collections revisions process local revision workshop successfully deploying collection revisions...

Collections Revisions Process

Local Revision Workshop

Successfully Deploying Collection Revisions and Sustaining the Change

2

Introduction• It is jointly accepted that the best way to deliver this

change effectively is with the support of the workforce.

• Delivering this change requires a transformation in collections, which will include improving safety performance and a culture of safety embedded in working practices.

• This will be underpinned by fair and transparent planning systems, processes and revision tools, ensuring that everyone has a productive workload that is safe, fair, and manageable.

• It means creating a revised role for Collection employees through the introduction, where possible of hybrid duties, a better work-life balance, and by continuing to provide reasonable levels of take home pay.

3

Overview

Collection Revisions

Daily Performance Mgt

Relationships

Recap

4

The agreement formalises the six-phase revision approach and national tools

• The process is underpinned by;

‘National planning and measurement systems and revision tools’, specifically; CMD, CPR, CRT, RNM and UTR Workload Tool

Full and systematic involvement of the CWU

• The deal formalises the new six-phase approach

5

Why are we here today?

•Both Royal Mail and CWU have recognised in the Agreement that successful change needs full and meaningful involvement of all key parties

•This workshop is designed to ensure that both local management and CWU are positively and actively involved in the revisions process right at the very start throughout the planning, negotiation, implementation and review

•The ideas and plans we will develop today and going forward will help you deliver a better revision

6

What are we committed to?• Positive engagement between the CWU and Royal Mail

and a firm commitment to appropriate negotiation, consultation and communication on all collection revision issues

• Early CWU involvement at all levels • Joint training on the relevant parts of this agreement • CWU reps and Royal Mail managers playing an active part

in any involvement process and the deployment of agreements

• CWU reps being able to play an active role in Work Time Listening and Learning sessions

• Appropriate release will be given to allow CWU reps to fulfil their role in the process and consult with members

• Royal Mail and the CWU commit to the sharing of all information / data

7

Safety is our number one priority

•There is nothing more important than keeping our employees safe and engendering a safety culture at the very heart of everything we do.

•Royal Mail and the CWU commit themselves to continuous improvement on safety standards to drive accidents in this business as close to zero as is reasonably possible

•At each stage of the collections revisions process, our safety obligations are made clear, ensuring people are trained and understand safe ways of working (WPQ2 and 3)

8

Overview



Relationships

Recap

9

The revision process will be the core of the radical transformation in Collections

- 12 WEEKS

PLAN CATCHMENT

4 + WEEKS 6 + WEEKS

PH 1

PH 2

PH 3

PH 4

PH 5

PH 6

Duties Agreed with CWU

- 24 WKS

PREPARE PEOPLE

PREPARE DATAPR

EPA

RE

PLA

ND

EPLO

YS

US

TA

IN MAINTAIN DATA

MANAGE PERFORMANCE

THE REVISION

Indicative timings

10

The 6-phase process is supported by a suite of planning tools

Phase 1 Phase 4 Phase 5Phase 3Phase 2 Phase 6Pre-revisionResponsibility

Unit

Manager

Planning

Local Planner & PMO

Unit Readiness Assessment

Collection

Management

Database

Collection Routing Tool

Under The Roof Workload Tool (opt) (WIP)

Duty Modelling Tool (opt)

Duty Manager

(opt)

Collections Performance Report

Revisions tracker

Road Network Maintenance

11

What’s going to happen next?

•Over the course of the next few hours, we are going to go on a whistle-stop tour of the collection revisions process.

• It is designed to provide an overview of all the phases of activity and tools which support the process.

