the cold war foreign & domestic
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The Cold War Foreign & Domestic. 1945- Present. Dwight D. Eisenhower. Foreign Policy Expanded NATO to include West Germany (1955) Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (1954) Central Treaty Organization (1959) Arms limitation “Open Skies” proposal, 1955 Khrushchev. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Cold WarThe Cold WarForeign & DomesticForeign & Domestic
1945- Present1945- Present
Dwight D. EisenhowerDwight D. Eisenhower
Foreign PolicyForeign Policy Expanded NATO to include West Germany Expanded NATO to include West Germany
(1955)(1955) Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (1954)Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (1954) Central Treaty Organization (1959)Central Treaty Organization (1959)
Arms limitationArms limitation ““Open Skies” proposal, 1955Open Skies” proposal, 1955
KhrushchevKhrushchev
Focus of Cold War shifted to Third Focus of Cold War shifted to Third WorldWorld
Use of CIA covert action around the Use of CIA covert action around the worldworld
Latin AmericaLatin America Talked of supporting democracyTalked of supporting democracy Regularly supported dictatorial regimes so long as they Regularly supported dictatorial regimes so long as they
accepted U.S. investmentaccepted U.S. investment Caused resentment among Latin AmericansCaused resentment among Latin Americans Over throw of Arbenz in Guatemala in 1954Over throw of Arbenz in Guatemala in 1954
Arbenz was popularly elected, then nationalized the landArbenz was popularly elected, then nationalized the land United Fruit Company and the Dulles brothersUnited Fruit Company and the Dulles brothers
Cuba situation demonstrated anti-American sentimentCuba situation demonstrated anti-American sentiment EgyptEgypt
Rise of Gamal Abdel NasserRise of Gamal Abdel Nasser Call for Arab nationalism and “positive neutralism”Call for Arab nationalism and “positive neutralism”
Nationalization of Suez Canal, 1956Nationalization of Suez Canal, 1956 Caused U.S. rift with BritainCaused U.S. rift with Britain Loss of U.S. prestige and Power in Middle eastLoss of U.S. prestige and Power in Middle east
Focus of Cold War shifted to Third Focus of Cold War shifted to Third WorldWorld
Use of CIA covert action around the Use of CIA covert action around the worldworld
Middle EastMiddle East Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957
Defense of Middle Eastern countries against Defense of Middle Eastern countries against “international communism”“international communism”
Followed up with intervention in Lebanon and JordanFollowed up with intervention in Lebanon and Jordan Overthrow of Mossadeq in Iran, placing Reza Shah Overthrow of Mossadeq in Iran, placing Reza Shah
PahlaviPahlavi VietnamVietnam
Drive for independence under way after World Drive for independence under way after World War IIWar II
French decided to withdraw in 1954 { Dien Bien Phu}French decided to withdraw in 1954 { Dien Bien Phu} Geneva Peace AccordsGeneva Peace Accords
Temporary division in North and South VietnamTemporary division in North and South Vietnam Eventual elections for reunificationEventual elections for reunification
Administration belief in “domino theory”Administration belief in “domino theory” Provided aid to government in south VietnamProvided aid to government in south Vietnam Feared the loss of another Asian nation to communismFeared the loss of another Asian nation to communism
The Fight Against DiscriminationThe Fight Against Discrimination Brown v. Board of Education of Brown v. Board of Education of
Topeka (1954)Topeka (1954) School segregation violated constitutional guarantee of School segregation violated constitutional guarantee of
equal protection under the lawequal protection under the law Implied that all segregated public facilities Implied that all segregated public facilities
were unconstitutionalwere unconstitutional Race could no longer be treated as simply a regional Race could no longer be treated as simply a regional
issueissue South becoming more like rest of the countrySouth becoming more like rest of the country Racial composition of rest of country Racial composition of rest of country
becoming more like Southbecoming more like South Segregationists promised “massive resistance” to BrownSegregationists promised “massive resistance” to Brown
Violence, vigilantism, terror became rampantViolence, vigilantism, terror became rampant Montgomery bus boycott, 1955-56Montgomery bus boycott, 1955-56
The Fight Against Discrimination The Fight Against Discrimination (cont.)
