cold war war fought between two major super powers without shots being fired directly at each other
TRANSCRIPT
COLD WARCOLD WAR
War fought between two War fought between two major Super Powers major Super Powers
without shots being fired without shots being fired directly at each otherdirectly at each other
Origins of the Cold WarOrigins of the Cold WarRussian Revolution Russian Revolution
Fear of the spread of Fear of the spread of CommunismCommunism
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United States help the United States help the “whites” during the “whites” during the Russian civil warRussian civil war
Lenin and Communists Lenin and Communists began to mistrust the Westbegan to mistrust the West
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Red ScareRed Scare
Turned against Turned against
Radicals, pacifists, Radicals, pacifists, foreignersforeigners
Palmer RaidsPalmer Raids
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State of the World State of the World
Russian Revolution Russian Revolution
Fear of the spread of Fear of the spread of CommunismCommunism
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Palmer RaidsPalmer Raids
Communist Party formed in Communist Party formed in the United Statesthe United States
Union membersUnion members
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Palmer RaidsPalmer Raids
Mail bombs were sent to Mail bombs were sent to
Government officialsGovernment officials
BusinessmenBusinessmen
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Attorney GeneralAttorney General
Mitchell PalmerMitchell Palmer
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Anarchist were targetedAnarchist were targeted
Civil Rights violatedCivil Rights violated
Private homes raidedPrivate homes raided
Jailed suspectsJailed suspects
Deportations without trialsDeportations without trials
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Palmer Raids failedPalmer Raids failed
No revolution evidence No revolution evidence uncovereduncovered
No explosivesNo explosives
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Espionage Act of 1917Espionage Act of 1917Sedition Act 1917Sedition Act 1917Could not interfere with Could not interfere with war effort or saying war effort or saying anything disloyal to the anything disloyal to the governmentgovernment
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If convicted 10,000 fine If convicted 10,000 fine and up to 20 years in jailand up to 20 years in jail
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Even speech against Even speech against the war or draft wasthe war or draft was illegalillegal
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Supreme Court caseSupreme Court case
Schenk v. United StatesSchenk v. United States
Schenk distributed anti-Schenk distributed anti-draft pamphletsdraft pamphlets
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Convicted under Alien and Convicted under Alien and Sedition ActSedition Act
Took case to Supreme Took case to Supreme CourtCourt
Violated free speech and 1Violated free speech and 1stst AmendmentAmendment
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Supreme Court ruled in Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Governmentfavor of the Government
ReasoningReasoning
Pamphlet presented a Pamphlet presented a “Clear and Present “Clear and Present Danger”Danger”
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War time is differentWar time is different
Than ordinary timesThan ordinary times
You are not protected under You are not protected under free speech if you yell “Fire”free speech if you yell “Fire”
In a crowded theater and In a crowded theater and cause a panic cause a panic
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Justice Oliver Wendell Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes delivered majority Holmes delivered majority opinionopinion
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Truman in officeTruman in office
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Post War Post War
Europe devastated in Europe devastated in ruinsruins
Learned from Treaty of Learned from Treaty of Versailles. Versailles.
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State of the worldState of the world
No European country No European country not devastated or least not devastated or least
damage by wardamage by war
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Agriculture Agriculture
IndustryIndustry
TransportationTransportation
In ruinsIn ruins
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• What does Europe have What does Europe have in favor for a quicker in favor for a quicker recovery than a third recovery than a third world nation?world nation?