•When it actually happens in your unit, we are committed to positive engagement throughout

You don't need to understand all the detail now - this will come as you go through the revision process

The door is open to delve into these activities and tools as the process evolves in your unit via active involvement

12

Where are we now…? Pre-revision

- 12 WEEKS

PLAN CATCHMENT

4 + WEEKS 6 + WEEKS

PH 1

PH 2

PH 3

PH 4

PH 5

PH 6


- 24 WKS

PREPARE PEOPLE

PREPARE DATAPR

EPA

RE

PLA

ND

EPLO

YS

US

TA

IN MAINTAIN DATA

MANAGE PERFORMANCE

THE REVISION

Indicative timings

13

Pre-revision preparation is essential to ensure a ‘smooth’ revision•Three core activities

People preparations

- Ensures we develop an effective engagement plan

Data preparations

- Ensures an accurate baseline is established

Workplan preparations

- Ensures mail despatch and local distribution times are clarified

14

It is essential to keep on top of data maintenance – various tools support this Overview

• Geographical information tools which provide the capability to maintain accurate collection route characteristics utilising information provided by Ordinance Survey; specifically

Geographic base maps

Collection point information

Road network

• Provides an interface for administrators to manually update base information

Vital Statistics

• Nothing new

• Regional Champions set up to up-skill collection units (including senior CWU representatives)

Inputs

• Validation of collection points and associated road network

Outputs

• Existing routes, sequenced correctly and CMD route cards in use

15

The unit readiness assessment provides a snap-shot of data accuracy pre-revisionOverview

• Tool which provides an assessment to verify that the systems and data in the unit accurately reflect the current operation and undertake any remedial action required.

• Initiated 6 – 10 weeks before start of revision

Vital Statistics

• Excel based questionnaire

Inputs

• Collections Management Database

• Collections Performance Reporting (office performance)

• RCS & Establishment Docket

• Volume counts

Outputs

• Unit readiness assessment

• Corrective actions (as required)

16

Where are we now?…phase one and two

- 12 WEEKS

PLAN CATCHMENT

4 + WEEKS 6 + WEEKS

PH 1

PH 2

PH 3

PH 4

PH 5

PH 6


- 24 WKS

PREPARE PEOPLE

PREPARE DATAPR

EPA

RE

PLA

ND

EPLO

YS

US

TA

IN MAINTAIN DATA

MANAGE PERFORMANCE

THE REVISION

Indicative timings

17

Phases one and two of the revision set the objectives and establishes a baseline

WHAT’S IT ABOUT?WHO? SUPPORT AVAILABLE

PLA

N P

HA

SE O

NE

• Objectives, targets and plans

• Collection Revision Intranet and Managers Guides inc:

Supporting documentation and communication material

• Terms of reference

Impact on MC arrival profile

Workload driven by volume

PLA

N P

HA

SE

TW

O

• Foundations – data gathering & checking

• Updated CMD, RNM, APlus

volume counts entered

road speeds verified

collection points positioned

DOM P

DOM P

CWU

CWU

18

Where are we now?…phase three and four

- 12 WEEKS

PLAN CATCHMENT

4 + WEEKS 6 + WEEKS

PH 1

PH 2

PH 3

PH 4

PH 5

PH 6


- 24 WKS

PREPARE PEOPLE

PREPARE DATAPR

EPA

RE

PLA

ND

EPLO

YS

US

TA

IN MAINTAIN DATA

MANAGE PERFORMANCE

THE REVISION

Indicative timings

19

Phase 3 produces optimal routes; an input to phase 4 duty design


PLA

N P

HA

SE T

HR

EE

• Revise office routes

• Collection Routing Tool

• Under the Roof workload tool

• MC arrival profile

DOM

PLA

N P

HA

SE F

OU

R

• Agree the office duties

• Duty Builder Tool

P

DOM P

CWU

CWU

* - only applicable for WS revisions

20

Collection Routing Tool and Under The Roof workload toolOverview

• Under the Roof Workload Tool is used to:

Generate a workload for the consolidation of identifiable business mail at the collection hub

• Collection Routing Tool provides a tool for optimising collection routes within specific parameters

Provides specific functionality for both side servicing and corner routing

• Dependent on accurate base data to support optimisation process

Vital Statistics

• New, but not brand new, some changes to adapt to new ways of working

• Learning & Development training product available for new planners going forward

Inputs

• Pegasus planning parameters

Outputs

• Optimised collection routes

• Sequenced routes into CPT ready for implementation

21

Collection Routing Tool

•Placeholder for CRT demo

22

Recap

•Inputs to the process are criticalPoor quality master data will lead to poor quality routes

