US foreign policy after the Cold war

Outline

Bush (41) foreign policy

Clinton foreign policy

Bush (43) foreign policy

Obama foreign policy

US national strategy under George H. W. Bush- “The New world order”

George H. W. Bush & New World Order

“We can see a new world coming into view…, a world order

in which the principles of justice and fair play protect the

weak against the strong, … a world in which freedom and

respect for human rights find a home among all nations… it

is the role of the United States to marshal its moral and

material resources to promote a democratic peace. It is

our responsibility to lead…”

("Toward A New World Order", Sep 11th 1990)

The Panama War

In December 1989, Bush sent 24,000 troops to invade

Panama and overthrow Noriega during “Operation Just

Cause”

Reasons:

Prevent threats of drug trafficking to American society

Stabilize Panamanian government

The First Persian Gulf War

Aug. 2th 1990 Iraq invaded and annexed

Kuwait as a response to overproduction of oil in

Kuwait

US ordered the deployment of massive military

forces in Kuwait, supported by a coalition of

other nations

US launched “Operation Desert Shield”

removed Iraq troops

U.S. Motivations

Strengthen the international cooperation and increase US’s prestige

Protect its oil supplies and then take control of oil resources in the

Gulf

Protect human rights, especially Americans abroad

Assure security and stability of the Persian Gulf

Consolidate his “New world order”: a new era – free from the threat

of terror, stronger in the pursuit of justice, and more secure in the

quest for peace

Somali Civil War

US military participation: Unified Task Force (NITAF) from Dec. 1992 to May 1993 and UNOSOM (initiated by UN)

Operation Restore Hope: create a secure environment for humanitarian efforts

Reasons:

“CNN Effect”: political pressure on the Bush administration to respond aggressively to end the massive starvation

Oil interests for U.S companies

US foreign policy under Clinton administration

US national policies under Clinton administration

“Our strategic goal is to bring the nations of the world closer together

around fundamental principles democracy and law, open markets and a

commitment to peace”

Bill Clinton, 1999

1. Promoting democracy Assistance to the democratization of Russia and other Newly Independent States (NIS)

2. Promoting open market - Formation of North American Free

Trade Agreement and World Trade Organization

- Bilateral approaches toward specific partner like Japan, Europe, China, Big Emerging Markets

- Lifting trade embargo to Vietnam in 1994

3. Promoting International Values Military intervention for the purpose of upholding key values like human rights.- Somalia (1993) - Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995) - Haiti (1994-1995)- Northern Ireland war 1998- Kosovo (1999)

4. Promoting security and stability - Non-proliferation efforts in North Korea- Counterterrorism in the Middle East (Bin

Laden/ Al Qaeda force in Afghanistan, Hezbollah forces in Lebanon)

US Foreign Policy under Bush (43) Administration

• “Peace is Earned Through Strength”– Increased Military

Budget • Global War on Terror• Bush Doctrine– Authored by Cheney &

Paul Wolfowitz– Actions that will protect

the security and democracy of Americans are justified

China

New President-Hu JintaoApril 1-US Spy Plane collides w/Chinese fighterEmergency Landing on Hainan IslandHeld for 12 Days, US paid $34, 567.89Plane returned 2 months later

In over 100 boxes!

September 11th Attacks

• 8:45am-American Airlines 11 from Boston hits WTC (North)

• 9:08am-United 175 from Boston hits WTC (South)

• 9:43am-American 77 from Dulles hits Pentagon

• 10:10am-United 93 from Newark crash lands into Somerset, PA

After 9/11

2,999 people died, 24 are still missing- 246 on the 4 Planes, 2603 in NYC, 125 at Pentagon

All Civilian International air traffic was banned from landing for 3 days

“Terrorism can shake the foundations of our tallest buildings but it can’t shake the resolve of the American people.

Approval Rating hit 86%, highest ever

Operation Enduring Freedom

• October 7- US invasion of Afghanistan– Destruction of Terrorist training camps– Capture of Al-Qaeda Leaders (bin Laden)

• Nov. 21-Battle of Tora Bora-remove Taliban from Kabul

• President Hamid Karzai• Operation Mountain Thrust (2006)-renew attacks

against the Taliban

Axis of Evil

IranIraqNorth KoreaCubaLibyaSyria

Pre-War Iraq

UN Resolution 1441-No tolerance or defiance of international law (WMD)

Reasons for War-WMD and ties to 9/11 CIA was continuing to investigate “allegations of

yellow-cake uranium sales in Niger”; Thomas Wilson and Valerie Plame (CIA)

No real connection was ever found… Hans Blix was never aware of any indications of a

nuclear program that could attack the US

Operation Iraqi Freedom

• Invasion began on March 20, 2003

• Led by General Tommy Franks• Baghdad falls on April 9• Successes– Operations over May 1, 2003– Uday & Qusay killed, Saddam

Executed (Dec. 30, 2006)– Iraq becomes a democracy in

2004– Current leader-Prime

Minister Nouri Al-Maliki

Images of the War

1991 vs. 2003???