Vaulted Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. into national Vaulted Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. into national prominenceprominence
Spurred creation of Southern Christian Leadership Spurred creation of Southern Christian Leadership ConferenceConference
Civil Rights Act of 1957Civil Rights Act of 1957 procedure to expedite lawsuits by African Americans who procedure to expedite lawsuits by African Americans who
claimed their voting rights had been violatedclaimed their voting rights had been violated Created permanent Civil Rights Commission to hear Created permanent Civil Rights Commission to hear
complaintscomplaints
Politics of civil rightsPolitics of civil rights Southern Democrats in Congress tried to block real Southern Democrats in Congress tried to block real
action on civil rightsaction on civil rights Southern states defied Brown order on school Southern states defied Brown order on school
desegregationdesegregation Eisenhower forced to act in Little Rock crisis, 1957Eisenhower forced to act in Little Rock crisis, 1957
John F. KennedyJohn F. KennedyForeign PolicyForeign Policy
Dramatic InitiativesDramatic Initiatives Peace CorpsPeace Corps Alliance for ProgressAlliance for Progress
CubaCuba Bay of Pigs, April 1961Bay of Pigs, April 1961 Operation Mongoose- CIA plan to overthrow Castro in Operation Mongoose- CIA plan to overthrow Castro in
CubaCuba Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962
BerlinBerlin Berlin Wall constructed, August 1961Berlin Wall constructed, August 1961
Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia Goal to build South Vietnam into a viable non-Goal to build South Vietnam into a viable non-
Communist stateCommunist state Test case for flexible responseTest case for flexible response Coup against Ngo Dinh Diem, November 1963Coup against Ngo Dinh Diem, November 1963
Kennedy in IraqKennedy in Iraq In 1963, the Kennedy administration backed In 1963, the Kennedy administration backed
a coup against the government of Iraq a coup against the government of Iraq headed by General Abdel Karim Kassem, headed by General Abdel Karim Kassem, who five years earlier had deposed the who five years earlier had deposed the Western-allied Iraqi monarchy. The CIA Western-allied Iraqi monarchy. The CIA helped the new Baath Party government led helped the new Baath Party government led by Abdul Salam Arif in ridding the country by Abdul Salam Arif in ridding the country of suspected leftists and Communists. In a of suspected leftists and Communists. In a Baathist bloodbath, the government used Baathist bloodbath, the government used lists of suspected Communists and other lists of suspected Communists and other leftists provided by the CIA, to leftists provided by the CIA, to systematically murder untold numbers of systematically murder untold numbers of Iraq's educated elite — killings in which Iraq's educated elite — killings in which Saddam Hussein himself is said to have Saddam Hussein himself is said to have participated.participated.