•Data which influences route optimisationAPlus address points – for POL and Firms

Box locations

Road network information

Volume count information

23

The duty modeller allows us to piece all work elements together into a duty setOverview

• The tool is designed to consolidate, in a visual way, all the duty information required

• Uses workload from Collection Routing Tool

• Produces an integrated duty set matching workload to duties, covers rotation duties, RCS subhead hours and office line-charts

• Can be used to develop optimised but flexible duty models

Vital Statistics

• Brand new tool

Inputs

• Outputs of Collection Routing Tool

• Ancillary workload – UTR Tool

• Mail despatch times

Outputs

• Line charts for each duty

• Headcount impact and perf summary

• Inputs into BAU tools

24

Duty Modeller – what does it look like?

•Line chart builderKEY RCS KEY RCS KEY RCS

I G54 A H BR G57P H11 T H21 DD H18

PW2 H11 F H22 MS M18P2 H11 D H23 EO M24CD H11 R H25 SD R13L H11 V H27 CY M27Q Seq MC Ops H10 VC M11 SUP M42

RO H PCL P10 CWU M45W N36 CO Collections B12 SEC M51M N20 LD L62

IPS PREP DEL

34:45 47:15 130:00

(b) Indoor Workload Tool Values 15:55 43:34 126:43

-18:50 -3:41 -3:17

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 0 5 10 15 20 25

Start Finish Total2nd Prep

IPS M/RELIEF Other TOTAL

DUTY Req Sched Req Sched Req Sched

101 101 Swineside 07:15 15:15 8:00 1:55 1:25 1:25 0:16 0:25 3:26 3:30 0:40 0:05 8:00 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I P P P P P P P P P P P P CD CD CD CD CD M M M M M M M M A A T

102 102 High Street 07:15 15:15 8:00 1:10 1:27 1:30 0:58 1:00 3:33 3:35 0:40 0:05 8:00 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I P P P P P P P P P P P P CD CD CD CD CD CD M M M M M M M M A A A A A A T T T T T

104 104 Herefordshire 07:15 15:15 8:00 1:15 1:28 1:35 0:26 0:30 3:52 3:55 0:40 0:05 8:00 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I P P P P P P P P P P P P P CD CD CD CD CD CD M M M M M M M M A A A T T T T T T

105 110 Shared 1 07:15 15:15 8:00 2:10 1:26 1:25 0:18 0:20 3:17 3:20 0:40 0:05 8:00 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I P P P P P P P P P P P CD CD CD CD CD CD M M M M M M M M

106 111 Shared 2 07:15 15:15 8:00 2:00 1:26 1:25 0:12 0:20 3:17 3:20 0:40 0:15 8:00 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I P P P P P P P P P P P CD CD CD CD CD CD M M M M M M M M VC L

R15 Trumpton 08:00 16:00 8:00 0:00 1:16 1:20 0:19 0:20 4:47 4:50 0:40 0:50 8:00 MS MS MS MS MS MS MS P P P P P P P P P P CD CD CD CD CD CD M M M M M M M M VC L A A R R R R R R R

107 Town 3 07:15 15:15 8:00 0:55 1:20 1:15 0:32 0:35 4:29 4:30 0:40 0:05 8:00 I I I I I I I I I I I P P P P P P P P P CD CD CD CD CD CD M M M M M M M M A A A A T T T T T T T T T T T T T

108 West Town A 07:15 15:15 8:00 112 1:20 2:11 2:20 0:13 0:15 3:19 3:20 0:40 0:05 8:00 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P P P P P P P P P CD CD CD CD CD CD CD M M M M M M M

109 Town 5 09:55 15:15 5:20 0:00 1:21 1:20 0:13 0:15 3:09 3:10 0:30 0:05 5:20 P P P P P P P P P P P CD CD CD CD CD M M M

110 West Town B 07:15 15:15 8:00 1:45 1:07 1:00 0:28 0:30 3:03 3:05 0:40 1:00 8:00 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS P P P P P P P CD CD CD CD CD M M M M M M M

