubtedly one of the hot potatoes inour industry at the moment. As part of theclean energies sector, LNG is a megatrend.Thought to provide around 25% of globalenergy requirements, natural gas hasbecome the fuel of choice for new powerplants built since the 1990s. Natural gas isalso an important feedstock for downstreampetrochemical industries and chemical fertil-izers, while its growing use as a transporta-tion fuel is increasingly being facilitated bythe development of small-scale liquefactionplants.

Until relatively recently pipelines werethe only practical means of delivering natu-ral gas over long distances to power plants,industrial facilities, commercial centers andhouseholds. It’s thought that this mode stillaccounts for around 90% of global consump-tion, but when you get beyond the range ofabout 3,000 km, it becomes unfeasible—or atthe very least, uneconomic. The problem lies

in the remote or “inconvenient” location ofnatural gas reserves, compared to the cen-ters of demand. Major trade routes for LNGextend for many thousands of kilometers toincreasingly supply the markets concentrat-ed in North America, Europe and Japan.

Therein lies the opportunity for thecryogenics community—liquefaction. Whilethe most developed route or means of trans-portation of the gas is via the grids (pipelinegrids), the transportation of gas in its liquidform through LNG shipboards, semi-trail-ers, trains and intermodal containers isgradually increasing. I understand that closeto 10% of the global market for natural gas(or 200 billion cubic meters) is now trans-ported around the globe as LNG, in a grow-ing fleet of specially designed and insulatedcryogenic tankers. And so the cryogenicexpertise or synergy of the industrial gasand equipment business comes to the fore.

As a branch of cryogenics, it’s a growthdriver for cryogenic equipment like pumpsand valves. There’s a synergy between theexpertise and technologies developed in ourindustry and the know-how that can beapplied to the blossoming LNG business.The cryogenic processing of these gases isusing the same type of process by utilizingmachinery such as compressors, expanders,heat exchangers, pumps and liquefactionsystems that are constructed on the samebasis. A few modifications have to be made,of course, but the base technology remainslargely the same.

You only have to speak to one of themany cryogenic equipment manufacturersto understand the level of interest in thisarea. How high might this interest be inanother five years time? And how manymore column inches might we be giving toLNG by then?

Whether it’s the small-scale LNG mar-ket, the distribution chain or the alternativemarine fuel market in particular, the LNGbusiness represents a window of opportuni-ty for the cryogenics community. It’s a rela-tionship in vogue—and our increased cover-age at gasworld through the years reflectsthat.

Cryogenics and LNGby Rob Cockerill, Editor, gasworld magazine, [email protected]

Guest Editorial


research, technology development andmarket development stages. HTS-110 andGeneral Cable Superconductors are mem-bers.

Arnold continued, “following the dis-covery and patenting of BSCCO there wasan ongoing research program into applica-tions of the wire that culminated in theestablishment of HTS-110 Ltd, www.hts-110.com, to exploit HTS in magnets andmagnet-based instruments and equip-ment. HTS-110 is now majority owned byNZ listed Scott Technology, with minorityshareholdings by IRL and AMSC.

“The obvious need for power systemsapplications to develop a cable that couldhandle high currents and minimize AClosses led to the development of HTScabling manufacturing processes andcommercialized in late 2007 by GeneralCable Superconductors, www.gcsuperconductors.com, a joint venture between IRLand General Cable. The cable is being

evaluated for a number of applications,and Siemens has made coils from it as partof their HTS utility generator program.

“In NZ we've looked at the key com-ponents that will be required by the HTSindustry internationally, and apart frommagnets and cabling, robust industrialstrength cryocooling in the 20K-90K rangewith capacities from 20W to 1000W cool-ing at 77K is needed. In under 10 years,starting from scratch, a novel pressurewave generator has been developed alongwith pulse tube technology with cryocool-ers now on the market. The smaller cry-ocoolers are available through HTS-110,and prototypes of the 1000W are beingtested. Early markets include gas liquefac-tion for respiratory support and for liquidgases at remote locations.

“IRL continues its ongoing HTS relat-ed research program now with much moreof an applications emphasis, althoughmaterials research remains a strength.

Significant aspects of the program are thedemonstration of a YBCO-based orthope-dic MRI (this is in the pipeline of productsfor HTS-110 to commercialize) and a gridconnected 1MVA 3 phase Roebel cableHTS transformer. In the latter project,major challenges presented by losses andthe cooling systems were surmounted.HTS-110 is also moving into NMR.

