college of engineering discovery with purpose january 24, 2011 introduction to wind energy james...

College of Engineering

Discovery with Purpose www.engineering.iastate.edu

January 24, 2011

Introduction to Wind Energy

James McCalley ([email protected])Honors 322W, Wind Energy Honors Seminar


Overview• Some preliminaries• Background on Wind

Energy in US• Grand challenge questions

2


Some preliminaries• Power: MW=1341HP.• Energy: MWhr=3.413MMbtu (106btu); 1btu=1055joules• E=P×T• Run 1.5 MW turbine at 1.5 MW for 2 hrs: 3 MWhrs.• Run 1.5 MW turbine at 0.5 MW for 2 hrs: 1MWhrs

3

Power, P Time, T Energy, ECapacity, Prated

T

P(t)dtE0

Time, t

Power, P(t)1.5 MW

8760

8760

0

ratedP

P(t)dt

CF

• If P varies with t: • Capacity factor:

A lawnmower engine is 3HP (2.2kW or 0.0022 MW).Typical car engine is 200 HP (150kw or 0.15MW).Typical home demands 1.2kW at any given moment, on avg. 1MW=106watts106w/1200w=833 homes powered by a MW.Ames peak demand is about 126MW.The US has 1,121,000MW of power plant capacity.

1 gallon gasoline=0.0334MWhr; Typical home uses 11000kWhrs=11MWhrs in 1 year.1 ton coal=6MWhrs.

Actual annual energy production as a percentage of annual energy production at Prated


Background on Wind Energy in USU.S. Annual & CumulativeWind Power Capacity Growth

Source: AWEA 2010 Annual Wind Report 4

But what happened in 2010?


Background on Wind Energy in US

2010 is different!

Source: AWEA 2010 Third Quarter Market Report 5



Percentage of New Capacity Additions.




US Generation mix




U.S. Wind Power Capacity By State

8

Source: AWEA 2010 Third Quarter Market Report



U.S. Wind Power Capacity By State

9

Source: AWEA 2010 Third Quarter Market Report

Source: AWEA Wind Power Outlook 2010



Market share of total 2008 wind installations




Ownership by company and by regulated utility




Wind plant size


College of EngineeringBackground on Wind Energy in US

29 states, differing in % (10-40), timing (latest is 2030), eligible technologies/resources (all include wind)

13

State renewable portfolio standard

State renewable portfolio goal

Solar water heating eligible *† Extra credit for solar or customer-sited renewables

Includes non-renewable alternative resources

WA: 15% by 2020*

CA: 33% by 2020

☼ NV: 25% by 2025*

☼ AZ: 15% by 2025

☼ NM: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)

10% by 2020 (co-ops)

HI: 40% by 2030

☼ Minimum solar or customer-sited requirement

TX: 5,880 MW by 2015

UT: 20% by 2025*

☼ CO: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)

10% by 2020 (co-ops & large munis)*

MT: 15% by 2015

ND: 10% by 2015

SD: 10% by 2015

IA: 105 MW

MN: 25% by 2025(Xcel: 30% by 2020)

☼ MO: 15% by 2021

WI: Varies by utility;

10% by 2015 goal

MI: 10% + 1,100 MW by 2015*

☼ OH: 25% by 2025†

ME: 30% by 2000New RE: 10% by 2017

☼ NH: 23.8% by 2025☼ MA: 15% by

2020+ 1% annual increase(Class I Renewables)RI: 16% by 2020

CT: 23% by 2020

☼ NY: 24% by 2013

☼ NJ: 22.5% by 2021

☼ PA: 18% by 2020†

☼ MD: 20% by 2022

☼ DE: 20% by 2019*

☼ DC: 20% by 2020

VA: 15% by 2025*

☼ NC: 12.5% by 2021 (IOUs)

10% by 2018 (co-ops & munis)

VT: (1) RE meets any increase in retail sales by

2012; (2) 20% RE & CHP by 2017

29 states & DC have an RPS

6 states have goals

KS: 20% by 2020

☼ OR: 25% by 2025 (large utilities)*

5% - 10% by 2025 (smaller utilities)

☼ IL: 25% by 2025

WV: 25% by 2025*†



Tax incentives

• Federal Incentives:• Renewed incentives Feb 2009 through 12/31/12, via ARRA• 2.1 cents per kilowatt-hour PTC or 30% investment tax credit (ITC)

• State incentives:• IA: 1.5¢/kWhr for small wind, 1¢/kWhr for large wind• Various other including sales & property tax reductions