111 Lakeside 07:15 15:15 8:00 1:45 1:22 1:20 0:15 0:15 3:09 3:10 0:40 0:50 8:00 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD P P P P P P P P P P P CD CD CD CD CD M M M M M

112 Durham 10:30 15:15 4:45 0:00 0:28 0:25 0:13 0:15 3:02 3:05 0:40 0:20 4:45 MS MS MS CD CD CD CD CD M M M M

113 Cotton End 07:15 15:15 8:00 114 1:00 2:02 2:40 0:19 0:20 3:12 3:15 0:40 0:05 8:00 I I I I I I I I I I I I P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P P P P P P P P P P P P CD CD CD CD CD M M M M M M M

114 The Lanes 10:30 15:15 4:45 0:00 0:28 0:30 0:14 0:20 3:01 3:10 0:30 0:15 4:45 CD CD CD CD CD CD VC L M M M M

115 Greenway 1 07:15 15:15 8:00 2:10 1:21 1:20 0:14 0:20 3:22 3:20 0:40 0:10 8:00 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I P P P P P P P P P P P CD CD CD CD CD M M M M M M M M VC

116 Greenway 2 07:15 15:15 8:00 2:10 1:22 1:25 0:16 0:20 3:20 3:20 0:40 0:05 8:00 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I P P P P P P P P P P P CD CD CD CD CD CD M M M M M M M M

R16 Little Barton 08:00 16:00 8:00 0:00 1:24 1:25 0:40 0:40 5:02 5:05 0:40 0:10 8:00 P P P P P P P P P P P CD CD CD CD CD CD M M M M M M M M VC A A A A R R R R R R R R R R R R

R17 Great Barton 08:00 16:00 8:00 0:00 1:13 1:10 1:00 0:55 5:02 5:05 0:40 0:10 8:00 P P P P P P P P P CD CD CD CD CD M M M M M M M M VC A A A A A R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

117 Church Walk 07:15 15:15 8:00 0:45 1:11 1:05 0:15 0:15 3:52 3:55 0:40 1:20 8:00 I I I I I I I I I BR BR BR BR BR BR BR BR BR BR BR BR BR BR BR P P P P P P P CD CD CD CD CD CD M M M M M M M M A T T T T T

118 Crown Park 1 07:15 15:15 8:00 1:50 1:26 1:25 0:11 0:15 3:39 3:40 0:40 0:10 8:00 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I P P P P P P P P P P P CD CD CD CD CD CD M M M M M M M M L A V V

119 Crown Park 2 07:15 15:15 8:00 1:50 1:24 1:25 0:10 0:15 3:40 3:40 0:40 0:10 8:00 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I P P P P P P P P P P P CD CD CD CD CD CD M M M M M M M M VC A V V

WTLL

31430 31430 3143031430 31430 31430 3143025650 28720 31430 3143013909 16528 19689 226696322 7857 10025 119221264 1806 2348 2890 3432 3974 4516 5329

0 0 00 0 0 05780 2710 0 017521 14902 11741 876117174 15639 13472 1280217366 16824 18851 1816811191 12640 13383 15410

DELIVERY

SUPPORT

TRAVELPREP DELIVERY

DELIVERYINDOOR

6351INWARD MAIL ON HAND 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 00

12268 12268 12268 12268

0:000:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:000:00 0:00

12268 12268 12268 12268

0:00 0:00 0:001:203:20 3:20 3:20 3:10 2:55

0 0

0 0

0

0 02699 130

0:30

0:00

0 25691285

0:30 0:30

5066 24978342

Variance (b) - (a)

7:00

1:40INWARD WORK HOURS 3:20

10911

CLEAR(a) Total Scheduled Time

0:30 0:00 0:00

12268

2:45 2:45 2:50 2:30

0

0 0

0

0

1:40 0:50

Durham DO

0:20 0:10 0:00 0:000:30

2569 2497 0 130

1:50 1:50

0:45

0

2:45 2:20

0 1227

11:009:00 10:008:00

12268 12268 12268 12268 12268 12268 12268 122681104111041 11041 11041

0:55 1:25 2:251:50 2:55

0

0

2:00 1:45

1227 0

0:45 0:15

0

00

0 0 0 0

IPS Travel Resp ServicesPreparation Town Delivery D2DPrep Wave 2 Firms Delivery MissortsSecond Prep Town Dely Other CallersCleardown Rural Dely RLELoad Van OMV Resi Dely Cycle Maint