“The constant battle to avoid heatbeing generated at cryogenic tempera-tures and to prevent heat penetration intothe cryostats is leading to a number ofinnovations around heat pipes, fluxpumps and the like. The challenges ofmaterials performance at these tempera-tures is another area of ongoing work, NZcompany Fabrum Solutions, www.fabrum.co.nz, is working to meet the needfor composites able to perform in thisenvironment. Local manufacturing engi-neers have built significant expertise in thefabrication of metallic cryostats.”


Industry Association Boosts New Zealand HTS

www.thermaxinc.com

Revolutionary New Camera Reveals Dark Side of UniverseSpotlight on Sustaining Member

A new camera that will revolutionize the field of submil-limeter astronomy has been unveiled on the James ClerkMaxwell Telescope (JCMT) in Hawaii. SCUBA-2(Superconducting Sub-mm Camera) is far more sensitive andpowerful than previous instruments, mapping areas of the skyhundreds of times faster and providing unprecedented informa-tion on the early life of stars normally obscured by the remainsof the very dust and gas cloud that collapsed under its owngravity to form the star.

“Looking up at the stars, you only see the light they areemitting in the visible part of the spectrum. Many galaxies,including our own Milky Way, contain huge amounts of colddust that absorbs visible light and these dusty regions just lookblack when seen through an optical telescope. The absorbedenergy is then re-radiated by the dust at longer, submillimeterwavelengths,” explained Professor Gary Davis, Director of theJCMT.

“SCUBA-2 has been designed to detect extremely low ener-gy radiation in the submillimeter region of the spectrum. To dothis, the instrument itself needs to be even colder. The SCUBA-2detectors are cooled to only 0.1 degree above absolute zero

(–273.05°C), making the interior of SCUBA-2 colder thananything in the universe that we know of.”

Cryoconnect, a division of Tekdata InterconnectionsLimited, manufactured the original SCUBA cryogenicharnesses and subsequently was selected to meet thechallenge of providing the cryogenic harnesses for theSCUBA-2 instrument. The harnesses were constructed ina planar form with Niobium Titanium (NbTi) alloys andintroducing very significant cost and mass savings bydesigning hermetic connectorless feedthroughs at thevacuum wall (See image 1).

To be able to terminate the ultra fine tracks, pre-heaters were used at the cold end ceramic PCBs (Seeimage 2).

The detectors on SCUBA-2 are Transition EdgeSensor arrays developed by NIST. SCUBA-2 has four32x40 detector arrays at each of 850 and 450 micron, intotal 10240 detectors.

Commenting on the performance of the new instru-ment, Professor Wayne Holland of the UK AstronomyTechnology Center, the SCUBA-2 Project Scientist, said,“Cryoconnect’s support was critical to be able to have thefull complement of eight arrays on the instrument. WithSCUBA, it typically took 20 nights to image an area aboutthe size of the full moon. SCUBA-2 will be able to coverthe same area in a couple of hours and go much deeper,allowing us to detect faint objects that have never beenseen before.”

The increased mapping speed and sensitivity ofSCUBA-2 make it ideal for large-scale surveys; no otherinstrument will be able to survey the submillimeter skyin such exquisite detail. Dr Antonio Chrysostomou,Associate Director of the JCMT, said, “SCUBA-2's firsttask is carrying out a series of surveys right across theheavens, mapping sites of star formation within ourgalaxy, as well as planet formation around nearby stars.It will also survey our galactic neighbors and crucially,will look deep into space and sample the youngest galax-ies in the universe, which will be critical to understand-ing how galaxies have evolved since the Big Bang.”


by Roy Blake, Tekdata Cryoconnect division, [email protected]

www.qdrive.com


Image 3 is a composite image of theWhirlpool Galaxy, also known as M51.The green image is from the HubbleSpace Telescope and shows the optical

wavelength. The submillimeter lightdetected by SCUBA-2 is shown in red(850 microns) and blue (450 microns).The Whirlpool Galaxy lies at an estimat-ed distance of 31 million light yearsfrom Earth in the constellation CanesVenatici.

