Cold War and After

History since Vietnam

Margaret Thatcher

• British prime minister• Free trade and less government regulation of

business • Close relationship with United States and U.S.

foreign policy• Assertion of United Kingdom’s military power

Mikhail Gorbachev

• Glasnost and perestroika: openness and economic reform

• Fall of the Berlin Wall• Last president of Soviet Union

Deng Xiaoping

• Reformed Communist China’s economy to a market economy leading to rapid economic growth

• Continued communist control of government

Indira Gandhi

• Closer relationship between India and the Soviet Union during the Cold War

• Developed nuclear program

Regional setting for the Indian independence movement

• Indian sub-continent• British India – British controlled since 1763• India• Pakistan (formerly West Pakistan)• Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan)• Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon)

Indian Independence movement

• Leadership of Mohandas Gandhi• Role of civil disobedience and passive

resistance• Political division along Hindu-Muslim lines –

Pakistan/India• Republic of India– World’s largest democratic nation– Federal system, giving many powers to the states

Indian democracy

• Jawaharlal Nehru, a close associate of Gandhi, supported western-style industrialization

• 1950 Constitution sought to prohibit caste discrimination

• Ethnic and religious differences caused problems in the development of India as a democratic nation

• New economic development has helped to ease financial problems of the nation

Independence movement in Africa

• Right to self-determination (U.N. charter)• Peaceful and violent revolutions after World War

II• Pride in African cultures and heritage• Resentment of imperial rule and economic

exploitation• Loss of colonies by Great Britain, France,

Belgium, and Portugal; influence of superpower rivalry during the Cold War

Independence movements and subsequent development efforts

• West Africa: Peaceful transition• Algeria: War of Independence from France• Kenya (Britain): Violent struggle under

leadership of Jomo Kenyatta• South Africa: Black South Africans’ struggle

against apartheid led by Nelson Mandela, who became the first black president of the Republic of South Africa

Jomo Kenyatta• After the British granted

independence to Kenya in 1963, this man became the first prime minister and worked hard to unite the various ethnic and language groups inside the country. Once Kenya was a republic, he was the first president.

Nelson Mandela• This leader of the ANC at first supported

non violent methods of achieving equality in South Africa but later turned to more violent methods. He was arrested and spent 27 years in prison. Once South Africa held free elections, he was elected the first black president.

Apartheid• This was the system of laws that

separated the white from the black South Africans.

Desmond Tutu• Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in

1984, this Anglican Archbishop supported economic sanctions against his own country and other nonviolent means to challenge the system of racial segregation in South Africa.

http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/photocredit/achievers/tut0-008

Mandates in the Middle East

• Established by the League of Nations• Granted independence after World War II• Resulted in Middle East conflicts created by

religious differences

French and British mandates in the Middle East

• Syria-French• Lebanon-French• Jordon (originally Transjordan)- British• Palestine (a part became independent as the

State of Israel)-British

Israel & the Middle East• Zionist Movement

– Theodor Herzl 1897• Balfour Declaration

– GB support of a Jewish homeland in Palestine

• Holocaust Realities– Global sympathy– Displaced persons– Immigration

• UN Resolution – Palestine divided– Arabs reject plan– Israel declares independence

• 5/14/48 David Ben-Gurion

The Arab – Israeli WarsThe Struggle for Existence

• 1948 vs. Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt & Iraq– Israelis win– Palestinian refugee camps– Egypt seizes Gaza & Jordan

seizes West Bank• 1967 vs. Egypt =

Six Day War– Egypt plans attacks with

Soviet supplied weaponry– Israel strikes 1st– Israelis gain Jerusalem, West

Bank, Golan Hts. & Sinai• 1973 vs. Egypt =

Yom Kippur War– Borders remain

Whose land is it? What should be done to maintain

peace?

Golda Meir

• Prime Minister of Israel• After initial setbacks, led Israel to victory in

Yom Kippur War• Sought support of United States

Golda Meir• This Russian-Jew emigrated to the

United States and later to Israel where she served as ambassador to the Soviet Union, minister of labor, foreign minister, and finally prime minister of Israel.

Arab – Israeli Conflict• ’72 Munich Olympics– Black September

• Terrorist Group • Captures 11 Israeli Athletes• Murders all 11

• PLO– Yasir Arafat – Palestinian State– Terror

• Intifada: ’87 - today– Civil Disobedience + Uprisings– Pressure Israel to recognize

Palestinian rights

Camp David Accords• This 1979 agreement was the

first signed document between Israel and an Arab nation and officially ended hostilities between Egypt and Israel.

Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Isaeli Prime

Minister Menachem Begin in 1978

Arab – Israeli Peace Attempts• ’79 Camp David Accords– Anwar Sadat + Menachem Begin– Israeli recognition– Sinai back to Egypt– Palestinian Rights– ’81 Sadat assassinated

• ’93 Oslo Accords– Yitzak Rabin + Yasir Arafat– Palestinian self-rule in Gaza + West Bank– Rabin assassinated ‘95

Yasir Arafat• This person was awarded a joint Nobel

Peace prize for his work at negotiating a peace with Israel in 1993. Unfortunately, another intifada began in 2000 and went for over a year. As head of the PLO, he eventually became the head of a semi-independent area called the Palestinian Authority.