Kennedy’s Domestic PolicyKennedy’s Domestic Policy General policymaking goalsGeneral policymaking goals
Tax cuts for everyone, special cuts for corporationsTax cuts for everyone, special cuts for corporations Higher minimum wage and urban renewalHigher minimum wage and urban renewal Crusade against organized crime (Robert Kennedy)Crusade against organized crime (Robert Kennedy)
Civil RightsCivil Rights Concerned about Southern conservativesConcerned about Southern conservatives Initially, did nothing on civil rights frontInitially, did nothing on civil rights front Sit-in movement, early 1960Sit-in movement, early 1960 Freedom rides, 1961Freedom rides, 1961
Forced to send marshals to protect ridersForced to send marshals to protect riders Universities of Mississippi and AlabamaUniversities of Mississippi and Alabama
Forced to intervene to protect black studentsForced to intervene to protect black students Executive order banning segregation in public housing, Executive order banning segregation in public housing,
November 1952November 1952
Kennedy’s Domestic Policy Kennedy’s Domestic Policy (cont.) Moderate civil rights bill, February 1963Moderate civil rights bill, February 1963
Called to action by violence in Birmingham, Called to action by violence in Birmingham, Spring of 1963Spring of 1963
Support for stronger civil rights billSupport for stronger civil rights bill March on Washington, August 1963March on Washington, August 1963
Women’s issuesWomen’s issues Presidential Commission on the Status of Presidential Commission on the Status of
womenwomen Documented discrimination in employment Documented discrimination in employment
opportunities and wagesopportunities and wages Equal Pay Act of 1963Equal Pay Act of 1963
LBJ’s Foreign PolicyLBJ’s Foreign Policy Tonkin Gulf ResolutionTonkin Gulf Resolution
Stemmed from confusing events in Stemmed from confusing events in August, 1964August, 1964
Became justification for concerted U.S. Became justification for concerted U.S. involvementinvolvement
Resolution in CongressResolution in Congress ““All necessary measures to repel armed All necessary measures to repel armed
attack”attack” Johnson used as tantamount to congressional Johnson used as tantamount to congressional
declaration of wardeclaration of war Debate over extent of American Debate over extent of American
involvement within administrationinvolvement within administration
LBJ’s Domestic PolicyLBJ’s Domestic Policy
Civil RightsCivil Rights Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964
Equal Employment Opportunity CommissionEqual Employment Opportunity Commission Prohibited racial discrimination in public Prohibited racial discrimination in public
accommodations associated with interstate accommodations associated with interstate commercecommerce
Mississippi Freedom SummerMississippi Freedom Summer Freedom Democratic PartyFreedom Democratic Party
Great SocietyGreat Society Fulfillment of dreams of Johnson’s Fulfillment of dreams of Johnson’s
Democratic predecessorsDemocratic predecessors Medical care for the elderly and low-income Medical care for the elderly and low-income
citizens (Medicare and Medicaid)citizens (Medicare and Medicaid) Created Department of Housing and Urban Created Department of Housing and Urban
developmentdevelopment Voting Rights Act of 1965Voting Rights Act of 1965
Heartened Johnson’s supporters and Heartened Johnson’s supporters and appalled his criticsappalled his critics
Goal was to help people fight their own way Goal was to help people fight their own way out of economic distressout of economic distress
Evaluating the Great societyEvaluating the Great society Rekindled debates about proper role of Rekindled debates about proper role of
national governmentnational government Raised expectations that could not be metRaised expectations that could not be met Conservatives have been unrelentingly Conservatives have been unrelentingly
criticalcritical Leftists lamented failure to challenge the Leftists lamented failure to challenge the
prevailing distribution of political power prevailing distribution of political power and wealth in order to reduce povertyand wealth in order to reduce poverty
Agreement that Great Society left its markAgreement that Great Society left its mark First significant outlay of federal dollars for First significant outlay of federal dollars for
social programs since New Dealsocial programs since New Deal Significantly expanded reach of welfare stateSignificantly expanded reach of welfare state
