Nazism 1

NazismNazism (Nationalsozialismus National Socialism alternatively spelled Naziism[1] ) was the ideology and practiceof the Nazi Party and of Nazi Germany[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] It was a unique variety of fascism that involvedbiological racism and antisemitism[10] Nazism presented itself as politically syncretic incorporating policies tacticsand philosophies from right- and left-wing ideologies in practice Nazism was a far right form of politics[11]

The Nazis believed in the supremacy of an Aryan master race and claimed that Germans represent the most pureAryan nation[12] They argued that Germanys survival as a modern great nation required it to create a New Order mdashan empire in Europe that would give the German nation the necessary land mass resources and expansion ofpopulation needed to be able to economically and militarily compete with other powers[13]

The Nazis claimed that Jews were the greatest threat to the Aryan race and the German nation They considered Jewsa parasitic race that attached itself to various ideologies and movements to secure its self-preservation such as theEnlightenment liberalism democracy parliamentary politics capitalism industrialisation Marxism and tradeunionism[14]

To rescue Germany from the effects of the Great Depression Nazism promoted an economic Third Position amanaged economy that was neither capitalist nor communist[15] [16] The Nazis accused communism and capitalismof being associated with Jewish influences and interests[17] They declared support for a nationalist form of socialismthat was to provide for the Aryan race and the German nation economic security social welfare programs forworkers a just wage honour for workers importance to the nation and protection from capitalist exploitation[18]

EtymologyThe self-identification term used by exponents of the ideology past and present is National Socialism and adherentsdescribe themselves as National Socialists For instance the best known organisation expousing this system theGerman party led by Adolf Hitler was called the National Socialist German Workers Party (German abbreviationNSDAP) Similarly the second volume of Mein Kampf is entitled The National Socialist Movement[19] According toJoseph Goebbels in an official exposition of the ideology the logic behind the synthesis of Nationalism andSocialism as represented in the name was to counter the Internationalism of Marxism with the nationalism of aGerman Socialism[20]

The term Nazi derives from the first two syllables of Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei[21] Members ofthe Nazi Party identified themselves as Nationalsozialisten (National Socialists) rarely as Nazis The German termNazi parallels the analogous political term Sozi an abbreviation for a member of the Sozialdemokratische ParteiDeutschlands (Social Democratic Party of Germany)[22] [23] In 1933 when Adolf Hitler assumed power of theGerman government usage of the term Nazi diminished in Germany although Austrian anti-Nazis used it as aninsult[23]

Nazism 2

History

A 1919 Austrian postcard depicting the stab-in-the-back legendwhich blamed Jews for Germanys defeat in World War I

Prior to its adoption by the Nazi Party the termnational socialism was coined by French intellectualMaurice Barregraves His rejections of pluralismindividualism and materialism were based on acombination of the anti-Semitism of thecounter-revolutionary right and the socialismnationalism and republicanism of the anti-liberal leftin nineteenth-century France[24] Historian RobertToombs sees this amalgamation exemplified in GeneralGeorges Ernest Boulanger a general and politicianpopular among both royalists and the urban left[25]

On 5 January 1919 the locksmith Anton Drexler andfive other men founded the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei(DAP mdash German Workers Party) the predecessor of the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAPmdash National Socialist German Workersrsquo Party)[26] [27] In July 1919 the Reichswehr intelligence departmentdespatched Corporal Adolf Hitler as a Verbindungsmann (police spy) to infiltrate and subvert the DAP His oratoryso impressed the DAP members they asked him join the party and in September 1919 the police spy Hitler becamethe partys propagandist[26] [28] On 24 February 1920 the DAP was renamed the National Socialist GermanWorkersrsquo Party against Hitlerrsquos preferred ldquoSocial Revolutionary Partyrdquo name[26] Later in consolidating his controlof the NSDAP Hitler ousted Drexler from the party and assumed leadership on 29 July 1921[26]

The post-war crises of Weimar Germany (1919ndash33) consolidated Nazism as an ideology military defeat in the FirstWorld War (1914ndash18) capitulation with the Treaty of Versailles economic depression and the consequent societalinstability In exploiting and excusing the military defeat Nazism proffered the political Dolchstosslegende(ldquoLegend of the Dagger-stab in the Backrdquo) [29] claiming that the Imperial German war effort was internallysabotaged by Jews socialists and Bolsheviks Proposing that because the Reichwehrrsquos defeat did not occur inGermany the sabotage included a lack of patriotism among their political antagonists specifically the SocialDemocrats and the Ebert Government whom the Nazis accused of treasonUsing the ldquostab in the backrdquo legend the Nazis accused German Jews and other populaces it considered non-Germanof possessing extra-national loyalties thereby exacerbating German anti-semitism about the Judenfrage (the JewishQuestion) the perennial far right political canard popular when the ethnic Voumllkisch movement and their politics ofRomantic nationalism for establishing a Groszligdeutschland were strong[30] [31] The seminal ideas of Nazismoriginated in the German cultural past of the Voumllkisch (folk) movement and the superstitions of Ariosophy anoccultism that proposed the Germanic peoples as the purest examples of the Aryan race whose cultures feature runicsymbols and the swastika From among the Ariosophs only the Thule-Gesellschaft (Thule Society) in Munichfeatures in the origin of Nazism they sponsored the DAP[26]

Nazism 3

Ascension and consolidation

Reichsparteitag (Nuremberg Rally) NSDAP-leaderAdolf Hitler and SA-leader Ernst Roumlhm August 1933

The votes that the Nazis received in the 1932 elections establishedthe Nazi Party as the largest parliamentary faction of the WeimarRepublic government Adolf Hitlerrsquos appointment as Chancellor ofGermany on 30 January 1933 and his subsequent consolidation ofoffices and their consequent dictatorial powers established theThird Reich (Dritte Reich) denoting Nazi Germany as thehistorical successor to the First Reich of the Holy Roman Empire(962ndash1806) and to the Second Reich of the German Empire(1871ndash1918) Under Nazism Germany bore two official namesthe Deutsches Reich (German Reich) and Groszligdeutsches Reich(Greater German Reich) In 1934 its first year in power the NaziParty announced that the Dritte Reich was to be a TausendjaumlhrigesReich (Thousand Year Empire) but lasted only twelve years

The Reichstag fire on 27 February 1933 was Adolf Hitlerrsquos raisondrsquoeacutetat for suppressing his political opponents The following day28 February he persuaded Weimar Republic President Paul vonHindenburg to grant him as German Chancellor anemergency-powers decree suspending civil liberties and thegovernments of the German federal states On 23 March with anEnabling Act (four-year Presidential decree-law powercircumventing the Reichstag) the Reichstag conferred dictatorialpowers to Chancellor Adolf Hitler who subsequently personallymanaged the political emergencies of the German State by decreeMoreover then possessing virtually absolute power the Nazis established totalitarian control they abolished labourunions and political parties and imprisoned their political opponents first at wilde Lager improvised camps then inconcentration camps Nazism had been established yet the Reichswehr remained impartial Nazi power overGermany remained virtual not absolute

Having eliminated the political enemies of his Government and his party Hitler then purged his rivals from the NaziParty especially the allies of Ernst Roumlhm leader of the Sturmabteilung (SA) and of Gregor Strasser leader of theNazi left wing In 1934 to ensure the Nazi Government of the Reichswehrrsquos support for a coup drsquoEacutetat they wereassassinated during the Night of the Long Knives (30 Junendash2 July) purges Later with the death of President VonHindenburg on 2 August 1934 as President and Chancellor of Germany Adolf Hitler possessed virtually absolutepower yet the Reichswehr was not yet formally obeisantIn culturally consolidating Nazism as the German way of life the Hitler government effected the national Naziboycott of Jewish businesses (1 April 1933) three months upon assuming power earlier the HindenburgGovernment had haphazardly practiced official anti-Semitism but the Nazi Nuremberg Laws of 1935 establishedlegal systematic persecution of the Jews For international public consumption visible anti-Semitism was minimisedduring the 1936 Summer Olympics but fully reinstated afterwards In 1936 Nazi Germany and Imperial Japanconcorded the Anti-Comintern Pact countering the foreign policies of the Soviet Union which in turn became thebasis for their Tripartite Pact with Italy which was the foundation of the Axis Powers

Nazism 4

DenazificationAfter Nazi Germany was defeated in World War II The Allied countries embarked on a campaign to rid German andAustrian society culture press economy judiciary and politics of any remnants of Nazism They removed thoseinvolved from positions of influence and disbanded or rendered powerless the organizations associated with the Naziregime

Ideological rootsThe ideological roots of Nazism derive from Romanticism nineteenth-century idealism and a eugenic interpretationof Friedrich Nietzschersquos concepts of ldquobreeding upwardsrdquo mdash towards the Uumlbermensch (ldquoSupermanrdquo) Such ideas asespoused by the Ariosophical Germanenorden (German Order) and the Thule Society much influenced AdolfHitlerrsquos world-viewPhillip Wayne Powell writes that in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries a powerful surge of Germanpatriotism was stimulated by the disdain of Italians for German cultural inferiority and barbarism which led to acounter-attempt by German humanists to laud German qualities[32] MW Fodor wrote in The Nation in 1936 Norace has suffered so much from an inferiority complex as has the German National Socialism was a kind of Coueacutemethod of converting the inferiority complex at least temporarily into a feeling of superiority[33]

Among the most significant ideological influence on the Nazis came from German nationalist figure Johann GottliebFichte whose works Hitler read and who was recognized by other Nazi members including Dietrich Eckart andArnold Fanck[34] In Speeches to the German Nation (1808) written amid Napoleonic Frances occupation of BerlinFichte called for a German national revolution against the French occupiers making passionate public speechesarming his students for battle against the French and stressed the need of the deed of action by the German nation tofree itself[35]

Fichtes nationalism was populist and opposed to traditional elites and spoke of the need of a Peoples War(Volkskrieg) putting forward concepts much like those the Nazis adopted[35] Fichte promoted Germanexceptionalism and stressed the need for the German nation to be purified This priority included purging theGerman language of French words a policy that the Nazis undertook upon rising to power[35] Fichte wasanti-Semitic and accused Jews in Germany of having been and inevitably continuing to be a state within a state inGermany that Fichte claimed was a threat to German national unity[35] Fichte promoted two options to address theJewish problem the first was the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine to impel the Jews to leave Europe[36] Theother option was violence against Jews saying that this goal would be To cut off all their heads in one night and setnew ones on their shoulders which should not contain a single Jewish idea[37]

The Nazis claimed that their ideology was influenced by the leadership and policies of German Chancellor Otto vonBismarck the founder of the German Empire[38] The Nazis declared that they were dedicated to continuing theprocess of creating a unified German nation state that in their view Bismarck had begun and desired to achieve[39]

The Nazis claimed that Bismarck was unable to complete German national unification owing to Jewish infiltration ofthe German parliament and that their abolition of parliament ended the obstacle to unification that Bismarckfaced[38] While Hitler was supportive of Bismarcks creation of the German Empire he was critical of Bismarcksmoderate domestic policies[40] On the issue of Bismarcks support of a Kleindeutschland (Lesser Germanyexcluding Austria) versus the pan-German Groszligdeutschland (Greater Germany) of the Nazis Hitler claimed thatBismarcks attainment of Kleindeutschland was the highest achievement that Bismarck could have achievedwithin the limits possible of that time[41] In Mein Kampf Hitler presented himself as a second Bismarck[41]

The concept of the Aryan race that was utilized by the Nazis stems from racial theories asserting that Europeans are the descendants of Indo-Iranian settlers people of ancient India and ancient Persia[42] Proponents of this theory based their assertion on the similarity of European words and their meaning to those of Indo-Iranian languages[42] Johann Gottfried Herdera prominent proponent of this theory maintained that the Germanic peoples held close

Nazism 5

racial connections with the ancient Indians and ancient Persians who he claimed were advanced peoples possessing agreat capacity for wisdom nobility restraint and science[42] Contemporaries of Herder utilized the concept of theAryan race to draw a distinction between what they deemed high and noble Aryan culture versus that of parasiticSemitic culture[42] The notions of white supremacism and Aryan racial superiority combined in the nineteenthcentury with white supremacists maintaining that whites were members of an Aryan master race mdashmdash that is arace of higher civilization superior to all other races and particularly superior to the Semitic race that they associatedwith cultural sterility[42] Arthur de Gobineau a French racial theorist and aristocrat blamed the fall of the ancienreacutegime in France on racial degeneracy caused by racial intermixing destroying in his perception the purity of theAryan race[43] Gobineaus theories which attracted a strong following in Germany[43] emphasized the existence ofan irreconcilable polarity between Aryan and Jewish cultures[42] Aryan mysticism claimed that Christianityoriginated in Aryan religious tradition and that Jews had usurped the legend from Aryans[42]

Houston Stewart Chamberlain an English proponent of racial theory supported notions of Germanic supremacy andanti-Semitism in Germany[44] Chamberlains work Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (1899) praised Germanicpeoples for their creativity and idealism while asserting that the Germanic spirit was threatened by a Jewish spiritof selfishness and materialism[44] Chamberlain went on to use his thesis to promote monarchical conservatism whiledenouncing democracy liberalism and socialism[43] The book became highly popular especially in Germany[43]