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United States never United States never bombed emerged as bombed emerged as only real power in the only real power in the
worldworld
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Soviet Union Soviet Union
Weak and in disarrayWeak and in disarray
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United States is inUnited States is in
no immediate danger of no immediate danger of Soviet UnionSoviet Union
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U. S. is inU. S. is in
fear of Communist fear of Communist AggressionAggression
Spread of Communist Spread of Communist ideology spreading ideology spreading
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Soviets feared Soviets feared “Capitalist encirclement”“Capitalist encirclement”
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Climate of mutual Climate of mutual distrustdistrust
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Occupied GermanyOccupied Germany
Divided into 4 sectorsDivided into 4 sectors
France, Great Britain, France, Great Britain, Russia and the United Russia and the United
StatesStates
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Berlin Berlin
Capital of country Capital of country located in Russian located in Russian
sectorsector
City divided into the City divided into the same 4 vectorssame 4 vectors
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Truman stance Truman stance
““We must stand up to We must stand up to the Russians”the Russians”
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Terms of Germany Post Terms of Germany Post warwar
Disarm countryDisarm country
Dismantle military Dismantle military factoriesfactories
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Goal was to rebuildGoal was to rebuild
German industry not German industry not military military
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Unified Germany Unified Germany presents a problem to presents a problem to
Soviet Union Soviet Union
Traditional enemy of Traditional enemy of RussiaRussia
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Such concern about Such concern about rebuilding of Germanyrebuilding of Germany
Soviets built “buffer Soviets built “buffer countries”countries”
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Set up puppet Set up puppet governments in Poland,governments in Poland,
Hungary, Romania, and Hungary, Romania, and BulgariaBulgaria
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Soviet influence in Soviet influence in Eastern Europe became Eastern Europe became
a serious problem for a serious problem for westwest
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Economic devastation in Economic devastation in Europe could equal Europe could equal
opportunity for opportunity for communism to spreadcommunism to spread
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United States developed United States developed policy of policy of
ContainmentContainment
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George F. Kennan George F. Kennan credited with policycredited with policy
ContainmentContainment
3 points3 points
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Identify Soviets as an Identify Soviets as an evil expansionistevil expansionist
Rallying cry to back the Rallying cry to back the presidentpresident
Peacetime military build Peacetime military build upup
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CrisisCrisis
Greek communist Greek communist guerillas launched a guerillas launched a revolution against revolution against
elected government of elected government of GreeceGreece
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United States feared United States feared Communist take over Communist take over
Not aligned with Soviet Not aligned with Soviet UnionUnion
Concerned spread of Concerned spread of communismcommunism
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United States provided no United States provided no military assistancemilitary assistance
Gave aid to Greek Gave aid to Greek government and threat government and threat easedeased
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Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine
Military and economical Military and economical relief to any countryrelief to any country
beginnings ofbeginnings of
““domino theory” domino theory”
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To stop the spread of To stop the spread of communismcommunism
National Securities ActNational Securities Act
Established Department of Established Department of DefenseDefense
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National Security National Security CouncilCouncil
Central Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)Agency (CIA)
Atomic Energy Atomic Energy CommissionCommission
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Development of atomic Development of atomic energy and weaponsenergy and weapons
Executive power and Executive power and policy making shiftedpolicy making shifted
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Marshall PlanMarshall Plan
History was not History was not repeatedrepeated
United States offered United States offered massive aid to rebuild massive aid to rebuild
EuropeEurope
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By offering aid and By offering aid and assistance Marshall plan assistance Marshall plan
attempted to make attempted to make communism less communism less
attractive to western attractive to western EuropeEurope
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BERLIN AIRLIFTBERLIN AIRLIFT
France, Britain and France, Britain and United States fused their United States fused their
sectors of Berlinsectors of Berlin
Economic recovery was Economic recovery was progressing in West progressing in West
BerlinBerlin
Soviets alarmed Soviets alarmed blockaded rivers, blockaded rivers,
highways and railshighways and rails
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Attempted to starve the Attempted to starve the citycity
Truman responded with Truman responded with an airlift of supplies to an airlift of supplies to
West BerlinWest Berlin
COLD WARCOLD WARCold War confrontationCold War confrontation
Situation is resolved Situation is resolved militarily without a shot militarily without a shot
being fired at each other being fired at each other directlydirectly
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NATONATO
In response to Soviet In response to Soviet aggression aggression
Free nations of Europe Free nations of Europe and United Statesand United States
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Formed military allianceFormed military alliance
NATONATO
Peacetime military Peacetime military alliancealliance
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Soviet Union responded Soviet Union responded with Warsaw Pact with Warsaw Pact
Eastern Europe and Eastern Europe and Soviet Union Soviet Union