From Civil Rights to Black PowerFrom Civil Rights to Black Power Watts riots, 1965Watts riots, 1965 Malcolm X and Black PowerMalcolm X and Black Power
Initially affiliated with Nation of IslamInitially affiliated with Nation of Islam Integration was unworkableIntegration was unworkable Self-defense “By any means necessary”Self-defense “By any means necessary” Renewed pride in African-American heritageRenewed pride in African-American heritage Vigorous efforts at community reconstructionVigorous efforts at community reconstruction Organized Organization of Afro-American Unity after Organized Organization of Afro-American Unity after
breaking with Nation of Islambreaking with Nation of Islam Murdered in 1965 by enemies of Nation of IslamMurdered in 1965 by enemies of Nation of Islam
Black PanthersBlack Panthers Criticized slow pace of civil rights litigationCriticized slow pace of civil rights litigation Preached confrontation and self-defensePreached confrontation and self-defense
Civil Rights Act of 1968Civil Rights Act of 1968 Fair housing provision watered down to protect landlords Fair housing provision watered down to protect landlords
and real estate agentsand real estate agents Federal offense to cross state lines in order to incite a “riot”Federal offense to cross state lines in order to incite a “riot”
Directly aimed at Black PanthersDirectly aimed at Black Panthers
Richard Millhouse NixonRichard Millhouse Nixon Nixon’s Economic ProgramNixon’s Economic Program
Two decades of economic growth came to an Two decades of economic growth came to an end during Nixon presidencyend during Nixon presidency
Inherited high levels of domestic spending, and Inherited high levels of domestic spending, and expensive war in Vietnam, and the expensive war in Vietnam, and the deteriorating, but still favorable balance of tradedeteriorating, but still favorable balance of trade
Soaring unemployment and price inflationSoaring unemployment and price inflation What economists came to call “stagflation”What economists came to call “stagflation”
Nation ran its first trade deficit of the twentieth Nation ran its first trade deficit of the twentieth century in 1971century in 1971
New Economy policyNew Economy policy 90 day freeze on wages and prices90 day freeze on wages and prices Subsequent government monitoring to detect Subsequent government monitoring to detect
excessive increases in eitherexcessive increases in either
Nixon’s Social PolicyNixon’s Social Policy
Family Assistance PlanFamily Assistance Plan Abolish other welfare programs, including AFDCAbolish other welfare programs, including AFDC Institute a guaranteed annual income for all familiesInstitute a guaranteed annual income for all families End Post-New Deal system of aid to those in particular End Post-New Deal system of aid to those in particular
circumstancescircumstances Provide aid to everyoneProvide aid to everyone Not implementedNot implemented
New federalism plan to return federal tax money New federalism plan to return federal tax money to the states in the form of black grants with to the states in the form of black grants with virtually no restrictionsvirtually no restrictions
Supplementary Social Security Insurance for the Supplementary Social Security Insurance for the elderly, blind, and disabledelderly, blind, and disabled
Gradual expansion of Medicare and MedicaidGradual expansion of Medicare and Medicaid Social Security payments indexed to inflation in Social Security payments indexed to inflation in
19721972
Foreign Policy Under NixonForeign Policy Under Nixon Key Advisor was Henry Kissinger, national Key Advisor was Henry Kissinger, national
security advisorsecurity advisor Détente as major foreign policy goalDétente as major foreign policy goal
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks with Soviet UnionStrategic Arms Limitation Talks with Soviet Union Opening toward ChinaOpening toward China
VietamizationVietamization Withdrawal of U.S. troopsWithdrawal of U.S. troops Stepping up of air war and intensifying diplomatic Stepping up of air war and intensifying diplomatic
efforts to reach settlementefforts to reach settlement Nixon DoctrineNixon Doctrine
U.s. Military assistance to anticommunist government U.s. Military assistance to anticommunist government in Asiain Asia
Nations left to provide their own military forcesNations left to provide their own military forces
Foreign Policy Under Nixon Foreign Policy Under Nixon (cont.)