Chamberlain stressed the need of a nation to maintain racial purity in order to prevent degeneration and argued thatracial intermingling with Jews should never be permitted[43] In 1923 Chamberlain personally met Hitler whom headmired as a leader of the rebirth of the free spirit[45]

The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (1912) an anti-Semitic forgery created by police of the Russian Empire wasbelieved to be real by anti-Semites and surged in popularity after World War I[46] The Protocols claimed that therewas an international Jewish conspiracy to take over the world[47] Hitler had been introduced to The Protocols byAlfred Rosenberg and from 1920 onward Hitler focused his attacks on claiming that Judaism and Marxism weredirectly connected and that Jews and Bolsheviks were one and the same and that Marxism was a Jewish ideology[48]

Hitler believed that The Protocols were authentic[49]

Oswald Spengler a German cultural philosopher was a major influence on Nazism although after 1933 Spenglerbecame alienated from Nazism and later condemned by the Nazis for criticizing Hitler[50] Spenglers views werealso popular amongst Italian Fascists including Benito Mussolini[51] Spenglers book The Decline of the West(1918) written during the final months of World War I in which he addressed the claim of decadence of modernEuropean civilization that he claimed was caused by atomizing and irreligious individualization andcosmopolitanism[50] In Decline of the West Spenglers major thesis was that a law of historical development ofcultures existed involving a cycle of birth maturity aging and death when it reaches its final form of civilization[52]

Upon reaching the point of civilization a culture will lose its creative capacity and succumb to decadence until theemergence of barbarians create a new epoch[52] Spengler considered the Western world as having succumb todecadence of intellect money cosmopolitan urban life irreligious life atomized individualization and the end ofbiological fertility as well as spiritual fertility[52] He believed that the young German nation as an imperialpower would inherit the legacy of Ancient Rome and lead a restoration of value in blood and instinct while theideals of rationalism would be revealed as absurd[52]

In Preussentum und Sozialismus (Prussiandom and Socialism 1919) Spengler described socialism outside of a class conflict perspective and said The meaning of socialism is that life is controlled not by the opposition between rich and poor but by the rank that achievement and talent bestow That is our freedom freedom from the economic despotism of the individual[53] Spengler claimed that socialistic Prussian characteristics existed across Germany that included creativity discipline concern for the greater good productivity and self-sacrifice[54] Spenglers definition of socialism did not advocate change in property relations[53] Spengler denounced Marxism for seeking to train the proletariat to expropriate the expropriator the capitalist and then to let them live a life of leisure on this expropriation[55] He claimed that Marxism is the capitalism of the working class and not true socialism[55] True

Nazism 6

socialism according to Spengler would be in the form of corporatism stating that local corporate bodies organizedaccording to the importance of each occupation to the people as a whole higher representation in stages up to asupreme council of the state mandates revocable at any time no organized parties no professional politicians noperiodic elections[56] In Preussentum und Sozialismus Spengler prescribed war as a necessity saying War is theeternal form of higher human existence and states exist for war they are the expression of the will to war[57]

Spenglers conception of socialism and a number of his political views were shared by the Nazis as well as theConservative Revolutionary movement[53]

Fascism was a major influence on Nazism The seizure of power by Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini in theMarch on Rome in 1922 drew admiration by Hitler who less than a month after the March had begun to modelhimself and the Nazi Party upon Mussolini and the Fascists[58] After the March on Rome Hitler presented the Nazisas a German fascism[59] [60] The Nazis attempted a March on Berlin modelled upon the March on Rome thatresulted in the failed Beer Hall Putsch in Munich in November 1923[61] Although Hitler strongly admired Mussoliniand fascism other Nazis mdash especially more radical Nazis such as Gregor Strasser Joseph Goebbels and HeinrichHimmler mdash rejected Italian Fascism accusing it of being too conservative or capitalist[62] Alfred Rosenbergcondemned Italian Fascism for being racially confused and having influences from philo-Semitism[63] Strassercriticized the policy of Fuumlhrerprinzip as being created by Mussolini and considered its presence in Nazism as aforeign import[64] Throughout the relationship between Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy a number of lower-rankingNazis scornfully viewed fascism as a conservative movement that lacked a full revolutionary potential[64]

Ideology

Greater Germany in 1943

The Nazis advocated a strong central governmentunder the Fuumlhrer for defending Germany and theVolksdeutsche (ethnic Germans) against communismand Jewish subversion To the end of establishingGroszligdeutschland (Greater Germany) the Germanpeoples must acquire Lebensraum (living space) fromRussia[65]

Nazism 7

Hitler the Fuumlhrer of Nazi Germany

The original National Socialists the 1919 German Workersrsquo Party(DAP) said there would be no program binding upon them thusrejecting any Weltanschauung Nonetheless when Adolf Hitler assumedcommand of its successor the Nazi Party political substance of Nazismconcorded with his political beliefs mdash man and idea as political entitythe Fuumlhrer

Hitler had concluded that ethnic and linguistic diversity had weakenedthe AustrondashHungarian Empire and had resulted in contemporarypolitical dissent He disliked democracy because it allowed politicalpower to ethnic minorities and to liberal political parties wholdquoweakened and destabilizedrdquo the empire with internal division Hitlerrsquoscultural historical and political beliefs were tempered in combat duringWorld War I by Germanyrsquos loss of the war and by the Bolsheviksrsquosuccessful October Revolution of 1917 that installed Marxist

communism in Russia From 1920 to 1923 Hitler formulated his ideology then published it in 1925ndash26 as MeinKampf a two-volume biography and political letter-of-intent[66]

During the 1920s and 1930s Nazism was ideologically heterogeneous comprising two sub-ideologies those of OttoStrasser and of Hitler As leftists the Strasserites fell afoul of Hitler who expelled Otto Strasser from the Nazi Partywhen he failed to establish the Black Front an oppositional anti-capitalist bloc in 1930 The Strasserites whoremained in the Nazi Party mostly in the Sturmabteilung (SA) were assassinated in the Night of the Long Knivespurge

Nazism 8

Relation with fascism

Adolf Hitler (right) beside Benito Mussolini (left) thefounder of fascism and dictator of Fascist Italy

Mussolini provided financial assistance to the Nazisprior to their rise to power

Nazism is a politically syncretic variety of fascism whichincorporates policies tactics and philosophic tenets from left andright-wing politics Italian fascism and German Nazism rejectliberalism democracy and Marxism[67] Usually supported by thefar right fascism is historically anti-communist anti-conservativeand anti-parliamentary[68] The Nazis rise to power was assistedby the Fascist government of Italy that began to financiallysubsidize the Nazi party in 1928[69]

Hitler admired Benito Mussolini and the Italian Fascists and afterMussolinis successful March on Rome in 1922 presented theNazis as a German version of Italian Fascism[59] [60] Hitlerendorsed Italian Fascism saying that with the victory of fascismin Italy the Italian people has triumphed [over] Jewry andappraised Mussolini as the brilliant statesman[70] JosephGoebbels Hitlers chief propagandist credited Italian Fascismwith starting a conflict against liberal democracy saying

The march on Rome was a signal a sign of storm forliberal-democracy It is the first attempt to destroy theworld of the liberal-democratic spirit[] which startedin 1789 with the storm on the Bastille and conqueredone country after another in violent revolutionaryupheavals to let the nations go under in Marxismdemocracy anarchy and class warfare[71]

Hitler remained impressed by Mussolini and Fascist Italy for many years in spite of resentments towards Italy byother Nazis and resentments by Italian Fascists towards Germany During the period of positive outlook towardsFascist Italy Hitler became an Italophile[72] Hitler like Mussolini profoundly admired Ancient Rome andrepeatedly mentioned it in Mein Kampf as being a model for Germany[73] In particular Hitler admired ancientRomes authoritarian culture imperialism town planning and architecture which were incorporated by theNazis[74] Hitler considered the ancient Romans to have been a master race[74]

In an unpublished sequel to Mein Kampf Hitler declared that he held no antagonism towards Italy for having wagedwar against Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I saying that Italy went to war with Germany onlybecause of Germanys alliance with Austria Hungary on which Italy had territorial claims[75] Hitler declared hissympathy to the Italians for desiring to regain Italian-populated lands held by Austria-Hungary claiming it wasnaturally in Italians national interest to wage war to regain those lands[75]

Hitler made controversial concessions to gain Fascist Italys approval and alliance such as abandoning territorialclaims on the South Tyrol region of Italy that had a dense population of hundreds of thousands of Germans[72] InMein Kampf Hitler declared that it was not in Germanys interest to have war with Italy over South Tyrol[70] EthnicGermans from South Tyrol were resettled into Germany by force in exchange for Mussolinis pledge to restrict therights of Jews in ItalyNazism differs from Italian fascism in that it does not view a nation as being created and developed by a state but that a nation is created and developed outside a state[76] This difference is based upon the different histories of development of the German and Italian nations that formed the basis of Nazisms and Italian Fascisms respective nationalisms the German national identity developed outside a state while Italian national identity developed through a state[76] The Italian fascists proposed a corporatist organic state that required uniting the classes of

Nazism 9

society like a fascesA major source of contention between the Nazis and the Italian Fascists was the Nazis belief that the collapse of theRoman Empire was caused by racial intermixing[77] The Nazis conception of the origins of the Aryan race in Europeincluded the ancient Romans and ancient Greeks as members of the Aryan race[78] However contemporary Italywas deemed by the Nazis to not be racially pure in that the Aryan Roman heritage had been diluted by multipleracial influences[77] Hitler believed that northern Italians were members of the Aryan race[79] However he believedthat Italians as a whole had been racially tainted by intermixing especially with the black race[77] Nazi claims ofracial impurity of Italians evoked resentment and rebuke by the Italian Fascists[77] At the height of antagonismbetween the Nazis and Italian Fascists over race Mussolini condemned Nazi racial theory as flawed claiming thatthe Germans themselves were not a pure race and noted with irony that Nazi theory on German superiority wasbased on the theory of non-German foreigners such as Frenchman Arthur de Gobineau[80]

As hostility by Fascist Italy towards Nazi Germany increased in the early 1930s Mussolini claimed that Italysheritage to ancient Rome linked Italians to a great civilization while claiming that the ancient Germans of that timewere uncivilized tribes that were ignorant of writing at a time when Rome had Caesar Virgil and Augustus[78]

Mussolini in an interview with German interviewer Roland Strunk in January 1936 stated that the problems inItalo-German relations were caused by Hitlers Nordic gospel and Italian Fascists denounced Nordicism asflawed[78] However Mussolini did not reject racism and said in 1936 As you know I am a racist[78]

Italian Fascism did not have a strong attachment to anti-Semitism A number of Italian Fascists were Jews such asEttore Ovazza[81] There were also a number of Italian Fascists who supported anti-Semitism most notably JuliusEvola Roberto Farinacci Paolo Orano Giovanni Preziosi and Gino Sottochiesa[82] Issues concerning Jews in Italywere addressed by the Fascist regime one in particular was alarm by the Fascist over the presence of the Zionistmovement in Italy exemplified in Italian Fascist reactions to the creation of the Zionist newspaper Israel[81] In 1934Farinacci addressed the issue of Zionism by denouncing Zionist Jews who did not identify as Italians saying

We do not exclude the possibility that there are good Jews but it is also our right to demand clarityDoes there or does there not exist a Zionist movement in Italy To deny it would be to lie The existenceof a newspaper in Florence [the Zionist magazine Israel] should cut short any discussion And so theseothers who claim to be anti-Zionists what are they doing to fight the other Jews who believe that theyhave another Fatherland that is not Italy So far nothing Therefore it is necessary to decide We havereached a point at which everyone must take a position Because he who declares himself a Zionist hasno right to hold any responsibilities or honors in our country Roberto Farinacci 1934[83]

In spite of differences between the Nazis and the Italian Fascists over Italys racial heritage Italian Fascists and theNazis held similar positions on race issues Mussolini in his 1920 autobiography spoke of the importance of race tofascism saying Race and soil are strong influences upon us all and said of World War I There were seers whosaw in the European conflict not only national advantages but the possibility of a supremacy of race[84] In a 1921speech in Bologna Mussolini stated that Fascism was born out of a profound perennial need of this our Aryanand Mediterranean raceltNeocleous Mark Fascism Minneapolis Minnesota USA University of MinnesotaPress 1997 pampnbsp35gt Mussolini also warned of racial competition between the white race and coloured racessuch as in 1928

[When the] city dies the nation mdash deprived of the young life mdash blood of new generations mdash is nowmade up of people who are old and degenerate and cannot defend itself against a younger people whichlaunches an attack on the now unguarded frontiers[] This will happen and not just to cities andnations but on an infinitely greater scale the whole White race the Western race can be submerged byother coloured races which are multiplying at a rate unknown in our race[85]

Many Italian fascists held anti-Slavist views especially against neighbouring Yugoslav nations whom the Italian fascists saw as being in competition with Italy which had claims on territories of Yugoslavia particularly Dalmatia[86] Mussolini claimed that Yugoslavs posed a threat after Italy did not receive the territory along the