SCUBA-2 is the most powerfulinstrument of its type ever built. Itdetects light at “sub-mm” wavelengths;the light is at wavelengths that are athousand times longer than we can seewith our eyes.

Researchers believe the camera willhelp lay bare one of the most excitingphases in the whole history of the uni-verse. “The Milky Way galaxy todayonly produces maybe two suns a yearamid a population of 100 billion suns.We are looking back 10 billion years intime to see galaxies when they pro-duced stars a thousand times faster than

anything in the local cosmos today,”explained Prof James Dunlop from theUniversity of Edinburgh.

The data obtained by these surveyswill allow a new and precise under-standing of star formation throughoutthe history of the universe, and comple-ments research being carried out onother telescopes such as the AtacamaLarge Millimeter Array, undergoingcommissioning in Chile.

The project was led by Science andTechnology Facilities Council’s UKATCat the Royal Observatory in Edinburghin collaboration with a worldwide con-sortium of laboratories including fouruniversities, British Columbia, Cardiff,Edinburgh and Waterloo, and the USNational Institute of Standards andTechnology, and the Joint AstronomyCenter, which operates the JCMT.

Space

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PHPK designed and manufactured this ASME Section VIII high vacuum space simulation chamber for the testing of advanced satellite thruster engines.

The chamber achieves 10-8 Torr ultimate vacuum with four 20”

cryopumps manufac-tured by PHPK.

This system features fully automated pump-down and PLC digital con-trol with safety interlocks.

For future capacity expan-sion and ease of installation, the chamber is manufactured in two modular sections.

Revolutionary New Camera Reveals Dark Side of Universe



On April 5 at0:38 CEST, accord-ing to CERN, theLarge Hadron Co-llider (LHC) shiftcrew declared “sta-ble beams” as two

4 TeV proton beams were brought intocollision at the LHC’s four interactionpoints.

This signals the start of physicsdata taking by the LHC experimentsfor 2012. The collision energy of 8 TeVis a new world record, and increasesthe machine’s discovery potential con-siderably.

“The experience of two goodyears of running at 3.5 TeV per beamgave us the confidence to increase theenergy for this year without any sig-nificant risk to the machine,”

explained CERN’s Director forAccelerators and Technology SteveMyers. “Now it’s over to the experi-ments to make the best of theincreased discovery potential we’redelivering them!”

Although the increase in collisionenergy is relatively modest, it trans-lates to an increased discovery poten-tial that can be several times higher forcertain hypothetical particles. Somesuch particles, for example those pre-dicted by supersymmetry, would beproduced much more copiously at thehigher energy. Supersymmetry is atheory in particle physics that goesbeyond the current Standard Model,and could account for the dark matterof the universe.

Standard Model Higgs particles, ifthey exist, will also be produced more

copiously at 8 TeV than at 7 TeV, butbackground processes that mimic theHiggs signal will also increase. Thatmeans that the full year’s running willstill be necessary to convert the tanta-lizing hints seen in 2011 into a discov-ery, or to rule out the Standard ModelHiggs particle altogether.

“The increase in energy is allabout maximizing the discoverypotential of the LHC,” said CERNResearch Director Sergio Bertolucci.“And in that respect, 2012 looks set tobe a vintage year for particle physics.”

The LHC is now scheduled to rununtil the end of 2012, when it will gointo its first long shutdown in prepa-ration for running at an energy of 6.5TeV per beam as of late 2014, with theultimate goal of ramping up to the fulldesign energy of 7 TeV.

LHC Begins Collisions at 8 TeV

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New SCM-10 Temperature Monitor from Scientific InstrumentsSpotlight on Sustaining Member

Scientific Instruments’ new, sin-gle-channel Model SCM-10 Temp-erature Monitor provides the accura-cy, resolution and interface featuresof a benchtop temperature monitor inan easy to use, easily integrated, com-pact instrument.

With appropriate sensors, theModel SCM-10 measures tempera-

ture from 1.4K to 1,200K, includingtemperatures in high vacuum andmagnetic fields. Alarms, relays, user-configurable analog voltage or cur-rent output and a serial interface arestandard features on the SCM-10. It isa good choice for liquefied gas stor-age and monitoring, cryopump con-trol, cryocooler and materials scienceapplications and for applications thatrequire greater accuracy than ther-mocouples allow.

In other news at the company,Scientific Instruments PresidentLeigh Ann Hoey has received anaward for the “Top Women-LedBusinesses in Florida 2012” in March.