Withdraw U.S. troops but not accept Withdraw U.S. troops but not accept compromise or defeatcompromise or defeat
Adhered to bombing halt over NorthAdhered to bombing halt over North New operations in SouthNew operations in South Incursion into neutral CambodiaIncursion into neutral Cambodia
Spurred opposition at homeSpurred opposition at home Kent State and Jackson StateKent State and Jackson State
Contributed top rise of Khmer RougeContributed top rise of Khmer Rouge
End of U.S. involvement in End of U.S. involvement in VietnamVietnam
Secret war protected in Laos and Cambodia after 1970Secret war protected in Laos and Cambodia after 1970 Peace talks in Paris proceeded as war was actually Peace talks in Paris proceeded as war was actually
expandingexpanding Communists within 30 miles of Saigon in the Spring of Communists within 30 miles of Saigon in the Spring of
19721972 Nixon responded with resumption of bombing and mining of Nixon responded with resumption of bombing and mining of
harbors in Northharbors in North Cease-fire announced weeks before 1972 electionCease-fire announced weeks before 1972 election After election, U.S. firepower increased dramaticallyAfter election, U.S. firepower increased dramatically
Christmas bombingChristmas bombing Paris Peace Accords, 1973Paris Peace Accords, 1973
Withdrawal of U.S. troopsWithdrawal of U.S. troops South Vietnamese discontinued to fightSouth Vietnamese discontinued to fight
Collapsed in April 1973Collapsed in April 1973
WatergateWatergate Caused collapse of Nixon’s presidency stemmed Caused collapse of Nixon’s presidency stemmed
from Nixon’s deep mistrust for nearly everyone from Nixon’s deep mistrust for nearly everyone in Washingtonin Washington Established “plumbers” unit to protect administration Established “plumbers” unit to protect administration
from “enemies”from “enemies” Funded by illegal campaign contributionsFunded by illegal campaign contributions Broke into Democratic Party’s headquarters during 1972 re-Broke into Democratic Party’s headquarters during 1972 re-
election campaignelection campaign Irony is that Nixon won election handily and didn’t need to Irony is that Nixon won election handily and didn’t need to
resort to “dirty tricks” to winresort to “dirty tricks” to win Administration was involved but denied it and instituted Administration was involved but denied it and instituted
cover up insteadcover up instead The press, Congress, and the federal judiciary, all began The press, Congress, and the federal judiciary, all began
searching for the truthsearching for the truth Eventually bits of the truth began trickling out, and Eventually bits of the truth began trickling out, and
Nixon was implicated in both the original break in and in Nixon was implicated in both the original break in and in the cover upthe cover up
Watergate Watergate (cont.) Nixon continued to deny involvement, even after discovery of Nixon continued to deny involvement, even after discovery of
a secret White House taping system that could implicate him a secret White House taping system that could implicate him if the tapes were surrendered to the courtsif the tapes were surrendered to the courts
Supreme Court ruled unanimously in U.S.v. Nixon that he had to Supreme Court ruled unanimously in U.S.v. Nixon that he had to give them upgive them up
House Judiciary Committee voted three articles of House Judiciary Committee voted three articles of impeachmentimpeachment
Obstruction of Justice, violation of constitutional liberties, refusal Obstruction of Justice, violation of constitutional liberties, refusal to produce evidenced requested during the impeachment processto produce evidenced requested during the impeachment process
In the end, Nixon chose to resign rather than face trial by the In the end, Nixon chose to resign rather than face trial by the senatesenate
Left office in disgrace on August 9, 1974, succeeded by Gerald Left office in disgrace on August 9, 1974, succeeded by Gerald FordFord
Received an unconditional pardon by FordReceived an unconditional pardon by Ford Public knowledge and understanding of Watergate not high Public knowledge and understanding of Watergate not high
todaytoday
Jimmy CarterJimmy Carter
Social Activism: Women’s IssuesSocial Activism: Women’s Issues Old ideas of domesticity clashed with realities Old ideas of domesticity clashed with realities
women found themselves inwomen found themselves in Gender issues came to pervade civil rights and Gender issues came to pervade civil rights and
antiwar movementsantiwar movements Women often found traditional sexism among male Women often found traditional sexism among male