Nazism 10

Adriatic coast at the end of World War I as promised by the 1915 Treaty of London He said The danger of seeingthe Jugo-Slavians settle along the whole Adriatic shore had caused a bringing together in Rome of the cream of ourunhappy regions Students professors workmen citizensmdashrepresentative menmdashwere entreating the ministers andthe professional politicians[87] Italian fascists accused Serbs of having atavistic impulses and of being part of asocial democratic masonic Jewish internationalist plot[88] The fascists accused Yugoslavs of conspiring togetheron behalf of Grand Orient masonry and its fundsNazism however emphasized the Aryan race Herrenvolk concept until reducing the German state to mere means toan ideologic end Furthermore blond-blue-eyed-Aryanism was unpopular with Italians who are not such a volknonetheless the Italian Fascist government exercised a variety of nationalist racism and genocide in its concentrationcamps antedating Nazi Germany[89]

The Israeli political scientist and historian Zeev Sternhell proposes that the varieties of fascism are unique despitethe schematic resemblance between Italian fascism and German Nazism mdash greater than resemblances among theEastern Bloc Communist states of the Cold War and among European liberal democracies[90]

MilitarismNazi militarism was based upon the belief that great nations grow from military power and maintain order in theworld The Nazi Party exploited irredentist and revanchist sentiments and cultural aversions to aspects ofModernism (despite the Reich embracing modernism by their admiration for engine power) thus conflatingnationalism and militarism into the ultra-nationalism necessary to establishing Groszligdeutschland

Anti-communismHistorians Ian Kershaw and Joachim Fest argue that in post-World War I Germany the Nazis were one of manynationalist and fascistic political parties contending for the leadership of Germanyrsquos anti-communist movement andof the German state The Nazis claimed that communism was dangerous to the well-being of nations because of itsintention to dissolve private property its support of class conflict its aggression against the middle class its hostilityto small businessmen and its atheism[91] Nazism rejected class conflict-based socialism and economicegalitarianism favouring instead a stratified economy with classes based on merit and talent retaining privateproperty and the creation of national solidarity that transcends class distinction[18]

During the late 1930s and the 1940s several other anti-communist regimes and groups supported Nazism theFalange in Spain the Vichy regime and the Legion of French Volunteers against Bolshevism (Wehrmacht InfantryRegiment 638) in France and the Cliveden set Lord Halifax and associates of Neville Chamberlain in Britain[92]

Anti-capitalismThe Nazis argued that capitalism damages nations due to international finance the economic dominance of bigbusiness and Jewish influences within it[91] Adolf Hitler both in public and in private held strong disdain forcapitalism he accused modern capitalism of holding nations ransom in the interests of a parasitic cosmopolitanrentier class[93] He opposed free-market capitalisms profit-seeking impulses and desired an economy wherecommunity interests would be upheld[94] He distrusted capitalism for being unreliable due to it having an egotisticnature and he preferred a state-directed economy[95] Hitler told one party leader in 1934 The economic system ofour day referring to capitalism is the creation of the Jews[96] In a discussion with Italian Fascist dictator BenitoMussolini Hitler said that Capitalism had run its course[95]

To Hitler the economy must be subordinated to the interests of the Volk and its state[96] In Mein Kampf Hitler effectively supported mercantilism in the belief that economic resources from their respective territories should be seized by force he believed that the policy of lebensraum would provide Germany with such economically valuable territories[97] He believed that the only means to maintain economic security was to have direct control over resources rather than being forced to rely on world trade[98] He claimed that war to gain such resources was the only

Nazism 11

means to surpass the failing capitalist economic system[97] He believed that private ownership was useful in that itencouraged creative competition and technical innovation but insisted that it had to conform to national interests andbe productive rather than parasitical[94]

A number of Nazis held strong revolutionary socialist and anti-capitalist beliefs most prominently Ernst Roumlhm theleader of the Nazis main paramilitary group the Sturmabteilung (SA)[99] Roumlhm claimed that the Nazis rise topower constituted a national revolution but insisted that a socialist second revolution was required for Naziideology to be fulfilled[100] Roumlhms SA began attacks against individuals deemed to be associated with conservativereaction[101] Hitler saw Roumlhms independent actions as violating and possibly threatening his leadership as well asjeopardizing the regime by alienating the conservative President Paul von Hindenburg and the conservative-orientedGerman army[102] This resulted in Hitler purging Roumlhm and other radical members of the SA[102]

Joseph Goebbels adamantly stressed the socialist character of Nazism and claimed in his diary that if he were topick between Bolshevism and capitalism he said in final analysis it would be better for us to go down withBolshevism than live in eternal slavery under capitalism[103]

In 1920 the Nazi Party published the National Socialist Program an ideology that in 25 points demandedthat the State shall make it its primary duty to provide a livelihood for its citizens the abolition of allincomes unearned by work the ruthless confiscation of all war profits the nationalization of allbusinesses that have been formed into corporations profit-sharing in large enterprises extensivedevelopment of insurance for old-age land reform suitable to our national requirements[104]

During the 1920s Nazi Party officials variously attempted either to change or to replace the National SocialistProgram In 1924 the Nazi Party economist theoretician Gottfried Feder proposed a new 39-point programretaining some old and introducing some new ideas[105] Hitler did not directly mention the program in Mein Kampfhe only mentioned the so-called programme of the movement[106] Also during the 1920s however Hitler urgeddisparate Nazi factions to unite in opposition to Jewish Marxism[107] Hitler asserted that the three vices ofJewish Marxism were democracy pacifism and internationalism[108]

In 1927 Hitler said We are socialists we are enemies of todayrsquos capitalistic economic system for the exploitationof the economically weak with its unfair salaries with its unseemly evaluation of a human being according towealth and property instead of responsibility and performance and we are determined to destroy this system underall conditions[109] Yet two years later in 1929 Hitler backtracked saying that socialism was an unfortunate wordaltogether and that if people have something to eat and their pleasures then they have their socialism HistorianHenry A Turner reports Hitlerrsquos regret at having including the word socialism in the Nazi Party name[110]

The Nazi Partyrsquos early self-description as socialist caused conservative opponents such as the IndustrialEmployers Association to describe it as totalitarian terrorist conspiratorial and socialist[111]

In 1930 Hitler said Our adopted term lsquoSocialistrsquo has nothing to do with Marxian Socialism Marxism isanti-property true Socialism is not[112] In 1931 during a confidential interview with influential editor RichardBreiting of the Leipziger Neueste Nachrichten a pro-business newspaper Hitler said

I want everyone to keep what he has earned subject to the principle that the good of the communitytakes priority over that of the individual But the State should retain control every owner should feelhimself to be an agent of the State The Third Reich will always retain the right to control propertyowners[113]

In 1932 Nazi Party spokesman Joseph Goebbels said that the Nazi Party was a workersrsquo party on the side oflabour and against finance[114]

Nazi propaganda posters in working-class districts emphasized anti-capitalism such as one that said Themaintenance of a rotten industrial system has nothing to do with nationalism I can love Germany and hatecapitalism[115]

Nazism 12

Philosopher Stephen Hicks writes The issue about how socialist the Nazis were is in part a judgment call aboutlong-term principles and short-term pragmatism[116] Hicks argues that the Nazis claimed to be more devoted tosocialism than the Soviet Bolsheviks the Russians were preoccupied with economics while the Nazis thoughtsocialism should control not only economics but breeding religion and other intimate details of life

Working class and middle class appealIn 1922 to ensure German public perception of the Nazi Party as politically unique Adolf Hitler discredited othernationalist and racialist political parties as disconnected from the mass populace especially lower- and working-classyoung people

The racialists were not capable of drawing the practical conclusions from correct theoretical judgementsespecially in the Jewish Question In this way the German racialist movement developed a similar pattern tothat of the 1880s and 1890s As in those days its leadership gradually fell into the hands of highly honourablebut fantastically naiumlve men of learning professors district counsellors schoolmasters and lawyers mdash in shorta bourgeois idealistic and refined class It lacked the warm breath of the nationrsquos youthful vigour[117]

Despite many working-class supporters and members the appeal of the Nazi Party to the working class was neithertrue nor effective because its politics mostly appealed to the middle-class as a stabilizing pro-business politicalparty not a revolutionary workersrsquo party[118] [118] Moreover the financial collapse of the white collar middle-classof the 1920s figures much in their strong support of Nazism thus the great percentage of declared middle-classsupport for the Nazis[118] In the poor country that was the Weimar Republic of the early 1930s the Nazi Partyrealised their socialist policies with food and shelter for the unemployed and the homeless mdash later recruited to theBrownshirt Sturmabteilung (SA mdash Storm Detachment)[118]

Racial ideology

The Master Race the MeyersBlitz-Lexikon (Leipzig 1932) depicts

German war hero Karl von Muumlller as anexemplar Nordic type of the Herrenvolk

The racist subject of Nazism is Das Volk the German people living undercontinual cultural attack by Judeo-Bolshevism who must unite under NaziParty leadership and per the spartan nationalist tenets of Nazism be stoicself-disciplined and self-sacrificing until victory[119] Adolf Hitlerrsquos politicalbiography Mein Kampf (My Struggle) formulates the Weltanschauung ofNazism with the ideologic trinity of history as a struggle for worldsupremacy among the human races conquered only by a master race theHerrenvolk the decisive autocratic Fuumlhrerprinzip (leader principle) andanti-Semitism targeting the Jews as the universal source of socio-cultural andeconomic discord

The JewishndashBolshevism conspiracy theory derives from anti-Semitism andanti-communism Adolf Hitler first developed his worldview from living andobserving Viennese life from 1907 to 1913 concluding that theAustrondashHungarian Empire comprised racial religious and culturalhierarchies per his interpretations atop were the ldquoAryansrdquo the ultimate whitemaster race whilst Jews and Gypsies were at bottom[65]

Fundamental to Nazism is the unification of every German tribe that was ldquounjustlyrdquo divided among different nationstates The racialist philosophy of Nazism derived from the seminal white supremacist works of the French Arthur deGobineau (An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races) the Briton Houston Stewart Chamberlain (TheFoundations of the Nineteenth Century) and of the American Madison Grant (The Passing of The Great Race orThe Racial Basis of European History)

Nazism 13

Their ideas were synthesized by the Reichstag Secretary Alfred Rosenberg in The Myth of the Twentieth Century apseudoscientific treatise proposing that ldquo[F]rom a northern centre of creation which without postulating an actualsubmerged Atlantic continent we may call Atlantis swarms of warriors once fanned out in obedience to theever-renewed and incarnate Nordic longing for distance to conquer and space to shaperdquo[120] According to TerrenceBall and Richard Bellamy The Myth of the Twentieth Century is the second-most important book to Nazism afterMein Kampf[121]

In establishing Nazi German racial superiority Adolf Hitler defined ldquothe Nationrdquo as the highest creation of a raceand that that great nations were the creations of homogeneous populations of great races working together Thesenations developed cultures that naturally grew from races with ldquonatural good health and aggressive intelligentcourageous traitsrdquo Whereas the weakest nations were those of ldquoimpurerdquo or ldquomongrel racesrdquo because they weredisunited Hitler claimed that lowest races were the parasitic Untermenschen (subhumans) principally the Jews whowere living lebensunwertes Leben (ldquolife-unworthy liferdquo) owing to racial inferiority and their wandering nationlessinvasions of greater nations such as Germany mdash thus either permitting or encouraging national plurality is anobvious mistakeHitler declared that racial conflict against Jews was necessary to save Germany from suffering under them anddispensed concerns about such conflict being inhumane or an injustice saying

We may be inhumane but if we rescue Germany we have achieved the greatest deed in the world Wemay work injustice but if we rescue Germany then we have removed the greatest injustice in the worldWe may be immoral but if our people is rescued we have opened the way for morality[122]

During World War II when faced with occupying too much territory with too-few German soldiers Nazismexpanded the Master Race definition to include Dutch and Scandinavian men as superior German-stock Herrenvolkin order to recruit them into the Schutzstaffel (SS)

Nazi eugenics ldquoWe Do Not Stand Alonerdquo(1936)

Hitler argued that nations who could not defend their territories did notdeserve a country He said that ldquoslave racesrdquo such as the Slavic peopleshad less of a right to life than did the master races mdash especiallyconcerning Lebensraum He claimed that the Herrenvolk had the right tovanquish inferior indigenous races from their countries[123]

Hitler argued that ldquoraces without homelandsrdquo were ldquoparasitic racesrdquo andthat the richer the parasite race the more virulent their parasitism Amaster race could therefore easily strengthen themselves by killing theparasite races in the Heimat The Herrenvolk philosophic tenet ofNazism rationalized Die Endloumlsung (the Final Solution) exterminationof Jews Gypsies Czechs Poles the mentally retarded the crippled thehandicapped homosexuals and others deemed undesirable During theHolocaust the Waffen-SS Wehrmacht soldiers and right-wingparamilitary civilian militias killed some 11 million people inNazi-occupied lands via concentration camps prisoner-of-war camps labor camps and death camps such as theAuschwitz concentration camp and the Treblinka extermination camp

Nazism 14

Schutzstaffel insignia white Sig Runeson a black background

In Germany the master-race populace was realised by purifying the DeutscheVolk via (see eugenics the culmination was involuntary euthanasia ofdisabled people and the compulsory sterilization of the mentally retardedThe ideologic justification was Adolf Hitlerrsquos consideration of Sparta(11thcndash195 BC) as the original Voumllkisch state he praised their dispassionatedestruction of congenitally deformed infants in maintaining racial purity[124]