The Commonwealth Institute(TCI) honors 50 women in the stateeach year with this award. This is the

second time Hoeyhas been a recipi-ent.

TCI is a dy-namic non-profito r g a n i z a t i o nfounded in 1997to help womenentrepreneurs ,

CEOs and senior corporate execu-tives build successful businesses.

Of the other women leaders andCEOs in her forum, Hoey said, “Theynot only listen and can relate to myproblems and challenges, they giveme great ideas, tools, feedback andsupport. It has helped me become abetter leader of Scientific Instru-ments.”

Y O U R S I N G L E S O U R C E S O L U T I O NY O U R S I N G L E S O U R C E S O L U T I O NY O U R S I N G L E S O U R C E S O L U T I O NY O U R S I N G L E S O U R C E S O L U T I O N

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Element Series Control Valve Package from Bürkert Spotlight on Sustaining Members

U t i l i z i n gtheir completes y s t e ma p p r o a c h ,

Bürkert Fluid Control Systems providestheir Element Series Control Valvepackage for both on-off and continuouscontrol systems. Combining the charac-teristics of engineered polymers withthe endurance of stainless steel, theElement platform is rugged, clean andprovides for minimum space consump-tion in piping systems or on skids.There is no paint to peel and rust, nooutside brackets to connect the valve tothe actuator ensuring limited hysteresis,and no pneumatic air lines exposed tothe elements.

The Element Series surpassesindustry standards in flexibility, sim-plicity and intuitive thinking.

Commissioning of positioners andprocess controllers with automatic Tunefunctions for the process control loopprovide a simple installation for setting

a 4-20mA signal. The contactless analogposition sensor (wear free) will detectfull open and closed positions.Reliability is guaranteed with this sim-ple start-up operation and is visiblewith a clear, back-lit status display. Thecontrol module provides a graphic dis-play of curve progressions and providesa self-explanatory four-key system.

Bürkert’s compact smart position-ers and controllers are direct coupled to

the actuator with integrated control airrouting. Internal air recycling keepsactuator chambers and springs cleanunder all conditions. Communicationinterfaces include Profibus DPV1,DeviceNet and ASI. Software featuresbinary input, analog feedback and twobinary outputs.

Bürkert’s full range of controllersoffers a complete automation conceptfor integration into the most up-to-datecontrol systems. This design is particu-larly suited to the specific requirementsof the industrial gas market, food andbeverage, and pharmaceutical/medicalindustries. Bürkert’s Element ControlPackage is available for all CryogenicAngle seat (Y-pattern), Globe (T-pat-tern) and on-off ball valves.

For additional information contactBürkert Fluid Controls: [email protected], 800/325-1405, orDick McNamara, Field SegmentManager-Cryogenics, 774/696-9772.


The Element Series Control display.

April 4, 2012,marked the one-year anniversaryof Chart Inc.’sacquisition of

Qdrive. “The resources provided by Charthave significantly helped improve ouroperations here in Troy NY,” said GordonReid, ChartQdrive Sales Manager. “It hashelped improve our facilities, reduce ouroperating costs and build our engineeringand QC teams, which all leads to more sat-isfied customers.”

Qdrive develops and manufactureslow vibration, maintenance-freethermoacoustic cryocooler systems for heattransfer and related applications. The thermoacoustic technology convertsacoustic sound waves to energy, which isthen used to cool processes or pump gases.

Qdrive’s products include cryocoolers,STAR™ linear reciprocating motors, pres-sure wave generators and specialized gascompressors for the medical, semiconduc-

tor, military, R&D and gas processingindustries. In addition, Chart acquiredQdrive with the purpose of utilizing theirthermoacoustic technology to enhanceChart BioMedical’s global product portfo-lio.

Chart’s capital investment in Qdrivehas resulted in improved quality, reducedlead times, increased stocking levels andimproved time-to-market of new products.Enhanced manufacturing processes andassembly equipment have allowed Qdriveto streamline manufacturing and produc-tion of their products. Qdrive now stocksunits for immediate delivery, resulting infaster fulfillment of customer orders.

Significant modification and improve-ments have also been made to the 7,000-square-foot research and development testfacility, including new test and evaluationequipment and automated test stands.