Vehicle Check DOM SupportReturn/Pouch off Parcels Union Facility

SecurityMeal Relief Local Distr

SCHEDULED TIMEAWD

0:30

THROUGHPUT RATE 771

0:30

ENTER UNIT OPENING TIME

1991 3276 5845 8342 8342

542 813 993542 542 542 542 542 542 1535 2168 1897 1987 2619 3161 2980 2980 3071 2709 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

INWARD SORTING CAPACITY

MONDAY

THROUGHPUT RATE 1084

PREP WORK HOURS CLEAR

PREP SORTING CAPACITY

9:15EARLIEST CLEARDOWN START

PREP MAIL ON HAND 11733DELIVERYDELIVERY INDOORINDOOR NIGHTSNIGHTS

Duty Builder

It’s easy to see balanced duties and variable spansIt’s easy to see balanced duties and variable spans

25

Duty Modeller – what does it look like?

•Duty summary example

0:00

FT Delivery Points 540 Hours 48:00

Day Mech % Items of Mail IPS Prep Veh Checks Break Convey Delivery Return/PO WTL Other Total Contract Start Finish Prep Duty Time Avail Work Finish Depart Work Start Completion Var +/-Mon 3.39% 1069 1:10 1:30 0:00 0:40 1:00 3:35 0:05 0:00 0:00 8:00 08:00 7:15 15:15 0 0 04:40 15:15 10:35 03:20 07:15 10:35 00:00Tues 3.39% 539 0:40 1:30 0:00 0:40 1:00 3:35 0:05 0:30 0:00 8:00 08:00 7:15 15:15 0 0 04:40 15:15 10:35 03:20 07:15 10:35 00:00Wed 3.39% 1173 1:10 1:30 0:00 0:40 1:00 3:35 0:05 0:00 0:00 8:00 08:00 7:15 15:15 0 0 04:40 15:15 10:35 03:20 07:15 10:35 00:00Thurs 3.39% 1236 1:00 1:40 0:00 0:40 1:00 3:35 0:05 0:00 0:00 8:00 08:00 7:15 15:15 0 0 04:40 15:15 10:35 03:20 07:15 10:35 00:00

Fri 3.39% 1179 1:10 1:30 0:00 0:40 1:00 3:35 0:05 0:00 0:00 8:00 08:00 7:15 15:15 0 0 04:40 15:15 10:35 03:20 07:15 10:35 00:00Sat 3.39% 1089 1:10 1:30 0:00 0:40 1:00 3:35 0:05 0:00 0:00 8:00 08:00 7:15 15:15 0 0 04:40 15:15 10:35 03:20 07:15 10:35 00:00

0:00

FT Delivery Points 550 Hours 48:00


Fri 3.45% 1201 1:15 1:35 0:00 0:40 0:30 3:55 0:05 0:00 0:00 8:00 08:00 7:15 15:15 0 0 04:30 15:15 10:45 03:30 07:15 10:45 00:00Sat 3.45% 1109 1:15 1:35 0:00 0:40 0:30 3:55 0:05 0:00 0:00 8:00 08:00 7:15 15:15 0 0 04:30 15:15 10:45 03:30 07:15 10:45 00:00

0:00FT Delivery Points 530 Hours 48:00


Fri 3.33% 1158 2:10 1:25 0:00 0:40 0:20 3:20 0:05 0:00 0:00 8:00 08:00 7:15 15:15 0 0 03:45 15:15 11:30 04:15 06:00 10:15 01:15Sat 3.33% 1069 2:10 1:25 0:00 0:40 0:20 3:20 0:05 0:00 0:00 8:00 08:00 7:15 15:15 0 0 03:45 15:15 11:30 04:15 06:00 10:15 01:15