[125] Sparta must be regarded as the first Voumllkisch State The exposure of thesick weak deformed children in short their destruction was more decentand in truth a thousand times more humane than the wretched insanity ofour day which preserves the most pathological subject

Nazi cultural perception of the Jews based upon the anti-Semitic The Protocols of the Elders of Zion emphasizedthat Jews throve on fomenting division among Germans and among nation-states Yet Nazi anti-Semitism was alsophysical and racial Nazi propagandist Joseph Goebbels said ldquoThe Jew is the enemy and destroyer of the purity ofblood the conscious destroyer of our race As socialists we are opponents of the Jews because we see in theHebrews the incarnation of capitalism of the misuse of the nationrsquos goodsrdquo[114]

Nazi Germany was ideologically based upon the racially defined Deutsche Volk (German People) which denied thelimitations of nationalism[126] The Nazi Party and the German people were consolidated in the Volksgemeinschaft(Peoplersquos Community) a late-nineteenth-century neologism defining the citizensrsquo communal duty is to the Reichrather than to civil society the citizen-nation basis of Nazism the socialism would be realized via common duty tothe volk by service to the Third Reich in establishing Groszligdeutschland the embodying locus of the peoplesrsquo willHence Nazism encouraged ultra-nationalism to establish a world-dominating Aryan Volksgemeinschaft The preacutecisof this central tenet of Mein Kampf is the motto Ein Volk ein Reich ein Fuumlhrer (One People One Empire OneLeader)

Opposition to homosexuality

Homophobia Berlin Memorial toHomosexual Victims of the Holocaust

TotgeschlagenmdashTotgeschwiegen (StruckDeadmdashHushed Up)

In late February 1933 as the moderating influence of Ernst Roumlhm mdash thehomosexual leader of the Sturmabteilung (SA) mdash diminished the Nazi Partypurged the homophile clubs where gay lesbian and bisexual Berlinerscongregated It also outlawed academic and pornographic sexual publicationsIn March 1933 Kurt Hiller the organizer of Magnus Hirschfelds Institut fuumlrSexualwissenschaft (Institute of Sex Research) was imprisoned to aconcentration camp On 6 May 1933 Hitler Youth members attacked theInstitute of Sex Research and publicly incinerated its library and archives inthe streets They destroyed some 20000 books and journals as well as some5000 images They also seized the Institutersquos rosters of gay lesbian bisexualand transgender patients

Initially Hitler had protected Roumlhm from Nazis who considered hishomosexuality a violation of the Partyrsquos anti-homosexual policy When Roumlhmproved to be a politically viable challenger to Hitlers leadership of the NaziParty Hitler ordered that he be assassinated in 1934 along with other Nazipolitical opponents This purge became known as the Night of the LongKnives To suppress outrage in the SA ranks the Nazi leaders justifiedRoumlhmrsquos killing on the basis that he was homosexual

Schutzstaffel (SS) Chief Heinrich Himmler initially a supporter of Roumlhm defended him against charges of homosexuality arguing they were the fabrications of a Jewish character assassination conspiracy After the Night of

Nazism 15

the Long Knives Hitler promoted Himmler who then zealously suppressed homosexuality saying We mustexterminate these people root and branch the homosexual must be eliminatedrdquo[127] In 1936 Himmler establishedthe Reichszentrale zur Bekaumlmpfung der Homosexualitaumlt und Abtreibung (Reich Central Office for the Combatingof Homosexuality and Abortion)[128] The Nazis officially declared that homosexuality was contrary to wholesomepopular sentiment identifying gay men as defilers of German blood The Nazi reacutegime incarcerated some 100000homosexuals during the 1930s[129] As concentration camp prisoners homosexual men were forced to wear pinktriangle badges[130] [131]

Nazi anti-homosexual laws did not persecute lesbians much because the Nazis considered female homosexuals easierto persuade or to compel to conformity with the heterosexual mores of patriarchy Nonetheless the Nazis consideredlesbians to be a cultural threat to family values and legally identified them as anti-social Concentration campprisoners who were lesbian were forced to wear black triangle badges

Church and state

On the Jews and Their Lies by Martin LutherWittenberg 1543

Hitler extended his rationalizations into a religious doctrine supportedby his criticism of traditional Roman Catholicism In particular andclosely related to Positive Christianity he objected to Catholicismbecause it was not the religion of an exclusive race and its cultureSimultaneously the Nazis integrated to Nazism the communityelements of Lutheranism from its organic pagan past Hitleriantheology integrated militarism by proposing that his was a truemaster-religion because it would create mastery by avoiding comfortinglies About religions that preached love tolerance and equality ldquoincontravention to the factsrdquo Hitler said they were false slave religionsand that the man who recognized said ldquotruthsrdquo was a ldquonatural leaderrdquowhilst deniers were ldquonatural slavesrdquo hence slaves especially theintelligent continually hindered their masters with false religions

Although the ldquoNational Socialist leaders and dogmas were basicallyuncompromisingly antireligiousrdquo Nazi Germany usually did not directlyattack the Churches the exceptions being clerics who refusedaccommodation with the Nazi reacutegime Martin Bormann a prominentNazi official said Priests will be paid by us and as a result they willpreach what we want If we find a priest acting otherwise short work is to be made of him The task of the priestconsists in keeping the Poles quiet stupid and dull-witted[132] [133] To demoralize Poland the Nazis killed almost16 per cent of the Polish Catholic clergy 13 of 38 Bishops were sent to concentration camps[134] [135] These actionsand the closing of churches seminaries and other religious institutions almost succeeded in exterminating the Polishclergy[136]

In pro-Nazi countries fascist anti-clericalism was unofficial and was usually manifested in the arrests of selectclergy via false charges of immorality[137] [138] and secret harassment by Gestapo and SD agents provocateur Anotable case was that of Dietrich Bonhoeffer the Lutheran Pastor and theologian who fought Nazism in the GermanResistance[139] [140] Nonetheless the Nazis often used the Church to justify their politics by using Christiansymbols as Reich symbols and in other cases replacing Christian symbols with Reich symbols Nazism thusconflated Church and State as an ultra-nationalist political entity mdash the Nazi Germany embodied in the motto EinVolk ein Reich ein Fuumlhrer (ldquoOne People One Empire One Leaderrdquo)[141] [142]

Nazism 16

Julius Streicher

Several of the founders and leaders of the Nazi Party were members of theThule-Gesellschaft (Thule Society) who romanticized Aryan racesuperstitions with ritual and theology[143] Originally derived from theGermanenorden the Thule Society shared the racist superstitions ofAriosophy that were common to such pan-German groups Rudolf vonSebottendorf and a man named Wilde lectured the Thule Society onoccultism[144] Generally the societyrsquos lectures and excursions comprisedanti-Semitism and Germanic antiquity yet it is historically notable for havingfought as a paramilitary militia against the Bavarian Soviet Republic[145]

Dietrich Eckart an associate of the Thule Society coached Adolf Hitler as apublic speaker and Hitler later dedicated Mein Kampf to Eckart[146] TheDAP was initially supported by the Thule Society mdash but Hitler quicklyexcluded them in favour of a mass movement political party by denigratingtheir superstitious approach to politics[147] In contrast SS Chief HeinrichHimmler was much interested in the occult[141]

Regarding the persecution of Jews the contemporary historical perspective isthat in the period between the Protestant Reformation and the Holocaust Martin Luthers treatise On the Jews andtheir Lies (1543) exercised a major and persistent intellectual influence upon the German practice of anti-Semitismagainst Jewish citizens The Nazis publicly displayed an original of On the Jews and their Lies during the annualNuremberg rallies and the city also presented a first edition of it to Julius Streicher the editor of Der Stuumlrmer whichdescribed Lutherrsquos treatise as the most radically anti-Semitic tract ever published[148] [149]

Protestant Bishop Martin Sasse published a compendium of Martin Lutherrsquos writings shortly after Kristallnacht inthe introduction he approved of the burning of synagogues and mentioned the coincidental date ldquoOn November 101938 on Lutherrsquos birthday the synagogues are burning in Germanyrdquo He urged Germans to heed the words ldquoof thegreatest antisemite of his time the warner of his people against the Jewsrdquo[150] Theologian Johannes Wallmannhowever said Lutherrsquos anti-Semitic tract exercised no continual influence in Germany that it was mostly ignoredduring the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries[151] Nonetheless Prof Diarmaid MacCulloch said that On the Jewsand Their Lies was the blueprint for Kristallnacht[152]

Other ideologies

Strasserism

Gregor Strasser founder ofStrasserism

Before Hitler orchestrated the operation known as the Night of the Long Knives in 1934whereby a substantial base of the Nazi Partys left-wing block such as the Sturmabteilungwas purged of radical and disruptive elements two former Freikorps and SocialDemocratic Party activists named Otto and Gregor Strasser united their left-leaningideals to form a distinctly socialist strand of Nazism known as Strasserism

Strasserist ideology engaged in overt critique of Hitlers Fuhrerprinzip his affinities tothe conservative establishment and began attacking his policies through the NationalSocialist Newsletters and later ideological literature like Cabinet Seat or Revolutionwhile upholding aggressive anti-capitalist ideals The Strasser brothers consideredcapitalism stained by Jewish finance and called for a working-class genuinely socialistand ultra-nationalist revolution following Hitlers rise to power (which they called a

Nazism 17

half-revolution) emphasizing the socialist component of National Socialism and proposing a cooperative economicministry to direct Germanys economy in a more left-wing and guild-based direction[153] [154]

Arab nationalism[[|right|thumb|Haj Amin al-Husayni meeting with Adolf Hitler in December 1941]] National Socialist threads werealso popular with Arab nationalists at roughly the same time as in Europe and even continued beyond World WarII[155]

During the British Mandate in Palestine Haj Amin al-Husayni was appointed as Mufti of Jerusalem by HighCommissioner Herbert Samuel He was the principal leader of the Arab national movement in Palestine and apopular personality in the Arab world during most of the years of British rule[156] Amin met with Hitler and otherNazi officials on various occasions and attempted to coordinate Nazi and Arab policies to solve the Jewishproblem in Palestine[157] Due to al-Husaynis role of leadership and his association with the Nazi leader he wassometimes referred to as the fuhrer of the Arab world[158] [159] In one of the muftis speeches he said Kill theJews wherever you find themmdashthis pleases Allah[158] [160] [161]

In the 1930s wealthy Arab youths educated in Germany and having witnessed the rise of fascist paramilitarygroups began returning home with the idea of creating an Arab Nazi Party[162] The atmosphere of the 1930s Arabmovement was described by one of the leaders of the Syrian Baath Party Sami al-Jundi We were racists admiringNazism reading its books and the source of its thought[163] [164] [165] In 1935 Jamal al-Husayni (Haj Aminsbrother) established the Palestine Arab Party the party was used to create the fascist-style youth organizational-Futuwwa also sometimes called the Nazi Scouts[162] [166] [167] The organization recruited children and youthwho took the following oath Life -- my right independence -- my aspiration Arabism -- my country and there isno room in it for any but Arabs In this I believe and Allah is my witness[162] [166] The British expressed concern atthe situation in Palestine stating in a report that the growing youth and scout movements must be regarded as themost probable factors for the disturbance of the peace[162]

Nazism 18

Indian national socialismNational Socialist ideas were even advocated by some in India such as the National Socialist Council of Nagaland(and its various factions) in seeking a Nagalim for Christ as opposed to being a minority in a country of otherreligions[168] [169]

Economics

Deutsches VolkndashDeutsche Arbeit GermanPeople German Work the alliance of worker and

work (1934)

Regarding international finance Nazism postulated an internationalbanking Jewish conspiracy headed by a cabal of financiers responsiblefor the Great Depression The Nazis claimed that controllers of thecabal who had manœuvred themselves into economically controllingthe United States and Europe were a powerful Jewish eacutelite The Nazisbelieved that the cabal was integral to a greater long-term Jewishconspiracy wherein Jews would establish global domination via theNew World Order The banks that the cabal allegedly controlledexerted political influence upon nation-states by granting orwithholding credit

Nazi economic practice first concerned the immediate domesticeconomy of Germany then international trade To eliminateGermanyrsquos poverty domestic policy was narrowly concerned with fourmajor goals (i) elimination of unemployment (ii) rapid and substantialre-armament (iii) fiscal protection against resurgent hyper-inflationand (iv) expansion of consumer-goods production to raise middle- andlower- class living standards The intent was correcting theNazi-perceived short-comings of the Weimar Republic and to solidifydomestic support for the Nazi Party between 1933 and 1936 theGerman (Gross National Product) annually increased 95 per cent and the industrial rate increased 172 per cent

The expansion propelled the German economy from depression to full employment in less than four years Publicconsumption increased 187 per cent and private consumption increased 36 per cent annually Historian RichardEvans reports that before the outbreak of World War II in 1939 the German economy had recovered from theDepression faster than its counterparts in other countries Germanyrsquos foreign debt had been stabilized interest rateshad fallen to half their 1932 level the stock exchange had recovered from the Depression the gross national producthad risen by 81 per cent over the same period Inflation and unemployment had been conquered[170]