As a result of the burst of growth fromthe acquisition, Qdrive’s overall head count

has increasedby 40%, cov-ering addi-tions in sales,R&D, engi-neering andmanufactur-ing.

Reid saidthe partner-ship betweenChart andQdrive has also created opportunities withother divisions within Chart, leading tonew application opportunities, making thefirst year together exciting and productive.

Chart BioMedical looks forward to asuccessful second year working together toimprove and innovate products.

For more information about Qdrive,visit www.qdrive.com or contact GordonReid at 518-272-3565.

Chart Celebrates One-Year Anniversary of Qdrive Acquisition

The 2S102K Cryocooler by ChartQdrive.

Dr. Philippe Lebrun of CERNreceived the Kamerlingh Onnes Medalof Honor during the Monday morningsession of the 10th Gustav LorentzenConference 2012. The Kamerlingh OnnesMedal is an initiative of the Dutch RoyalAssociation of Refrigeration and isawarded to persons or institutes forextraordinary merit in the developmentor application of refrigeration technology.

Differential Pressure Plus has intro-duced a new unique level gauge for cryo-genic cylinders. Its robust, durable designrequires no maintenance or after-salesservice. The gauge’s viewing window canbe quickly turned to face any desired andconvenient direction. The gauge makesuse of a simple and effective float designengineered by the company.

Oxford Instruments NanoSciencehas successfully installed its 100th Tritoncryogen-free dilution refrigerator. Its newhome is the Quantum NanoelectronicsGroup from the Catalan Institute ofNanotechnology in Barcelona and it will

be used to study the electrical andmechanical properties of carbon nan-otubes and graphene. The company alsoannounced in March that an OxfordInstruments cryogen-free dilution refrig-erator has found a new home at theLondon Centre for Nanotechnology,which it says is now the coldest point incentral London.

Eric M. Rottierhas been appointedCEO of Taylor-Wharton Interna-tional LLC (CSACSM) and was elect-ed to the Board ofDirectors. Mr. Rottierhas held senior posi-tions at Minnesota

Valley Engineering Inc. and ChartIndustries Inc.

Dr. Jim Vaught was made Editor-in-Chief of Biopreservation and Biobankingon April 15. Former Editor-in-Chief Dr.John G. Baust, who provided strong lead-

ership for the journal for nine years, willremain as Founding Editor.

We regret to report that WarrenYoung, former professor of MechanicalEngineering at the University ofWisconsin, died on March 2. Young wasthe continuing author of “Roark’sFormulas for Stress and Strain,” bestknown as Roark and Young, a worldrespected handbook of engineering, andcoauthor or “Cook & Young, AdvancedStrength of Materials.”

Low-density, light-weight flexibleaerogel insulating material was inductedinto the Space Foundation's SpaceTechnology Hall of Fame in April. JamesE. Fesmire, senior principal investigator,NASA Kennedy Space Center and CSAboard member, was listed as an “innovat-ing individual” for flexible aerogels.

In March, researchers at Los AlamosNational Laboratory’s biggest magnetfacility produced magnetic fields inexcess of 100 tesla while conducting six

40 www.cryogenicsociety.orgSPRING 2012 | VOLUME 28 | NUMBER 2

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different experiments. The hundred-teslalevel is roughly equivalent to 2 milliontimes Earth’s magnetic field.The 100.75-tesla performance produced researchresults for scientific teams from a numberof universities around the world.

The USON Pressure Decay Leak TestCalculator-—the first in a family of auto-mated USON NDT Test Calculators —isnow available free of charge. It can beused to generate modeling of pressuredecay leak testing variables and exactreturns-on-investment from new 8-sensorconcurrent leak testing technology. For anautomated calculator, email [email protected] or contact Joe Pustka,USON Leak Detection EquipmentTechnical Specialist, 281/671-2212.

Air Liquide Industrial US LPentered into an agreement with theCenter for Transportation and theEnvironment (CTE) to supply the hydro-gen fueling infrastructure for a hydrogenfuel cell bus demonstration in

Birmingham AL. Starting this summer,CTE will manage the demonstration overa two-year period. During this time, ahydrogen-powered bus will operate inregular service alongside the fleet of pub-lic buses currently operated by theBirmingham-Jefferson County TransitAgency.