Yitzak Rabin• This Israeli was awarded a joint

Nobel Peace prize for his work at negotiating a peace with the Palestinians in 1993. He was assassinated by a Jewish student who did not support his peace policies.

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.israelcentersf.org/images/culture/rabin-memorial.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.israelcentersf.org/culture/2003-2004/special_events.asp&usg=__f4faZxFBDUJkX-N4RNSOK5alN1o=&h=203&w=200&sz=22&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=mxZYcQdBFibTAM:&tbnh=105&tbnw=103&prev=/images%3Fq%3DItzak%2BRabin%26hl%3Den%26um%3D1

Ayatollah Khomeini• This fundamentalist Shia cleric from Iran took

over the Shah’s government and restored strict Islamic law to guide all areas of Iranian life.

Gamal Abdul Nasser

• President of Egypt• Nationalized Suez Canal• Established relationship with Soviet Union• Built Aswan High Dam

Cold War Crisis Points

• Suez Crisis ’56– Nasser nationalizes canal– Egypt-Israeli War– GB + F seize canal– GB + F + I v. E + USSR?– No US support • Canal returned

– Crisis Averted

Saddam Hussein• This Sunni leader took control of the

Iraqi government in 1979 and launched an attack on Iran in 1980 and invaded Kuwait in 1990. Captured by coalition forces in December, 2003, he was tried and executed in 2006.

Persian Gulf War• This conflict occurred when the

leader of Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990. The United States led an international force that destroyed most of Iraq’s armed forces but failed to spark an internal uprising to depose the leader.

Tiananmen Square • This pro-democracy and freedom

demonstration in April 1989 stunned Chinese officials and led to a massive military crackdown.

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/filmi_sangeet/media/1989_Tiananmen.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/filmi_sangeet/film_song_1989.html&usg=__gTLybGoRJVvSNFhZx7lqviCZ7T0=&h=300&w=300&sz=26&hl=en&start=35&um=1&tbnid=RBqLEx-gfF-t9M:&tbnh=116&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3DTiananmen%2BSquare%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26start%3D20%26um%3D1

Judaism

• Monotheism• Ten Commandments of moral and religious

conduct• Torah: Written records and beliefs of the Jews

Christianity

• Monotheism• Jesus as Son of God• Life after death• New Testament: Life and teachings of Jesus• Establishment of Christian doctrines by early

church councils

Islam

• Monotheism• Muhammad, the prophet• Qur’an (Koran)• Five Pillars of Islam• Mecca and Medina

Buddhism

• Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)• Four Noble Truths• Eightfold Path to Enlightenment• Spread of Buddhism from India to China and

other parts of Asia, resulting from Asoka’s missionaries and their writings

Hinduism

• Many forms of one God• Reincarnation: Rebirth based upon karma• Karma: Knowledge that all thoughts and

actions result in future consequences

Geographic distribution of world’s major religions

• Judaism: Concentrated in Israel and North America

• Christianity: Concentrated in Europe and North and South America

• Islam: Concentrated in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia

• Hinduism: Concentrated in India• Buddhism: Concentrated in East and Southeast

Asia

Migrations of refugees and others

• Refugees as an issue in international conflicts• Migrations of “guest workers” to European

cities

Ethnic and religious conflicts

• Middle East• Northern Ireland• Balkans• Horn of Africa• South Asia

Impact of new Technologies

• Widespread but unequal access to computers and instantaneous communications

• Genetic engineering and bioethics

Contrasts between developed and developing nations

• Geographic locations of major developed and developing countries

• Economic conditions• Social conditions (literacy, access to health

care)• Population size and rate of growth

Environmental Challenges

• Pollution • Loss of habitat• Global climate change• Economic development• Rapid population growth

Social Challenges

• Poverty• Poor health• Illiteracy• Famine• Migration

Relationship between economic and political freedom

• Free market economies produce rising standards of living and an expanding middle class, which produces growing demands for political freedoms and individual rights.

• Recent examples include Taiwan and South Korea

Economic Interdependence• Role of rapid transportation, communication,

and computer networks• Rise and influence of multinational corporations• Changing role of international boundaries• Regional integration, e.g., European Union• Trade agreements, e.g., North American Free

Trade Agreement (NAFTA), World Trade Organization (WTO)

• International organizations, e.g., United Nations (UN), International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Examples of international terrorism

• Munich Olympics – Jewish Olympians killed by PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)

• Terrorist attacks in the United States (e.g., 9/11/2001) motivated by extremism (Osama bin Laden)

• Car bombings• Suicide bombers• Airline hijackers

Governmental responses to terrorist activities

• Surveillance • Review of privacy rights• Security at ports and airports