Private propertyPrivate property rights were conditional upon the economic mode of use if it did not advance Nazi economic goalsthe state could nationalize it[171] Nazi government corporate takeovers and threatened takeovers encouragedcompliance with government production plans even if unprofitable for the firm For example the owner of theJunkers aeroplane factory refused the governmentrsquos directives whereupon the Nazis occupied the factory andarrested Hugo Junkers but paid him for his nationalized business Although the Nazis privatised public propertiesand public services they also increased economic state control[172] Under Nazi economics free competition andself-regulating markets diminished nevertheless Adolf Hitlerrsquos social Darwinist beliefs made him reluctant toentirely disregard business competition and private property as economic engines[173] [174] In 1942 Hitler privatelysaid ldquoI absolutely insist on protecting private property we must encourage private initiativerdquo[175]

To the proposition that businesses were private property in name but not in substance but in The Journal of Economic History article The Role of Private Property in the Nazi Economy The Case of Industry Christoph

Nazism 19

Buchheim and Jonas Scherner counter that despite state control business had much production and investmentplanning freedom mdash yet acknowledge that Nazi German economy was state-directed[176]

CentralizationAgricultural and industrial central planning was a prominent feature of Nazi economics To tie farmers to the landselling agricultural land was prohibited farm ownership was nominally private but discretion over operations andresidual income were proscribed That was achieved by granting business monopoly rights to marketing boards tocontrol production and prices with a quota system Quotas also were established for industrial goods such as pigiron steel aluminium magnesium gunpowder explosives synthetic rubber fuels and electricity A compulsorycartel law was enacted in 1936 allowing the minister of economics to make existing cartels compulsory andpermanent and compel industries to form cartels where none existed although disestablished by decree by 1943they were replaced with more authoritarian economic agencies[177]

FinanceIn place of ordinary profit-incentive determining the economy financial investment was regulated per the needs ofthe state The profit incentive for businessmen remained but was greatly modified ldquoFixing of profits not theirsuppression was the official policy of the Nazi partyrdquo however Nazi agencies replaced the profit-motive thatautomatically allocated investment and the course of the economy[178] Nazi government financing eventuallydominated private financial investment which the proportion of private securities issued falling from over half of thetotal in 1933ndash34 to approximately 10 per cent in 1935ndash38 Heavy business-profit taxes limited self-financing offirms The largest firms were mostly exempt from taxes on profits however government control of these wereextensive enough to leave ldquoonly the shell of private ownershiprdquo Taxes and financial subsidies also directed theeconomy the underlying economic policy mdash terror mdash was incentive to agree and comply Nazi language indicateddeath or concentration camp for any business owner who pursued his own self-interest instead of the ends of theState The official decree was stamped into the rim of the silver Reichsmark coins between 1933 through the end ofWWII Gemeinnutz geht vor Eigennutz or The common good before self-interest[171]

Nazism 20

Ideological competition

The German Revolution of 1918ndash19 Freikorpssoldiers and Communist revolutionary prisoner

Bavaria

After World War I German Nazism and Bolshevik communismemerged as the two main political contenders for the governmentof Germany especially because the Weimar Republic governmentwas unstable What became the Nazi movement arose from farright business and political resistance to the Bolshevik-inspiredinsurgencies occurring in Germany during the post-war politicalinstability Moreover because the Russian Revolution of 1917legitimised Leninism Vladimir Leninrsquos interpretation of Marxismwhich inspired many German socialists To suppress the 1919Spartacist uprising general strike in Berlin and the BavarianSoviet Republic in Munich the Weimar Republic governmentused Freikorps (Free Corps) right-wing paramilitary groupscomposed of ex-soldiers Many Freikorps leaders including ErnstRoumlhm later became Nazi Party leaders

Nazism successfully competed for voters against communismbecause Nazism appealed to the anti-Bolshevik Germanestablishment mdash by promising socio-economic stability mdash and tothe working class mdash by promising jobs The Nazis particularlyappealed to the lumpenproletariat whom leftists had dismissed aspolitically inconsequential Nazi pro-labour rhetoric appealed toworkers disaffected with capitalism by promoting profitlimitations rent abolition and increased social benefits (forGerman gentiles only) whilst simultaneously proposing a politico-economic model that divested Marxist socialismof ideologic tenets dangerous to capitalism ie class struggle dictatorship of the proletariat and worker-controlledmeans of production Sociologist Michael Mann defined fascism as a ldquotranscendent and cleansing nation statismthrough paramilitarismrdquo with the word transcendent denoting the abolishment of social classes in order for the birthof a new organic and pure people all classes are abolished by transition all ldquoothersrdquo (approximately two-thirds ofthe German populace)[179] [180]

The Nazis sought to distinguish and separate themselves from conservative nationalist competitors such as theGerman National Peoples Party (DNVP) by officially denouncing conservatism and attacking conservativenationalists for being reactionary bourgeois enemies of the German nation who were equal in blame alongsideMarxism for Germanys downfall in 1918[181] The Nazis made alliances with the DNVP but they claimed that thesewere tactical in nature and that the two parties had significant ideological differences[182]

Nazism 21

Nazism in popular culture

The New Adventures of Hitler (CrisisNo 48 Stephen Yeowell)

In popular American culture the terms Nazi Fuumlhrer fascist Gestapo andHitler are terms of abuse used in describing authoritarian people hence theAmerican usages grammar Nazi and Feminazi (see Godwinrsquos Law of NaziAnalogies) Moreover the blackletter typefaces Fraktur and Schwabacher areassociated with Nazi propaganda despite the Nazis having proscribed them in1941[183] [184] In cinema the Indiana Jones series offers Nazi villains andthe video game website IGN declared Nazis as the most memorable videogame villains[185]

References

Bibliography

bull WS Allen (1965) The Nazi Seizure of Power The Experience of a SingleGerman Town 1922ndash1945 Penguin ISBN 0-14-023968-5

bull Peter Fritzsche (1990) Rehearsals for Fascism Populism and PoliticalMobilization in Weimar Germany New York Oxford University PressISBN 0-19-505780-5

bull Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (1985) The Occult Roots of Nazism Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on NaziIdeology The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany 1890ndash1935 Wellingborough England The Aquarian PressISBN 0-85030-402-4 (Several reprints Expanded with a new Preface 2004 IB Tauris amp Co ISBN1-86064-973-4)

bull mdashmdashmdash (2002) Black Sun Aryan Cults Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity New York University PressISBN 0-8147-3124-4 (Paperback 2003 ISBN 0-8147-3155-4)

bull Victor Klemperer (1947) LTI - Lingua Tertii Imperiibull Ludwig von Mises (1985 [1944]) Omnipotent Government The Rise of the Total State and Total War

Libertarian Press ISBN 0-91-088415-3bull Robert O Paxton (2005) The Anatomy of Fascism London Penguin Books Ltd ISBN 0-14-101432-6bull David Redles (2005) Hitlerrsquos Millennial Reich Apocalyptic Belief and the Search for Salvation New York

University Press ISBN 0-8147-7524-1bull Wolfgang Sauer ldquoNational Socialism Totalitarianism or Fascismrdquo pages 404ndash424 from The American Historical

Review Volume 73 Issue 2 December 1967bull Alfred Sohn-Rethel (1978) Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism London CSE Bks

ISBN 0-906336-00-7bull Richard Steigmann-Gall (2003) The Holy Reich Nazi Conceptions of Christianity 1919ndash1945 Cambridge

Cambridge University Press

Nazism 22

Notes[1] Time 22 July 1940 (http www time com time magazine article 0917176420600 html) JAPAN Imitation of Naziism[2] National Socialism (http www britannica com eb article-9055014 National-Socialism) Encyclopaeligdia Britannica[3] National Socialism (http encarta msn com encyclopedia_761560927 national_socialism html) Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia

2007 Archived (http www webcitation org 5kx4yRUqH) 2009-11-01[4] Walter John Raymond Dictionary of Politics (1992) ISBN 1-55618-008-X p 327[5] National Socialism (http www bartleby com 65 na NatlSoci html) The Columbia Encyclopedia Sixth Edition 2001-07[6] Fritzsche Peter 1998 Germans into Nazis Cambridge Mass Harvard University Press[7] Kele Max H (1972) Nazis and Workers National Socialist Appeals to German Labor 1919ndash1933 Chapel Hill The University of North

Carolina Press[8] Payne Stanley G 1995 A History of Fascism 1914ndash45 Madison WI University of Wisconsin Press[9] Eatwell Roger 1996 ldquoOn Defining the lsquoFascist Minimumrsquo the Centrality of Ideologyrdquo Journal of Political Ideologies 1(3)303ndash19 and

Eatwell Roger 1997 Fascism A History New York Allen Lane[10] Neocleous Mark Fascism Minneapolis Minnesota USA University of Minnesota Press 1997 p 23[11] Fritzsche Peter 1998 Germans into Nazis Cambridge Mass Harvard University Press Eatwell Roger Fascism A History

VikingPenguin 1996 pp xvii-xxiv 21 26ndash31 114ndash140 352 Griffin Roger 2000 Revolution from the Right Fascism chapter in DavidParker (ed) Revolutions and the Revolutionary Tradition in the West 1560-1991 Routledge London

[12] Blamires Cyprian Jackson Paul World fascism a historical encyclopedia Volume 1 Santa Barbara California USA ABC-CLIO Inc2006 p 61

[13] Bendersky Joseph W A history of Nazi Germany 1919-1945 2nd ed Burnham Publishers 2000 p 176[14] Bendersky Joseph W A history of Nazi Germany 1919-1945 2nd ed Burnham Publishers 2000 p 24[15] The Nazi Economic Recovery 1932-1938 R J Overy Economic History Society[16] Francis R Nicosia Business and Industry in Nazi Germany Berghan Books p 43[17] Bendersky Joseph W A history of Nazi Germany 1919-1945 2nd ed Burnham Publishers 2000 p 159[18] Bendersky Joseph W A history of Nazi Germany 1919-1945 2nd ed Burnham Publishers 2000 p 40[19] Die Nationalsozialistische Bewegung (http www britannica com EBchecked topic 405810 Die-Nationalsozialistische-Bewegung)

Britannica Retrieved on 27 July 2010[20] Goebbels Joseph The Nazi-Sozi Questions amp Answers for National Socialists Landpost Press 1999 Pp 19[21] pronounced German pronunciation [natsjoˈnaːlzotsiaːˌlistiʃə ˈdɔytʃə ˈarbaitɐparˌtai][22] The term Sozi (zoːtsi) is short for the German word Sozialdemokrat (pronounced zotsjaːldemoˌkraːt) meaning social democrat[23] Franz H Mautner (1944) Nazi und Sozi (http jstor org stable 2910599) Modern Language Notes (Modern Language Notes Vol 59

No 2) 59 (2) 93ndash100 doi1023072910599 [24] Sternhell Zeev The Birth of Fascist Ideology From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution[25] Tombs Robert (1996) France 1814ndash1914 London Longman pp 85114 ISBN 0582493145[26] ldquoFebruary 24 1920 Nazi Party Establishedrdquo (history) Yad Vashem The Holocaust Martyrsrsquo and Heroesrsquo Remembrance Authority 2004

webpage YV-Party (http yad-vashem org il about_holocaust chronology before_1933 chronology_before_1933_8 html)[27] ldquoNazi Partyrdquo (overview) Encyclopaeligdia Britannica 2006 Britannicacom webpage Britannica-NaziParty (http www britannica com eb

article-9055111 Nazi-Party)[28] ldquoAustralian Memories of the Holocaustrdquo (history) Glossary definition of Nazi (party) NSW Board of Jewish Education New South

Wales Australia HolocaustComAu-Glossary (http www holocaust com au glossary htm)[29] ldquoLexicon Dolchstosslegenderdquo (definition) wwwicons-multimediacom 2005 webpage DolchSL (http www icons-multimedia com

ClientsArea HoH LIBARC LEXICON LexEntry Dolchsto html)[30] ldquoFlorida Holocaust Museum - Antisemitism - Post World War 1rdquo (history) wwwflholocaustmuseumorg 2003 webpage Post-WWI

Antisemitism (http www flholocaustmuseum org history_wing antisemitism post_ww1 cfm)[31] ldquoTHHP Short Essay What Was the Final Solutionrdquo Holocaust-Historyorg July 2004 webpage HoloHist-Final (http www

holocaust-history org short-essays final-solution shtml) notes that Hermann Goumlering used the term in his order of July 31 1941 to ReinhardHeydrich of Reich Main Security

[32] Powell Phillip Wayne (1985) Tree of Hate Vallecito Calif Ross House Books p 48 ISBN 0465087507[33] Fodor MW (1936-02-05) The Spread of Hitlerism (http newdeal feri org nation na3656 htm) The Nation New Deal Network p