The Center for the Advancement ofScience in Space, the nonprofit organiza-tion managing research on theInternational Space Station (ISS) USNational Laboratory, congratulatedSpaceX on the March 25th successfulberthing of the Dragon capsule to the ISS.The success marks a significant milestonein bringing ISS cargo delivery and returncapabilities back to the US. Currently, UScargo is delivered to the ISS via Russian,European and Japanese launch vehicles.

ACD received an order from TGEMarine Gas Engineering to supply LNGfuel gas supply pumps for a new LNGcarrier from MEYER WERFT GmbH. The

new tanker will transport liquefied natu-ral gas with a cargo capacity of 15,600cbm. The vessel will be Bureau Veritas(BV) classified and meet the highest envi-ronmental standards.

Air Products has completed theacquisition of the UK companyCryoService Limited, which will now beknown as Air Products CryoEase®Services. This acquisition follows an ini-tial 25 percent stake in CryoService thatAir Products purchased in 1998 and sub-sequent majority shareholding the com-pany acquired in 2008. For over a decadeboth businesses have operated in partner-ship to supply cryogenic and specialistgases to customers in science, leisure andgeneral industry.

Butane Procurement and Engineer-ing Services Company has changed itscategory listings in the CSA Buyer’sGuide. They are now listed under “AirSeparation Plants,” “Bulk Storage Tanks/Transport Tanks” and “Purifiers.”


People, Companies in Cryogenics41www.cryogenicsociety.org

Upcoming Meetings & EventsJULY 8-12ASME SUMMER HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCEPuerto Ricowww.asmeconferences.org/HT2012

JULY 9-11SUPERCONDUCTIVITY SUMMER SCHOOLWolfson College, Oxford, UKwww.iop.org/conferences

JULY 9“FOUNDATIONS OF CRYOCOOLERS” SHORTCOURSE AT ICC17Sheraton Universal Hotel, Universal City, Californiawww.cryogenicsociety.org

JULY 9-12INTERNATIONAL CRYOCOOLER CONFERENCE(ICC17)Sheraton Universal Hotel, Universal City, Californiawww.cryocooler.org

JULY 29-AUGUST 3MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS OF SUPER-CONDUCTIVITY (M2S-2012)Omni Shoreham Hotel, Washington DCwww.m2s-2012.org

AUGUST 6-11SHORT COURSE IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERINGColorado School of Mines, Golden, Coloradowww.cryocourses.com

SEPTEMBER 9-1426TH INTERNATIONAL LINEAR ACCELERATORCONFERENCETel Aviv, Israelwww.linac12.org.il

SEPTEMBER 11-1412TH CRYOGENICS IIR INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEDresden, Germanywww.icaris.cz/conf/Cryogenics2012

SEPTEMBER 19INTERNATIONAL BIOBANKING SUMMIT:FUTURE DIRECTIONSClarion Hotel Gillet, Uppsala, Swedenhttp://2csa.us/4b

OCTOBER 7CSA Short Courses (See page 11)Portland, Oregon

OCTOBER 7-12APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY CONFERENCE(ASC’12)Portland, Oregonwww.ascinc.org

NOVEMBER 6-8CRYOGEN-EXPO 2012Expocentre Fairgrounds, Moscow, Russiawww.cryogen-expo.com

NOVEMBER 21-23DEUTSCHE KALTE-KLIMA TAGUNG (GERMANCOLD-CLIMATE MEETING)Wurzburg, Germanywww.dkv.org

2013

APRIL 6-95TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CRYO-GENICS AND REFRIGERATIONHangzhou, China

JUNE 17-21CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING CONFERENCE/INTERNATIONAL CRYOGENIC MATERIALSCONFERENCEDena’ina Civic and Convention CenterAnchorage, Alaskacec-icmc.org

JUNE 23-25SPACE CRYOGENICS WORKSHOP 2013Alyeska Resort, Girdwood, Alaskawww.spacecryogenicsworkshop.org

JULY 14-19INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MAGNETTECHNOLOGY (MT-23)Boston, Massachusetts

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Cold Facts is the official technical magazine of The Cryogenic Society of America, Inc. 218 Lake Street • Oak Park IL 60302-2609 • Phone: 708.383.6220 Ext. 222 Fax: 708.383.9337 • Email: [email protected] • Web: www.cryogenicsociety.org A non-profit technical society serving all those interested in any phase of cryogenicsISSN 1085-5262 • CSA-C- 3811 • Spring 2012• Printed in USA

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The 300-60K outside ColdBox at Jlab, the ThomasJefferson National AcceleratorFacility, seen on a visit to thelaboratory. CSA visited andtoured with Dr. Rao Ganni andhis Cryogenics Group to learnabout the extensive work theyrecently completed in supportof the 12 GeV AcceleratorUpgrade. See our story, page 26.