leadersleaders ““Consciousness raising” sessions during 1970sConsciousness raising” sessions during 1970s
Intertwining of political and personal power issuesIntertwining of political and personal power issues Women’s movement became highly diverseWomen’s movement became highly diverse
Pursued variety of goalsPursued variety of goals Utilized variety of strategiesUtilized variety of strategies
Social Activism: Sexual PoliticsSocial Activism: Sexual Politics
Gender/sexuality debates divided over Gender/sexuality debates divided over issues involving gays and lesbiansissues involving gays and lesbians
Stonewall Inn, 1969Stonewall Inn, 1969 Turning point for gay rights movementTurning point for gay rights movement
AIDS crisisAIDS crisis Medical and political issue’Medical and political issue’ Early research was insignificantEarly research was insignificant
Gays in the military controversy, 1992Gays in the military controversy, 1992 ““Don’t ask, don’t tell” policyDon’t ask, don’t tell” policy
Carter’s Domestic PolicyCarter’s Domestic Policy Welfare initiativesWelfare initiatives
Requested additional cash assistance and more jobs for the Requested additional cash assistance and more jobs for the needyneedy
Failed to win congressional approvalFailed to win congressional approval Energy initiativesEnergy initiatives
Ambitious energy program, pursued unilaterallyAmbitious energy program, pursued unilaterally Decrease reliance on foreign oil and natural gasDecrease reliance on foreign oil and natural gas Expand domestic energy productionExpand domestic energy production Discourage gasoline use through new taxesDiscourage gasoline use through new taxes Encourage energy-saving measures to foster conservatismEncourage energy-saving measures to foster conservatism Promote non-Petroleum energy sourcesPromote non-Petroleum energy sources
Congress rejectedCongress rejected Economic initiativesEconomic initiatives
Ambitious economic agendaAmbitious economic agenda Lower unemployment and inflationLower unemployment and inflation Stimulate greater economic growthStimulate greater economic growth Balance federal budgetBalance federal budget
Failed to accomplish any of his goalsFailed to accomplish any of his goals Economic crisis affected cities and urban areas as wellEconomic crisis affected cities and urban areas as well
Jimmy Carter’s Foreign PoliciesJimmy Carter’s Foreign Policies Amnesty for Vietnam War draft resistersAmnesty for Vietnam War draft resisters Panama Canal treatiesPanama Canal treaties Camp David peace accords’Camp David peace accords’ Concern for human rightsConcern for human rights
Best known feature of Carter’s foreign policyBest known feature of Carter’s foreign policy Helped to trigger trend toward democratization in 1980s Helped to trigger trend toward democratization in 1980s
and 1990sand 1990s Immediate impact was ambiguousImmediate impact was ambiguous
Crisis in Iran, November 1979Crisis in Iran, November 1979 Hostage situation at U.S. Embassy in TehranHostage situation at U.S. Embassy in Tehran Despite constant attention, Carter unable to resolve the Despite constant attention, Carter unable to resolve the
situationsituation Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, December 1979Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, December 1979
Series of ineffectual, non-Military responsesSeries of ineffectual, non-Military responses
The New RightThe New Right
Neo-Conservatives and new conservative institutionsNeo-Conservatives and new conservative institutions American Enterprise InstituteAmerican Enterprise Institute Heritage FoundationHeritage Foundation Committee on the Present DangerCommittee on the Present Danger
The New Religious RightThe New Religious Right Fundamentalist and evangelical supportFundamentalist and evangelical support
The Conservative political agendaThe Conservative political agenda National Conservative Political Action committee (NCPAC)National Conservative Political Action committee (NCPAC) Conservative caucusConservative caucus Committee for the Survival of a Free CongressCommittee for the Survival of a Free Congress Moral MajorityMoral Majority
The New Religious Right and the mediaThe New Religious Right and the media Cable television reached huge,receptive audiencesCable television reached huge,receptive audiences
Ronald Reagan’s Domestic Ronald Reagan’s Domestic PolicyPolicy
Pursuing supply-side economicsPursuing supply-side economics Justified tax cuts for wealthy by saying they would Justified tax cuts for wealthy by saying they would
stimulate growthstimulate growth Period of non-inflationary growth, 1982-1986Period of non-inflationary growth, 1982-1986 Unemployment remained highUnemployment remained high