156 Retrieved 2008-04-05[34] Ryback Timothy W Hitlers Private Library The Books That Shaped His Life New York Toronto Vintage Books 2010 pp 129-130[35] Ryback Timothy W Hitlers Private Library The Books That Shaped His Life New York Toronto Vintage Books 2010 p 129[36] Ryback Timothy W Hitlers Private Library The Books That Shaped His Life New York Toronto Vintage Books 2010 p 130[37] Ryback Timothy W Hitlers Private Library The Books That Shaped His Life New York Toronto Vintage Books 2010 p 130[38] Robert Gerwarth The Bismarck myth Weimar Germany and the legacy of the Iron Chancellor Oxford England UK New York New

York USA Oxford University Press Pp 150[39] Robert Gerwarth The Bismarck myth Weimar Germany and the legacy of the Iron Chancellor Oxford England UK New York New

York USA Oxford University Press Pp 149

Nazism 23

[40] Robert Gerwarth The Bismarck myth Weimar Germany and the legacy of the Iron Chancellor Oxford England UK New York NewYork USA Oxford University Press Pp 54

[41] Robert Gerwarth The Bismarck myth Weimar Germany and the legacy of the Iron Chancellor Oxford England UK New York NewYork USA Oxford University Press Pp 131

[42] Blamires Cyprian Jackson Paul World fascism a historical encyclopedia Volume 1 Santa Barbara California USA ABC-CLIO Inc2006 p 62

[43] Stackelberg Roderick Winkle Sally Anne The Nazi Germany sourcebook an anthology of texts London England UK Routledge 2002p 11

[44] Stackelberg Roderick Winkle Sally Anne The Nazi Germany sourcebook an anthology of texts London England UK Routledge 2002p 11

[45] Blamires Cyprian Jackson Paul World fascism a historical encyclopedia Volume 1 Santa Barbara California USA ABC-CLIO Inc2006 p 126

[46] Roderick Stackelberg Sally Anne Winkle The Nazi Germany sourcebook an anthology of texts New York New York USA Routledge2002 Pp 45

[47] Ian Kershaw Hitler 1936-45 nemesis New York New York USA W W Norton amp Company Inc 2001 Pp 588[48] David Welch Hitler profile of a dictator 2nd edition New York New York USA UCL Press 2001 Pp 13-14[49] David Welch Hitler profile of a dictator 2nd edition New York New York USA UCL Press 2001 Pp 16[50] Blamires Cyprian Jackson Paul World fascism a historical encyclopedia Volume 1 Santa Barbara California USA ABC-CLIO Inc

2006 p 628[51] Blamires Cyprian Jackson Paul World fascism a historical encyclopedia Volume 1 Santa Barbara California USA ABC-CLIO Inc

2006 p 629[52] Cyprian Blamires Paul Jackson World fascism a historical encyclopedia Volume 1 Santa Barbara California USA ABC-CLIO Inc

2006 Pp 628[53] Heinrich August Winkler Alexander Sager Germany The Long Road West English edition Oxford England UK Oxford University

Press 2006 Pp 414[54] Eric D Weitz Weimar Germany promise and tragedy Princeton New Jersey USA Princeton University Press 2007 Pp 336-337[55] H Stuart Hughes Oswald Spengler New Brunswick New Jersey USA Transaction Publishers 1992 Pp 108[56] H Stuart Hughes Oswald Spengler New Brunswick New Jersey USA Transaction Publishers 1992 Pp 109[57] Eric D Weitz Weimar Germany promise and tragedy Princeton New Jersey USA Princeton University Press 2007 Pp 336[58] Ian Kershaw Hitler 1889ndash1936 hubris New York New York USA London England UK W W Norton amp Company 2000 Pp 182[59] Fulda Bernhard Press and Politics in the Weimar Republic Oxford University Press 2009 p 65[60] Carlsten FL The Rise of Fascism 2nd ed University of California Press 1982 p 80[61] David Jablonsky The Nazi Party in dissolution Hitler and the Verbotzeit 1923ndash1925 London England UK Totowa New Jersey USA

Frank Cass and Company Ltd 1989 Pp 20ndash26 30[62] Stanley G Payne A history of fascism 1914-1945 Madison Wisconsin USA Wisconsin University Press 1995 pp 463-464[63] Stanley G Payne A history of fascism 1914-1945 Madison Wisconsin USA Wisconsin University Press 1995 p 463[64] Stanley G Payne A history of fascism 1914-1945 Madison Wisconsin USA Wisconsin University Press 1995 p 464[65] Ian Kershaw Hitler A Profile in Power (London 1991 rev 2001) first chapter[66] Ian Kershaw 1991 chapter I[67] Ernst Nolte Der Faschismus in seiner Epoche (Fascism in its Epoch) Muumlnchen 1963 ISBN 3-492-02448-3[68] Laqueuer 1996 p 223 Eatwell 1996 p 39 Griffin 1991 2000 p 185-201 Weber [1964] 1982 p 8 Payne (1995) Fritzsche (1990)

Laclau (1977) and Reich (1970)[69] Payne Stanley G A history of fascism 1914-1945 Abingdon England UK Routledge 1995 2005 (Digital Printing edition) p 463[70] Nazi foreign policy 1933-1941 the road to global war London England UK New York New York USA Routledge 2004 Pp 10[71] Carlsten 1982 p 80[72] Fortescue William The Third Republic in France 1870-1940 conflicts and continuities London England UK New York New York

USA Routledge 2000 Pp 181[73] Scobie Alexander Hitlers state architecture the impact of classical antiquity Pennsylvania State University Press 1990 Pp 22 38[74] Scobie Alexander Hitlers state architecture the impact of classical antiquity Pennsylvania State University Press 1990 Pp 22[75] Nazi foreign policy 1933-1941 the road to global war London England UK New York New York USA Routledge 2004 Pp 9[76] Neocleous Mark Fascism Minneapolis Minnesota USA University of Minnesota Press 1997 pp 23-25[77] Gillette Aaron Racial theories in fascist Italy London England UK New York New York USA Routledge 2002 p 44[78] Gillette Aaron Racial theories in fascist Italy London England UK New York New York USA Routledge 2002 p 46[79] Nicholls David Adolf Hitler a biographical companion Santa Barbara California USA ABC-CLIO 2000 p 211[80] Gillette Aaron Racial theories in fascist Italy London England UK New York New York USA Routledge 2002 p 45[81] Joshua D Zimmerman Jews in Italy under Fascist and Nazi rule 1922-1945 New York New York USA Cambridge University Press

2005 Pp 27[82] Joshua D Zimmerman Jews in Italy under Fascist and Nazi rule 1922-1945 New York New York USA Cambridge University Press

2005 Pp 29 116

Nazism 24

[83] Joshua D Zimmerman Jews in Italy under Fascist and Nazi rule 1922-1945 New York New York USA Cambridge University Press2005 Pp 27

[84] Benito Mussolini Richard Washburn Child Max Ascoli Richard Lamb My rise and fall Da Capo Press 1998 pp 2 38[85] Griffen Roger (ed) Fascism Oxford University Press 1995 p 59[86] Benito Mussolini Richard Washburn Child Max Ascoli Richard Lamb My rise and fall Da Capo Press 1998 p 106[87] Benito Mussolini Richard Washburn Child Max Ascoli Richard Lamb My rise and fall Da Capo Press 1998 pp 105ndash106[88] Burgwyn H James Italian foreign policy in the interwar period 1918-1940 p 43 Greenwood Publishing Group 1997[89] Enzo Collotti Race Law in Italy in Christoph Dipper et al Faschismus und Faschismen im Vergleich Vierow 1998 ISBN 3-89498-045-1[90] cf Roger Griffin The Blackwell Dictionary of Social Thought ldquoInternational Fascismrdquo 35f and Anthony Paxton Anatomy of Fascism

London 2004 p 218 and Stanley Payne A History of Fascism 1914ndash1945 University of Wisconsin Press 1995 p 14[91] Bendersky Joseph W A history of Nazi Germany 1919-1945 2nd ed Burnham Publishers 2000 p 72[92] Carroll Quigley Tragedy and Hope 1966 p 619[93] R J Overy The dictators Hitlers Germany and Stalins Russia W W Norton amp Company Inc 2004 Pp 399[94] RJ Overy The dictators Hitlers Germany and Stalins Russia W W Norton amp Company Inc 2004 p 403[95] R J Overy The dictators Hitlers Germany and Stalins Russia W W Norton amp Company Inc 2004 p 399[96] RJ Overy The dictators Hitlers Germany and Stalins Russia W W Norton amp Company Inc 2004 p 399[97] RJ Overy The dictators Hitlers Germany and Stalins Russia W W Norton amp Company Inc 2004 p 402[98] RJ Overy The dictators Hitlers Germany and Stalins Russia W W Norton amp Company Inc 2004 p 402[99] Joseph Nyomarkay Charisma and Factionalism in the Nazi Party Minnesota University Press 1967 p 132[100] Joseph Nyomarkay Charisma and Factionalism in the Nazi Party Minnesota University Press 1967 p 130[101] Joseph Nyomarkay Charisma and Factionalism in the Nazi Party Minnesota University Press 1967 p 130[102] Joseph Nyomarkay Charisma and Factionalism in the Nazi Party Minnesota University Press 1967 p 133[103] Anthony Read The Devils disciples Hitlers inner circle First American Edition New York New York USA W W Norton amp

Company 2004 p 142[104] Lee Stephen J (1996) Weimar and Nazi Germany Harcourt Heinemann p 28[105] Henry A Turner German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler Oxford University Press 1985 p 62[106] Turner Henry A (1985) German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler Oxford University Press p 77 ISBN 0-19-503492-9[107] They must unite he [Hitler] said to defeat the common enemy Jewish Marxism A New Beginning Adolf Hitler Voumllkischer Beobachter

February 1925 Cited in Toland John (1992) Adolf Hitler Anchor Books p 207 ISBN 0385037244[108] Cited in Kershaw Ian (2008) Hitler the Germans and the Final Solution Yale University Press p 53 ISBN 0300124279[109] Hitlerrsquos speech on May 1 1927 Cited in Toland John (1992) Adolf Hitler Anchor Books pp 224ndash225 ISBN 0385037244[110] Henry A Turner German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler Oxford University Press 1985 p 77[111] Turner Henry Ashby (1985) German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler Oxford University Press p 114 ISBN 0195034929[112] Carsten Francis Ludwig (1982)The Rise of Fascism 2nd ed University of California Press p 137 Quoting Hitler A Sunday Express

September 28 1930[113] Calic Edouard (1968) Ohne Maske (Without a Mask) Frankfurter Societaumlts-Druckerei pp 11 32ndash33 Translated by RH Barry as

Unmasked Two Confidential Interviews with Hitler in 1931 London Chatto amp Windus 1971 ISBN 0-7011-1642-0 Hitlerrsquos confidential1931 interviews were with Richard Breiting editor of the Leipziger Neueste Nachrichten Cited in Bel Germagrave (2006) Against TheMainstream Nazi Privatization In 1930s Germany (http www ub es irea working_papers 2006 200607 pdf) Research Institute ofApplied Economics 2006 Working Papers 20067 p 14 Also cited in Richard Pipes Property and Freedom 1998 p 416 which is cited inRichard Allen Epstein Principles for a Free Society De Capo Press p 168 ISBN 0-7382-0829-9

[114] Goebbels Joseph Mjoumllnir (1932) Die verfluchten Hakenkreuzler Etwas zum Nachdenken Munich Franz Eher Nachfolger Englishtranslation Those Damned Nazis (http www calvin edu academic cas gpa haken32 htm)

[115] Bendersky Joseph W A history of Nazi Germany 1919-1945 2nd ed Burnham Publishers 2000 pp 58-59[116] Hicks Stephen (2006 2010) Nietzsche and the Nazis A Personal View Ockhamrsquos Razor Publishing[117] Burleigh Michael 2000 The Third Reich A New History New York USA Hill and Wang pp 76-77[118] Burleigh 2000 p 77[119] Ian Kershaw Hitler A Profile in Power first chapter ldquoThe power of the ideardquo (London 1991 rev 2001)[120] Alfred Rosenberg Der Mythus des 20 Jahrhunderts Eine Wertung der seelisch-geistigen Gestaltenkaumlmpfe unserer Zeit 1-34 Aufl

Muumlnchen 1934[121] Ball Terence and Bellamy Richard (2003) The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought Cambridge Cambridge

University Press ISBN 0-521-56354-2[122] Richard A Koenigsberg Nations have the right to kill Hitler the Holocaust and war New York New York USA Library of Social

Science 2009 Pp 2[123] ldquoBBC - History - Hitler and Lebensraum in the Eastrdquo (history) wwwbbccouk 2004 webpage Lebensraum (http www bbc co uk

history worldwars wwtwo hitler_lebensraum_01 shtml)[124] Hitler Adolf (1961) Hitlers Secret Book New York Grove Press pp 8ndash9 17ndash18 ISBN 0394620038 OCLC 9830111 Sparta must be

regarded as the first Voumllkisch State The exposure of the sick weak deformed children in short their destruction was more decent and intruth a thousand times more humane than the wretched insanity of our day which preserves the most pathological subject

Nazism 25

[125] Mike Hawkins (1997) Social Darwinism in European and American Thought 1860ndash1945 nature as model and nature as threat (http books google com id=SszNCxSKmgkCamp pg=PA276amp dq=Hitlers+ Secret+ Book+ sparta) Cambridge University Press pp 276ISBN 052157434X OCLC 34705047