• Troops-680,000 invasion• 540,000 US• 148 US Dead (36

Friendly Fire)• 30 Supporting Nations– 52,000 Saudi Arabia– 43,000 United Kingdom– 33,600 Egypt

• Cost $61 Billion ($7 Billion to US)

• 6 Weeks of Combat

• Troops-300,000 invasion

• 3915 US Soldiers Dead

• 17 Supporting Nations South Korea 933– Romania 397– El Salvador 280

• Cost $400 Billion to US

• 3 Months of Active Combat

North Korea

Kim Jong –IlWalked away from 1994 Agreement

$4 Billion, Oil, Light-water reactors

Oct. 6, 2006-Detonated Nuclear Device (Underground)

May 7, 2007-Agreed to shut down reactors for release of frozen bank funds

US, China, North Korean DealSeptember 2, 2007-Agreed to

dismantle nuclear program by the end of 2007.

The Roadmap to Peace

Bush’s Desire for a Palestinian State by 2005Denounced Arafat (Died in 2003)Israel PM-Ehud OlmertPalestinian President-Mahmoud AbbasIsrael must halt West Bank activityPalestinian must halt and dismantle all terrorist

activities

Libya

Colonel Muhammar Quadhafi

Agreed in 2003 to disarm all of their WMD

Allowed weapons inspectors in (UN)

In 2006, agreed to full diplomatic ties with the US (off Axis of Evil…)

Iran

President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

US calls for a stop to production of all nuclear weapons

In 2003, Iran stopped making a bomb Continued enrichment of

uranium Continued long range

missile system

OBAMA’S FOREIGN POLICY

Barack Hussein Obama IIBorn on August 4, 1961

in Honolulu, HawaiiStudied at Occidental

College then transferred to Columbia University

1988-Harvard Law School

1990- Was first African-American editor of the ‘Harvard Law Review’

After graduation worked as a civil rights lawyer

1992-2004- Teacher at the University of Chicago Law School

1996-Illinois State senator2004-U.S. Senator2009-44th President of the U.S.

Obama’s unusual family history embodied the American Dream

His mother, Ann Dunham was white, his father, Obama Sr. was from Kenya• Had a multiethnic upbringing• Represented a new hope; the end of America’s racial issues

In his campaign he emphasized hope and change

Foreign policy

5 foreign policy goals: - ending the war in Iraq - finishing the fight against Al-Queda and

Taliban - securing nuclear weapons from rogue

states - achieving energy security - rebuilding the alliances

Obama Doctrine

2 ideas:- America’s role in the world has been

aggressive and arrogant in promoting

democracy - Multilateral institutions restrain

U.S.A power• Emphasis on negotiation and collaboration• Re-building broken relationships and building

new alliances• Repairing the U.S. image

Obama told that his election as the first black president could change geopolitical dynamics.

He tries to do that by marketing his background.

Cooperative realism: realist assessment of the threat posed by non traditional sources and the limits of US power to tackle those threats single-handedly

Middle East

Retreated the American troops from IraqContinued the war in AfghanistanUSA does not want to establish long term

military presence in either country. Prevent violent extremismEngaged in discussion with Iran on the

nuclear weapons

The Israel-Palestine conflict: -Obama promotes a two-state solution: the

two are radically different and cannot be reconciled

-opposes the Israeli expansion• This makes look the US has an ‘even-handed

policy’• In 2011 Obama intervened in the conflict in

Libya

Russia

‘Reset button’-improving relations with RussiaThe policy has 3 goals: -the heightened urgency of resolving the Iranian nuclear question -the need for additional transport routes into

Afghanistan to support a larger US military presence

-a return to a more multilateral approach to ensuring nuclear security and strengthening the non-proliferation regime

Working with Russia to reduce nuclear weapons

2011-New START TreatyArms control treaty- nuclear missile

launchers will be reduced by half

North Korea

After Obama’s inauguration in 2009 North Korea threatened to test nuclear weapons

Obama administration showed restraint and didn’t act

US does not allow investment, trade or aid flow to North Korea

Climate change

Reducing the emissions and developing low carbon technologies

Countries that contribute to atmospheric emissions must undertake actions in order to cut greenhouse gas emissions

Copenhagen Accord-between US and BASIC Countries ( China, South Africa, India, Brasil)

Questions

What was foreign strategy of Bush (41) administration? And his policy toward Vietnam?

What was foreign strategy of Clinton administration? And his policy toward Vietnam?

What was foreign strategy of Bush (43) administration?

What was foreign strategy of Obama administration?

What is your view on the possibility that China will surpass the US to be number one super power?