High government spending resulted huge federal High government spending resulted huge federal deficitsdeficits Borrowed abroad and piled up largest foreign debt in the Borrowed abroad and piled up largest foreign debt in the
worldworld Economic benefits unevenly distributed Economic benefits unevenly distributed
throughout societythroughout society ““Underclass” especially hurtUnderclass” especially hurt
Regan’s Foreign PolicyRegan’s Foreign Policy Renewed Cold WarRenewed Cold War
Dramatic increased in defense spendingDramatic increased in defense spending Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) or Star WarsStrategic Defense Initiative (SDI) or Star Wars
International Offensive abroadInternational Offensive abroad Funded various conservative groups abroadFunded various conservative groups abroad Radio Mart to CubaRadio Mart to Cuba
CIA activitiesCIA activities Aid to anti-Communist forces in AfghanistanAid to anti-Communist forces in Afghanistan Funding for contras in NicaraguaFunding for contras in Nicaragua
General funding for opposition movements in countries General funding for opposition movements in countries aligned with the soviet Unionaligned with the soviet Union
Willingness to use U.S. Military powerWillingness to use U.S. Military power Lebanon, 1982Lebanon, 1982 Grenada, 1983Grenada, 1983
Iran-Contra AffairIran-Contra Affair
U.S. aid for contras blocked by Democratic-controlled U.S. aid for contras blocked by Democratic-controlled Congress in 1984- Bolland Amendment Congress in 1984- Bolland Amendment Circumvent by having wealthy conservatives and other Circumvent by having wealthy conservatives and other
countries provide aidcountries provide aid Against backdrop of violence and kidnappings of Americans Against backdrop of violence and kidnappings of Americans
and other westerners in Middle Eastand other westerners in Middle East Administration sold arms to Iran in exchange for help in Administration sold arms to Iran in exchange for help in
winning release of captiveswinning release of captives Flew in face of stated policy of not rewarding captorsFlew in face of stated policy of not rewarding captors
Then funneled profits to contras as way of getting around Then funneled profits to contras as way of getting around congressional bancongressional ban
Caused public outcry and violation of Bolland AmendmentCaused public outcry and violation of Bolland Amendment Investigators unable to paint as serious constitutional crisisInvestigators unable to paint as serious constitutional crisis
Oliver North Oliver North
US – Soviet RelationsUS – Soviet Relations
Thaw in U.S. Soviet relations after Thaw in U.S. Soviet relations after 19851985 Role of Mikhail GorbachevRole of Mikhail Gorbachev
““Glasnost” and “perestroika”Glasnost” and “perestroika” Loosened Moscow’s grip on Soviet EmpireLoosened Moscow’s grip on Soviet Empire
Reykjavik summit, October 1986Reykjavik summit, October 1986 Reagan plan for wholesale ban on nuclear Reagan plan for wholesale ban on nuclear
weaponsweapons SALT II not ratifiedSALT II not ratified
George HW BushGeorge HW BushPersian Gulf WarPersian Gulf War
Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, August 1990Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, August 1990 Operation “Desert Shield:”Operation “Desert Shield:” UN action against IraqUN action against Iraq Launched military offensive in January Launched military offensive in January
19911991 Stopped short of removing Saddam Hussein, Stopped short of removing Saddam Hussein,
something the UN had not authorizedsomething the UN had not authorized Temporarily boosted Bush’s popularityTemporarily boosted Bush’s popularity
Administration not very successful in Administration not very successful in setting post-Cold war diplomatic goalssetting post-Cold war diplomatic goals
Mixed foreign policy legacyMixed foreign policy legacy
End of Cold WarEnd of Cold War Began in Poland in 1989Began in Poland in 1989 One by one, nations of Eastern Europe One by one, nations of Eastern Europe
overthrew their Communist governmentsoverthrew their Communist governments Provinces that comprised the Soviet Union also Provinces that comprised the Soviet Union also
declared independencedeclared independence Global economyGlobal economy
Administration pushed for economic Administration pushed for economic liberalizationliberalization
Redefinition of “national Security”Redefinition of “national Security” Help to bring democracy to Nicaragua, El Help to bring democracy to Nicaragua, El
Salvador, GuatemalaSalvador, Guatemala Overthrow of Manuel Noriega in Panama, Overthrow of Manuel Noriega in Panama,
December 19989December 19989