[126] Called ldquotransnationalrdquo Michael Mann see references[127] Plant 1986 p 99[128] Pretzel Andreas (2005) Vom Staatsfeind zum Volksfeind Zur Radikalisierung der Homosexuellenverfolgung im Zusammenwirken von

Polizei und Justiz (http books google de booksid=HaZwHeBm2lkCamp pg=PA236amp lpg=PA236v=onepageamp q=amp f=false) In ZurNieden Susanne Homosexualitaumlt und Staatsraumlson Maumlnnlichkeit Homophobie und Politik in Deutschland 1900-1945 FrankfurtM CampusVerlag p 236 ISBN 9783593377490

[129] Bennetto Jason (1997-11-01) Holocaust Gay activists press for German apology (http findarticles com p articles mi_qn4158 is_ai_n14142669) The Independent Retrieved 2008-12-26

[130] The Holocaust Chronicle Publications International Ltd p 108[131] Plant Richard The Pink Triangle The Nazi War Against Homosexuals Owl Books 1988 ISBN 0-8050-0600-1[132] Davidson Eugene (http press umsystem edu spring2004 davidson htm) The Trial of the Germans Originally published New York

Macmillan 1966 Republished by University of Missouri Press 1997 p 527 ltgooglebookscomgt[133] Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol 7 (Feb 8 1946) The Avalon Project Documents in Law History and Diplomacy Accessed

2008-10-25 Avalonlawyaleedu (http avalon law yale edu imt 02-08-46 asp)[134] Piotrowski Tadeusz Polands Holocaust Ethnic Strife Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic

1918-1947 McFarland 1998 NC p 28 ltgooglebookscomgt[135] Bergen Doris L (http cjs utoronto ca faculty bergen-doris) War and Genocide A Concise History of the Holocaust p 105 Published

by Rowman amp Littlefield 2003 ltgooglebookscomgt[136] The Trial of German Major War Criminals Sitting at Nuremberg Germany (January 8 1946) The Nizkor Project Nizkororg (http

www nizkor org hweb imt tgmwc tgmwc-04 tgmwc-04-29-02 shtml) For example Entire Kreise (districts) remained thus completelydeprived of clergy In the city of Poznan itself the spiritual care of some 200000 Catholics remained in the hands of not more than fourpriests

[137] Holy War TIME May 31 1937 Timecom (http www time com time magazine article 0917184786600 html) [Hitler] had longbeen lining up evidence to prove that German Catholic monasteries were hotbeds of immorality In a climactic triumphant effort to squelchCatholicism on Aryan soil he threw all the immorality trials into the courts at the same time He hoped that wholesale convictions woulddestroy the prestige of the Catholic Church for good that the Reichs 2000000 or so Catholic children would be transformed without a hitchinto little Brown Shirts

[138] Trial of German Major War Criminals (Volume 3) Dec 17 1945 The Nizkor Project Nizkororg (http www nizkor org hweb imttgmwc tgmwc-03 tgmwc-03-21-16 html) The struggle against the Church did in fact become ever more bitter there was the dissolution ofCatholic organisations the systematic defamation by means of a clever closely organised propaganda of the Church the clergy in thesummer of 1942 480 German-speaking ministers of religion were known to be gathered there of these 45 were Protestants all the othersCatholic priests In spite of the continuous inflow of new internees especially from dioceses of Bavaria Rhenania and Westphalia theirnumber as a result of the high rate of mortality at the beginning of this year did not surpass 350 Nor should we pass over in silence thosebelonging to occupied territories (esp in predominantly Catholic Poland) Holland Belgium France (among whom the Bishop of Clermont)Luxembourg Slovenia Italy and Hungary Many of those priests and laymen endured indescribable sufferings for their faith and for theirvocation

[139] The Trial of German Major War Criminals (Volume 1) Nov 21 1945 The Nizkor Project Nizkororg (http www nizkor org hweb imttgmwc tgmwc-01 tgmwc-01-02-04 html) A most intense drive was directed against the Roman Catholic Church After a strategicConcordat with the Holy See signed in July 1933 in Rome which never was observed by the Nazi Party a long and persistent persecution ofthe Catholic Church its priesthood and its members was carried outPriests and bishops were laid upon riots were stimulated to harass themand many were sent to concentration camps

[140] Nizkor Nazi Conspiracy amp Aggression Volume II Criminality of Groups and Organizations The Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo) ampSicherheitsdienst The Nizkor Project Nizkororg (http www nizkor org hweb imt nca nca-02 nca-02-15-criminality-06-07 html) (2)The GESTAPO and the SD were primary agencies for the persecution of the churches The fight against the churches was never brought outinto the open by the GESTAPO and the SD as in the case of the persecution of the Jews The struggle was designed to weaken the churchesand to lay a foundation for the ultimate destruction of the confessional churches after the end of the war (1815-PS) [ ] The notes on thespeeches delivered at this conference indicate that the GESTAPO considered the church as an enemy to be attacked with determination andtrue fanaticism

[141] Steigmann-Gall 2003[142] Johnson Eric A (http www chsbs cmich edu history faculty johnson htm) Nazi Terror The Gestapo Jews and Ordinary Germans

Basic Books 2000 NY pp 234-235 ltgooglebookscomgt[143] Goodrick-Clarke 1985 149 and 2003 114[144] per the diary of Johannes Hering Goodrick-Clarke (2002) Black Sun pp 116-17[145] Goodrick-Clarke (2002) pp 114 117[146] Goodrick-Clarke 2002 117[147] Goodrick-Clarke (1985) pp 150ndash51

Nazism 26

[148] Scholarship for Martin Lutherrsquos 1543 treatise On the Jews and their Lies exercising influence on Germanyrsquos attitude

bull Wallmann Johannes ldquoThe Reception of Lutherrsquos Writings on the Jews from the Reformation to the End of the 19th Centuryrdquo LutheranQuarterly ns 1 (Spring 1987) 172ndash97 Wallmann writes ldquoThe assertion that Lutherrsquos expressions of anti-Jewish sentiment have been ofmajor and persistent influence in the centuries after the Reformation and that there exists a continuity between Protestant anti-Judaism andmodern racially oriented anti-Semitism is at present wide-spread in the literature since the Second World War it has understandablybecome the prevailing opinionrdquo

bull Michael Robert Holy Hatred Christianity Antisemitism and the Holocaust New York Palgrave Macmillan 2006 see chapter 4 ldquoTheGermanies from Luther to Hitlerrdquo pp 105ndash151

bull Hillerbrand Hans J ldquoMartin Lutherrdquo Encyclopaedia Britannica 2007 Hillerbrand writes ldquo[H]is strident pronouncements against theJews especially toward the end of his life have raised the question of whether Luther significantly encouraged the development ofGerman anti-Semitism Although many scholars have taken this view this perspective puts far too much emphasis on Luther and notenough on the larger peculiarities of German historyrdquo

[149] Ellis Marc H ldquoHitler and the Holocaust Christian Anti-Semitismrdquo (http www3 baylor edu American_Jewisheverythingthatusedtobehere resources PowerPoints Christian Anti-Semitism (part 2) ppt) Baylor University Center for American andJewish Studies Spring 2004 slide 14 Also see Nuremberg Trial Proceedings (http elsinore cis yale edu lawweb avalon imt proc04-29-46 htmherrwerth) Vol 12 p 318 Avalon Project Yale Law School April 19 1946

[150] Bernd Nellessen ldquoDie schweigende Kirche Katholiken und Judenverfolgungrdquo in Buumlttner (ed) Die Deutchschen und die Jugendverfolg imDritten Reich p 265 cited in Daniel Goldhagen Hitlerrsquos Willing Executioners (Vintage 1997)

[151] Wallmann Johannes ldquoThe Reception of Lutherrsquos Writings on the Jews from the Reformation to the End of the 19th Centuryrdquo LutheranQuarterly ns 1 Spring 1987 172-97

[152] Diarmaid MacCulloch Reformation Europes House Divided 1490ndash1700 New York Penguin Books Ltd 2004 pp 666ndash667[153] Karl Dietrich Bracher The German Dictatorship 1973 pp 230-1[154] Ernst Nolte Three Faces of Fascism 1969 pp 425-426[155] Wild Stefan (1985) National Socialism in the Arab near East between 1933 and 1939 (https www tcd ie history undergraduate pdf

bwwii jstorarticles Stefan Wild National Socialims in the Arab Middle East 1933 1939 pdf) Die Welt des Islams New Series Bd 25 Nr14 (1985) pp 126-173

[156] The Mufti of Jerusalem Al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni and the Palestinian National Movement Studies of the Middle East Institute PhilipMattar Columbia University Press 1992 p 13

[157] The Israel-Arab reader a documentary history of the Middle East conflict by Walter Laqueur Barry M Rubin 2001 p 51[158] Icon of Evil Hitlers Mufti and the Rise of Radical Islam - Google Books (http books google com booksid=QMts5Z36kjAC)

Booksgooglecom Retrieved August 21 2010[159] Michael George (April 24 2006) The Enemy of My Enemy The Alarming Convergence of Militant Islam And the Extreme Right (http

books google ca booksid=ZPA_iRdmJa0Camp pg=PA390amp dq=arab+ fuhreramp hl=enamp ei=E5_iTPvPBZ-Qnwezz4G6Dwamp sa=Xampoi=book_resultamp ct=resultamp resnum=2amp ved=0CC0Q6AEwAQv=onepageamp q=arab fuhreramp f=false) University Press of KansasISBN 0700614443 Retrieved November 16 2010

[160] Israelis not welcome to derelict Jerusalem hotel (http www reuters com article idUSLDE62P0OF20100326) Douglas HamiltonReuters Mar 26 2010 Retrieved November 16 2010

[161] HISTORY SHOWS THAT TRUE PEACE IS NOT POSSIBLE WITH ARABS (http nl newsbank com nl-search weArchivesp_product=PBPBamp p_theme=pbpbamp p_action=searchamp p_maxdocs=200amp p_topdoc=1amp p_text_direct-0=0EAF86EF66F26B9Eampp_field_direct-0=document_idamp p_perpage=10amp p_sort=YMD_dateDamp s_trackval=GooglePM) Joshua P Feiler The Palm Beach PostMay 9 1994 Retrieved November 16 2010

[162] Armies of the young child soldiers in war and terrorism The Rutgers series in childhood studies David M Rosen Rutgers UniversityPress 2005 page 106 (http books google ca booksid=zQYQ0tho6mACamp printsec=frontcoveramp dq=Armies+ of+ the+ young+ child+soldiers+ in+ war+ and+ terrorismamp hl=enamp ei=jKHQTMuKFI3_ngeCv8SGBwamp sa=Xamp oi=book_resultamp ct=resultamp resnum=1ampved=0CDAQ6AEwAAv=onepageamp q=oathamp f=false)

[163] Semites and anti-Semites an inquiry into conflict and prejudice Bernard Lewis W W Norton amp Company 1999 page 147 (http books google com booksid=GteStbiDEjACamp pg=PA147v=onepageamp qamp f=false)

[164] A View From The Other Side An Introduction To Arab Media (http www jamestown org programs gta single tx_ttnewsamp91tt_newsamp 93=450amp tx_ttnewsamp 91backPidamp 93=178amp no_cache=1) Evgenii Novikov The Jamestown Foundation RetrievedNovember 1 2010

[165] Hitleracutes acuteMein Kampfacute A Best-Seller in Turkey (http www israelnationalnews com News News aspx 78801) Arutz Sheva RetrievedNovember 1 2010

[166] Righteous victims a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict 1881-2001 Benny Morris Knopf (http books google cabooksid=M7tr9_rCwD0Camp pg=PA124amp lpg=PA124amp dq=there+ is+ no+ room+ in+ it+ for+ any+ but+ Arabs + In+ this+ I+ believe+ and+Allah+ is+ my+ witness amp source=blamp ots=jGE6MlCxVnamp sig=wqKOeXwyrKVImRZOMBX5zx2mWWIamp hl=enampei=ldXQTOfRKIOPnwf6l9DLDAamp sa=Xamp oi=book_resultamp ct=resultamp resnum=1amp ved=0CBQQ6AEwAAv=onepageamp q=there is noroom in it for any but Arabs In this I believe and Allah is my witness amp f=false)

[167] Does Islam and Shariah Have More In Common With Nazi Ideology Than With Religion (http canadafreepress com index phparticle 28604) Steven Simpson Canada Free Press Retrieved November 1 2010

Nazism 27

[168] http www nagalimvoice com p=59[169] http www outlookindia com article aspx265744[170] Evans The Third Reich in Power 1933ndash1939 Penguin Press 2005 p 409)[171] Peter Temin (November 1991gt) Economic History Review New Series 44 (4) 573ndash593[172] Guillebaud Claude W 1939 The Economic Recovery of Germany 1933-1938 London MacMillan and Co Limited[173] Barkai Avaraham 1990 Nazi Economics Ideology Theory and Policy Oxford Berg Publisher[174] Hayes Peter 1987 Industry and Ideology IG Farben in the Nazi Era Cambridge University Press[175] Hitler A transl Norman Cameron R H Stevens intro H R Trevor-Roper (2000) March 24 1942 Hitlerrsquos Table Talk 1941ndash1944