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wn.

ACME Cryogenics, Inc.

Abbess Instruments and Systems, Inc.

Ability Engineering Technology, Inc.

Advanced Piping Products

Advanced Research Systems, Inc.

Air Liquide DTA

American Magnetics, Inc.

AMSC

Amuneal Manufacturing Corp.

Argonne National Laboratory

Austin Scientific, an Oxford InstrumentsCompany

Barber-Nichols, Inc.

Brooks Automation, Inc.Vacuum Products Division

Bürkert Fluid Control Systems

Butane Procurement & Engineering ServicesCompany

CAD Cut, Inc.

CCH Equipment Company

Cameron Valves and Measurement

Chart Inc.

Circor Cryogenics–CPC Cryolab

Clark Industries, Inc.

Coax Co., Ltd.

Cool Pair Plus Corporation

Cryo Industries of America

Cryo Technologies

Cryocourses.com

CryoconnectDiv. of Tekdata Interconnections Ltd.

Cryofab, Inc.

Cryogenic Control Systems, Inc.

Cryogenic Industries, Inc.

Cryogenic Institute of New England

Cryogenic Machinery Corporation

Cryoguard Corporation

Cryomagnetics, Inc.

Cryomech, Inc.

CryoWorks, Inc.

CryoZone BV

DeMaCo Holland BV

DH Industries

DH Industries USA, Inc.

DLH Industries, Inc. (Cryocomp)

DMP CryoSystems, Inc.

Eden Cryogenics, LLC

Empire Magnetics

Everson Tesla, Inc.

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory

Fin Tube Products, Inc.

Flexure Engineering

Gardner Cryogenics

Genesis Magnet Services, LLC

Global Cryogenics*

Hypres, Inc.

ICEoxford Limited

Independence Cryogenic Engineering, LLC

Indium Wire Extrusion

INOXCVA

Instant Systems, Inc.

International Cryogenics, Inc.

Janis Research Co., Inc.

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology*

Kelvin International Corporation

Kelvin Technology, Inc.

L-3 Communications Cincinnati Electronics

L & S Cryogenics, Inc.

Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc.

Linde Cryogenics, Division of Linde ProcessPlants, Inc.

Lockheed Martin Santa Barbara Focalplane

Lydall Performance Materials

MadgeTech Inc.

Master Bond

MMR Technologies, Inc.

MEWASA North America, Inc.

Meyer Tool & Mfg., Inc.

Midwest Cryogenics

Molecular Products, Inc.

Montana Instruments

NASA Kennedy Cryogenics Test Laboratory

National High Magnetic Field Laboratory

National Superconducting CyclotronLaboratory—Michigan State University

Nexans Deutschland GmbH

Niowave, Inc.

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Oxford Superconducting Technology

PHPK Technologies

Philtec, Inc.

Prentex Alloy Fabricators, Inc.

Pump Pro’s, Inc.

Quality Cryogenics of Atlanta, LLC

RUAG Space GmbH

Ratermann Manufacturing, Inc.

Redstone Aerospace

RegO CryoFlow Products

Scientific Instruments, Inc.

SGD Inc.

SPS Cryogenics BV*

Shell-N-Tube Pvt. Ltd.

Sierra Lobo, Inc.

Spaulding Composites Inc.

Stepan Company

Stirling Cryogenics BV

Stirling Cryogenics India Pvt. Ltd.

Sumitomo (SHI) Cryogenics of America, Inc.

Sunpower, Inc.

SuperPower Inc.

TRIUMF

TS Italia SRL*

Taylor-Wharton

Technifab Products, Inc.

Technology Applications, Inc.

Temati

Tempshield Cryo-Protection

Thermax, Inc.

Thomas Jefferson National AcceleratorFacility

Ulvac Technologies, Inc.

Valcor Scientific

WEKA AG

Wessington Cryogenics, Ltd.

* New member since last issue

cold facts spring-2012

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