0:00

104 104 Herefordshire

105 110 Shared 1

102 102 High Street

Indoor

Indoor

Outdoor

P Jones

E Morecambe

Outdoor

Outdoor Indoor

E Wise

26

Where are we now?…phase five and six

- 12 WEEKS

PLAN CATCHMENT

4 + WEEKS 6 + WEEKS

PH 1

PH 2

PH 3

PH 4

PH 5

PH 6


- 24 WKS

PREPARE PEOPLE

PREPARE DATAPR

EPA

RE

PLA

ND

EPLO

YS

US

TA

IN MAINTAIN DATA

MANAGE PERFORMANCE

THE REVISION

Indicative timings

27

Deployment and review


DEPLO

Y P

HA

SE 5

• Deploy the agreed new duties

Re-pick for whole office prior to first section

• Guide to deploying by section

• Training

• Way Forward Agreement & MTSF

DOM

CWU

DEPLO

Y P

HA

SE 6

• Post- revision management

• PIR templates

• Sustainability guides e.g.

Weekly meetings

Daily reviews

DOM P

CWU

28

Overview



Relationships

Recap

29

Where are we now?…post deployment

- 12 WEEKS

PLAN CATCHMENT

4 + WEEKS 6 + WEEKS

PH 1

PH 2

PH 3

PH 4

PH 5

PH 6


- 24 WKS

PREPARE PEOPLE

PREPARE DATAPR

EPA

RE

PLA

ND

EPLO

YS

US

TA

IN MAINTAIN DATA

MANAGE PERFORMANCE

THE REVISION

Indicative timings

30

Post-revision deployment continuous improvement will be part of life •As part of the Generic Operational

Transformation agreement; Royal Mail and the CWU aspire to the company being an efficient and effective world class business with engaged and motivated staff.

To achieve this it is essential that systems and processes are in place to help staff be as productive as possible and to continually monitor performance on a day to day basis.

31

Key to sustaining the change is effective performance management


MA

NA

GE P

ER

FOR

MN

AC

E

• Continuously improving

• The following key areas should be analysed using CPR and manual checks:

Arrival Times

Failed Collections

Late Collections

Early Collections

Route Reliability

Route Capacity

Customer Complaints/Feedback

Driver Feedback

Platform Operation

UTR operation where deployed

Mail Centre Clearance - focus particularly on the Main

Despatch volumes

DOMC&DS

M

32

Overview



Relationships

Recap

33

Transforming relationships and modernising culture• Royal Mail and the CWU recognise past adversarial

industrial relations and poor employee relations have not assisted either party achieve their objectives and has increasingly damaged customer confidence. Both parties also accept that unless there is a radical improvement in relationships at all levels then the business cannot succeed. Against this background Royal Mail and the CWU recognise that transforming relationships and modernising the culture is key to the sustainability and success of the business.

• A new relationship cannot develop overnight and it will take commitment and time from everyone to build trust and confidence. Real progress will only be achieved by creating momentum through practical and credible first steps.

34

Exercise: Action plan

•Those credible first steps can start today

•In your unit groups, think about; where we’ve come from and where we’re going

the commitments you can make together today to some practical and credible first steps towards transforming relationships

•Capture these practical and credible first steps for display in your unit

35

Overview



Relationships

Recap

36

Our processes and tools are underpinned by robust guidance – you’re not alone•Our planning process is designed to be open

and involving with tools which are fit for purpose and straight-forward

•Guidelines on what to plan, how to plan and what to say are available via the Collections Revisions Intranet – you’re not alone

37

Ongoing Support

•To provide the necessary support throughout this transformation process both parties will jointly review and monitor deployment progress and work together to ensure that all learning points are picked up and shared on an area, regional and national basis as revisions are rolled out, to provide support and guidance to locations as they move into revisions and ensure as far as possible a smooth transition as we continue to deploy change.

•Best practice in this area will be jointly discussed and shared at regional and national level and will be used as a source of information to assist others.

collections revisions process local revision workshop successfully deploying collection revisions...

Documents

revision process

involvement process

agreement cwu reps

revision tools

better revision

safety performance

phase revision approach

culture of safety