His Private Conversations Enigma Books pp 162ndash163 ISBN 1929631057[176] Christoph Buchheim (27Jun2006) The Role of Private Property in the Nazi Economy The Case of Industry The Journal of Economic

History 390ndash416[177] Philip C Newman (August 1948) Key German Cartels under the Nazi Regime (http jstor org stable 1881766) The Quarterly

Journal of Economics 62 (4) 576ndash595 doi1023071881766 [178] Arthur Scheweitzer (Nov 1946) Profits Under Nazi Planning The Quarterly Journal of Economics 61 (1) 5[179] Hannah Arendt Elemente der Urspruumlnge totalitaumlrer Herrschaft = The Origins of Totalitarianism New York 1952 Bern 1955[180] Michael Mann Fascists CUP 2004 p 13[181] Hermann Beck The fateful alliance German Conservatives and the Nazis in 1933 The Machtergreifung in a New Light Berghahn Books

2008 158-161 163[182] Hermann Beck The fateful alliance German Conservatives and the Nazis in 1933 The Machtergreifung in a New Light Berghahn Books

2008 158[183] NAZI and Fraktur (http home arcor de lutz schweizer schrifterlass html)[184] Schwabach SPD (http www spd-schwabach de content service schrift ) Spd-schwabachde Retrieved 2009-02-27[185] IGN Top 10 Tuesday Most Memorable Villains (http cube ign com articles 694 694410p1 html) Cubeigncom 2006-03-07

Retrieved 2009-02-27

External linksbull Hitlerrsquos National Socialist Party platform (http avalon law yale edu subject_menus nca_v4menu asp)bull NS-Archiv (http www ns-archiv de index php) a large collection of scanned original Nazi documentsbull WWII Nazi Thugs and Thinkers (http www life com image first in-gallery 23127

wwii-nazi-thugs-and-thinkers) - slideshow by Life magazinebull Exhibit on Hitler and the Germans (http www nytimes com slideshow 2010 10 16 world

20101016_HITLER html) - slideshow by The New York Timesbull Jonathan Meades (1994) Jerry Building - Unholy Relics of Nazi Germany (http www youtube com

watchv=jagoBzZT1q8) (in 4 parts)

Article Sources and Contributors 28

Article Sources and ContributorsNazism Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphpoldid=415153139 Contributors (jarbarf) 0nullbinary0 172 1wheel 23skidoo 49ers14 4I74I7 4granite 4wajzkd02 A Nobody A p3rson AS Brown A8UDI A930913 AI AUBERITTE Aagrippa Aaron Schulz Abe Lincoln Abennet12 Academic Challenger Ace101 Acegikmo1 Acetic Acid Adam Bishop Adashiel Adavidb Aernyes Agathoclea Ahen1020 Ahoerstemeier Airconswitch Akamad Alansohn Alecmconroy Aleph4 Alex 05 Alex S Alex earlier account Alex2706 AlexLevyOne Algebra Alienus Alimustafakhan Allixpeeke Allstarecho Alphachimp Altenmann Alternocrat Aluion Alvaro Amalas AmishSexy Anarchangel Anaxial Andrea Virga Andrewpmk Andrewsz1991 Andreyf Andries Andy Marchbanks Andyahaziz AngelOfSadness Angr Angusmclellan AniMate Ant Antaeus Feldspar Antandrus AntelopeInSearchOfTruth Anthere Anthony Appleyard Apostrophe Aram33 ArglebargleIV Aristophanes68 AryeitskiySaldat Asarelah AshJones555 Asorvia Asterix Astroview120mm Atlant Atlastawake Atomsgive Aude Auntof6 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Thekoyaanisqatsi Theodoreocho Theresa knott Thernlund Thesmartmanwhoknowshisstuff Thething88 ThirdParty Thismightbezach Thomas419ca Thorn969 Throwaway85 Thumperward Tijfo098 Tim Starling TimVickers Timc Timwi Titanium Dragon Titoxd TmanMrT Tom harrison Tom007 TommyOliver Tomtheman5 Tony Sidaway TonyBallioni TonySt Torstenaf Tothebarricadestk TotoBaggins Tregoweth Trevor MacInnis Trilobite TruthSeeker777 Tsmall2231 Tulkolahten TutterMouse Twestgard Tyciol Tzaquiel UNSC Trooper Ubberflubber UberCryxic UberMan5000 Ugen64 Ugur Basak Ulrichfuchs Unyoyega Urhixidur User2004 UserDoe UserVOBO Uunl Uvaduck VTFoxx Vaernnond Vahu Valoem Valois bourbon Vanderleun Vanished User 03 Vanished User 4517 VasOling Velho Verdadero VernoWhitney Verrai Victor Chmara Victor9876 Vijay007 Ville V Kokko Viriditas Vision Thing Viskonsas VoluntarySlave Vonspringer Vost Vssun Vzbs34 WAvegetarian WGee WHEELER

Article Sources and Contributors 29

Waffles111 WakkoW Walaby211 Warchef Waryklingon Watermark0 Wavelength Waxman1977 Wayward Weeviator123 Welsh Wenteng Weregerbil Wetman Wh33lman 003WhisperToMe White Cat White Guard Whitehatnetizen Whytokay Wik WikHead Wiki alf Wikid77 William Avery Williamsburgland Wimt Wirbelwind Wisco Wiserd911 Wj32Wmahan Wogaboo WolfgangFaber Woohookitty WookieInHeat Worldmaster0 Wowest WritersCramp Wrp103 Wuzzy Ww2censor Wyllium Xanzzibar Xaosflux Xaxafrad XegsXezbeth Xoreox Xufanc Xx236 Xyzzy n Xyzzyva Yahel Guhan Yamamoto Ichiro Yandman Yankeedoodle YellowMonkey Yelyos Yomansdatter Yonghokim Yorkishireman YossarianYtny Yuckfoo ZScout370 ZZZZ Zachorious Zara1709 Zariane Zazaban Zenthul Zerothis Zondor Zscout370 Zsinj Zzuuzz 2157 anonymous edits

Image Sources Licenses and ContributorsFileStab-in-the-back postcardjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileStab-in-the-back_postcardjpg License Public Domain Contributors Albertomos Ed FitzgeraldMichael Romanov 1 anonymous editsImageBundesarchiv Bild 146-1982-159-21A Nuumlrnberg Reichsparteitag Hitler und Roumlhmjpg Sourcehttpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileBundesarchiv_Bild_146-1982-159-21A_Nuumlrnberg_Reichsparteitag_Hitler_und_Roumlhmjpg License Public Domain Contributors Gnu1742Ksd5 Mtsmallwood 2 anonymous editsImageNazi Germanysvg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileNazi_Germanysvg License GNU Free Documentation License Contributors UserOffnfoptImageAdolf Hitlerpng Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileAdolf_Hitlerpng License Public Domain Contributors Muzej Revolucije Narodnosti JugoslavijeFileHitlermusso2 editjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileHitlermusso2_editjpg License unknown Contributors CillanXC F l a n k e r Howcheng JGHowesMER-C Mindmatrix Zzyzx11 4 anonymous editsImageNordischNordicJPG Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileNordischNordicJPG License Public Domain Contributors Meyers Blitz-LexikonImageWir stehen nicht alleinpng Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileWir_stehen_nicht_alleinpng License unknown Contributors Beao KintetsubuffaloImageFlag Schutzstaffelsvg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileFlag_Schutzstaffelsvg License Public Domain Contributors UserNielsFImageBerlin Pink TriangleJPG Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileBerlin_Pink_TriangleJPG License Public Domain Contributors UserBotMultichillTImage1543 On the Jews and Their Lies by Martin Lutherjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=File1543_On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies_by_Martin_Lutherjpg LicensePublic Domain Contributors Angr Lukasz686 Maksim Man vyi Mogelzahn SlimVirgin 2 anonymous editsFileBundesarchiv Bild 146-1997-011-24 Julius Streicherjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileBundesarchiv_Bild_146-1997-011-24_Julius_Streicherjpg LicensePublic Domain Contributors Hoffmann HeinrichImageBundesarchiv Bild 119-1721 Gregor Strasserjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileBundesarchiv_Bild_119-1721_Gregor_Strasserjpg License Public Domain Contributors Appaloosa Eugene van der PijllImageBundesarchiv Bild 102-15750 Ausstellung Deutsches Volk-Deutsche Arbeitjpg Sourcehttpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileBundesarchiv_Bild_102-15750_Ausstellung_Deutsches_Volk-Deutsche_Arbeitjpg License Public Domain Contributors Kolossos Martin H1 anonymous editsFileBundesarchiv Bild 146-2004-0048 Revolution in Bayern Gefangenerjpg Sourcehttpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileBundesarchiv_Bild_146-2004-0048_Revolution_in_Bayern_Gefangenerjpg License Public Domain Contributors ALE FinavonKaterBegemot ManxrulerImageNew Adventures of Hitlerjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileNew_Adventures_of_Hitlerjpg License unknown Contributors UserLogan1138

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Article Sources and Contributors 29

Waffles111 WakkoW Walaby211 Warchef Waryklingon Watermark0 Wavelength Waxman1977 Wayward Weeviator123 Welsh Wenteng Weregerbil Wetman Wh33lman 003WhisperToMe White Cat White Guard Whitehatnetizen Whytokay Wik WikHead Wiki alf Wikid77 William Avery Williamsburgland Wimt Wirbelwind Wisco Wiserd911 Wj32Wmahan Wogaboo WolfgangFaber Woohookitty WookieInHeat Worldmaster0 Wowest WritersCramp Wrp103 Wuzzy Ww2censor Wyllium Xanzzibar Xaosflux Xaxafrad XegsXezbeth Xoreox Xufanc Xx236 Xyzzy n Xyzzyva Yahel Guhan Yamamoto Ichiro Yandman Yankeedoodle YellowMonkey Yelyos Yomansdatter Yonghokim Yorkishireman YossarianYtny Yuckfoo ZScout370 ZZZZ Zachorious Zara1709 Zariane Zazaban Zenthul Zerothis Zondor Zscout370 Zsinj Zzuuzz 2157 anonymous edits

Image Sources Licenses and ContributorsFileStab-in-the-back postcardjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileStab-in-the-back_postcardjpg License Public Domain Contributors Albertomos Ed FitzgeraldMichael Romanov 1 anonymous editsImageBundesarchiv Bild 146-1982-159-21A Nuumlrnberg Reichsparteitag Hitler und Roumlhmjpg Sourcehttpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileBundesarchiv_Bild_146-1982-159-21A_Nuumlrnberg_Reichsparteitag_Hitler_und_Roumlhmjpg License Public Domain Contributors Gnu1742Ksd5 Mtsmallwood 2 anonymous editsImageNazi Germanysvg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileNazi_Germanysvg License GNU Free Documentation License Contributors UserOffnfoptImageAdolf Hitlerpng Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileAdolf_Hitlerpng License Public Domain Contributors Muzej Revolucije Narodnosti JugoslavijeFileHitlermusso2 editjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileHitlermusso2_editjpg License unknown Contributors CillanXC F l a n k e r Howcheng JGHowesMER-C Mindmatrix Zzyzx11 4 anonymous editsImageNordischNordicJPG Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileNordischNordicJPG License Public Domain Contributors Meyers Blitz-LexikonImageWir stehen nicht alleinpng Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileWir_stehen_nicht_alleinpng License unknown Contributors Beao KintetsubuffaloImageFlag Schutzstaffelsvg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileFlag_Schutzstaffelsvg License Public Domain Contributors UserNielsFImageBerlin Pink TriangleJPG Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileBerlin_Pink_TriangleJPG License Public Domain Contributors UserBotMultichillTImage1543 On the Jews and Their Lies by Martin Lutherjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=File1543_On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies_by_Martin_Lutherjpg LicensePublic Domain Contributors Angr Lukasz686 Maksim Man vyi Mogelzahn SlimVirgin 2 anonymous editsFileBundesarchiv Bild 146-1997-011-24 Julius Streicherjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileBundesarchiv_Bild_146-1997-011-24_Julius_Streicherjpg LicensePublic Domain Contributors Hoffmann HeinrichImageBundesarchiv Bild 119-1721 Gregor Strasserjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileBundesarchiv_Bild_119-1721_Gregor_Strasserjpg License Public Domain Contributors Appaloosa Eugene van der PijllImageBundesarchiv Bild 102-15750 Ausstellung Deutsches Volk-Deutsche Arbeitjpg Sourcehttpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileBundesarchiv_Bild_102-15750_Ausstellung_Deutsches_Volk-Deutsche_Arbeitjpg License Public Domain Contributors Kolossos Martin H1 anonymous editsFileBundesarchiv Bild 146-2004-0048 Revolution in Bayern Gefangenerjpg Sourcehttpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileBundesarchiv_Bild_146-2004-0048_Revolution_in_Bayern_Gefangenerjpg License Public Domain Contributors ALE FinavonKaterBegemot ManxrulerImageNew Adventures of Hitlerjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileNew_Adventures_of_Hitlerjpg License unknown Contributors UserLogan1138

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 30 Unportedhttp creativecommons org licenses by-sa 3 0