Military pactMilitary pact
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Two sides aligned by Two sides aligned by alliances alliances
Different economic and Different economic and political systems political systems
Both wary of each other Both wary of each other former alliesformer allies
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Will enter into a “war” Will enter into a “war” with no direct shots fired with no direct shots fired
at each otherat each other
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ChinaChina
Revolution by Mao-Tse Revolution by Mao-Tse TungTung
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Communist revolution Communist revolution deposed United States deposed United States backed Government of backed Government of
Chaing Kai-shekChaing Kai-shek
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Revolution led to two Revolution led to two ChinasChinas
Taiwan (Nationalist Taiwan (Nationalist Supported by United Supported by United
States)States)
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Mainland ChinaMainland China
Ruled by Mao and Ruled by Mao and CommunistsCommunists
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Feeling in the United Feeling in the United States was containment States was containment
failedfailed
Led to a rise in anti-Led to a rise in anti-communists feeling in communists feeling in
the governmentthe government
•COLD WAR
• Soviet Expansion
• Capitalistic Encirclement
• Buffer Countries
• Divided Germany
• Iron Curtain
• Truman Doctrine
• Containment
• MARSHALL PLAN
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KoreaKorea
Japan ruled Korea from Japan ruled Korea from 1910 until 19451910 until 1945
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After World War II After World War II
Japan surrendered North Japan surrendered North Korea above the 38Korea above the 38thth parallel to the Sovietsparallel to the Soviets
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After World War II After World War II
Japan surrendered Japan surrendered South Korea below the South Korea below the
3838thth parallel to the parallel to the United StatesUnited States
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North Korea backed by North Korea backed by SovietsSoviets
South Korea backed by South Korea backed by the United Statesthe United States
`̀
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June 25, 1950 North June 25, 1950 North Korea attacked and Korea attacked and
invaded South Koreainvaded South Korea
United Nations United Nations
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North aligned with Soviets North aligned with Soviets
South aligned with United South aligned with United StatesStates
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Became anBecame an
United Nations United Nations
““police action”police action”
Soviets union boycottedSoviets union boycotted
Security Council vote to send Security Council vote to send troops to Koreatroops to Korea
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16 nations sent troops16 nations sent troops
Majority of troops were Majority of troops were from United States.from United States.
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Douglas MacArthur Douglas MacArthur placed in charge of placed in charge of
combined forcescombined forces
• Details of fighting in Details of fighting in KoreaKorea
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U N forcesU N forces
Counter attacked Counter attacked pushed North back to pushed North back to
Yalu riverYalu river
• Looked as if the North Looked as if the North would be defeatedwould be defeated
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China organized an China organized an attack of over 300,000 attack of over 300,000 troops forced United troops forced United
Nations forced back to Nations forced back to 3838thth parallel parallel
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Communist forces Communist forces retook Seoulretook Seoul
American forces American forces countered and drove countered and drove
forces back to the 38forces back to the 38thth parallelparallel
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Korean War Korean War
became a stalematebecame a stalemate
The alternative would The alternative would have been an all out war have been an all out war
with Chinawith China
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Omar BradleyOmar Bradley
Chairman of the Joint Chairman of the Joint Chief of Staffs Chief of Staffs
Called a war with ChinaCalled a war with China
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““the wrong war at the the wrong war at the wrong place at the wrong place at the wrong time with the wrong time with the
wrong enemy”wrong enemy”
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MacArthur vs. TrumanMacArthur vs. Truman
Asia was more Asia was more important than Europe important than Europe according to MacArthuraccording to MacArthur
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• MacArthur tried to have MacArthur tried to have Taiwan revolt against ChinaTaiwan revolt against China
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Congress urging a Congress urging a complete victory in complete victory in
Korea Korea
COLD WARCOLD WARComplete contradiction Complete contradiction
of Truman’s policyof Truman’s policy
Republicans tried to Republicans tried to undermine Truman to undermine Truman to
gain in electionsgain in elections
COLD WARCOLD WARBackfired Truman Backfired Truman
“relieved” MacArthur of “relieved” MacArthur of his command his command
At stake was civilian At stake was civilian control of the militarycontrol of the military
COLD WARCOLD WARKorea dragged on with no Korea dragged on with no
apparent winner apparent winner
Armistice was signed Armistice was signed
(Cease Fire) No treaty (Cease Fire) No treaty technically we are still at technically we are still at
“war” with Korea“war” with Korea
•KOREA
•YALU RIVER
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NSC-68NSC-68
September 1949September 1949
Rise in radioactivity in Rise in radioactivity in Soviet UnionSoviet Union
Soviets now had nuclear Soviets now had nuclear weaponsweapons
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NSC-68 recommendedNSC-68 recommended
In response to nuclear In response to nuclear armed Soviets armed Soviets
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1. Development of hydrogen 1. Development of hydrogen bombbomb
2. Increase of ground forces 2. Increase of ground forces and strong alliancesand strong alliances
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weapons to surpass the weapons to surpass the Soviets Soviets
COLD WARCOLD WAR4.Became the policy of 4.Became the policy of the United States to be the United States to be in a constant state of in a constant state of
mobilization whether at mobilization whether at war or notwar or not