14


Background on Wind Energy in USCongressional bills

15

Waxman-Markey Energy & Climate Bill (House, passed)

Kerry-Graham Climate Bill (Senate)

2012 renewables target 6% of electric energy renewableIn separate bill (Bingaman)

2020 renewables target 20%

2012 Emissions target Cuts by 3% (2005 baseline)

2013 Emissions target Cuts by 4.25% (2005 baseline)

2020 Emissions target Cuts by 17% (2005 baseline) Cuts by 20% (2005 baseline)

2030 Emissions target Cuts by 42% (2005 baseline) 42% (2005 baseline)

2050 Emissions target Cuts by 83% (2005 baseline) 83% (2005 baseline)

Emissions reductions are “economy wide” but there is interest to focus on utilities first, and perhaps only.



16


Solar, 0.09

Nuclear, 8.45

Hydro, 2.45

Wind, 0.51

Geothermal 0.35

Natural Gas 23.84

Coal22.42

Biomass 3.88

Petroleum37.13

26.33

8.58

27.39

20.9

Unused Energy

(Losses)57.07

Electric Generation

39.97

12.68

Used Energy42.15

Residential

11.48

Commercial

8.58

Industrial23.94

Trans-portation

27.86

8.45

6.82

20.54

6.95

LightDuty: 17.12QFreight: 7.55QAviation: 3.19Q 17


US ENERGY USE IS 68% ELECTRIC & TRANSPORTATION

US CO2 EMISSIONS* IS 60% ELECTRIC & TRANSPORTATION

GREENING ELECTRIC & ELECTRIFYING TRANSPORTATION SOLVES THE EMISSIONS PROBLEM

18

* Anthropogenic


Solar, 1.0

Nuclear, 15

Hydro, 2.95

Wind, 8.1

Geothermal 3.04

Natural Gas 23.84

Old Coal10.42

Biomass 3.88

Petroleum15.13

26.33

8.58

25.7

8.5

Unused

Energy (Losse

s)43.0

Electric Generation

49.72

12.68

Used Energy42.15

Residential

11.48

Commercial

8.58

Industrial23.94

Trans-portation

15.5

15

6.82

20.54

6.95

INCREASE Non-CO2

12Q to 30Q

USE

11Q E

lectric for transportation

4.5Q

19

IGCC, 3

RE

DU

CE

CO

AL

21Q

TO

12Q

REDUCE PETROLEUM 37Q15Q LightDuty: 8.56QFreight: 3.75QAviation: 3.19Q 19


20

Technolgy

ForecastedNERC, 2018

Hi Eff&RenewableUCS (NEMS),

2030

Hi IGCC/CCSNAE, 2035

Hi WindISU, 2035

∆GW Overnight cost

Trillion $


Trillion $


Trillion $


Trillion $

Con Solar 20.4 0.102 238 1.195 - 0 65.5 0.329

PV solar - 0 174 1.051 - 0 58.9 0.356

Nuclear 14.8 0.049 4.4 0.015 100 0.332 60.9 0.202

Wind onshore

229 0.440 670 1.288 350 0.673 630 1.211

Wind offshore

- 0 62 0.239 - 0 80 0.307

Geothrml 0.4 .002 31.8 0.127 - 0 106 0.424

Coal convntnl

19 0.039 red 0 red 0 red 0

IGCC+seq - 0 7 0.024 400 1.400 29.5 0.103

NGCC 107 0.103 - 0 - 0 - 0

Biomass - 0 157 0.591 - 0 - 0

TOTALS 389 0.735 1344 4.516 850 2.405 1031 2.930


Grand Challenge Question For Energy:

What investments should be made, how much, when, and where, at the national level, over the next 40 years, to achieve a sustainable, low cost, and resilient energy & transportation system?

21


NUCLEAR

GEOTHERMALSOLAR

WindBIOMASS

CLEAN-FOSSIL

Where, when, how much of each, & how to interconnect?


Grand Challenges For Wind:1. Move wind energy from

where it is harvested to where it can be used

2. Develop economically-attractive methods to accommodate increased variability and uncertainty introduced by large wind penetrations in operating the grid.

3. Improve wind turbine/farm economics (decrease investment and maintenance costs, increase operating revenues).

4. Address potential concerns about local siting, including wildlife, aesthetics, and impact on agriculture.

23


How to address grand challenges

24

#1. Move wind energy from where it is harvested to where it can be used.• Transmission

• National Superhighway at 765 kV AC and/or 600/800 kV DC• Right of way: Rail, interstate highways, existing transmission• Conductor technologies: overhead/underground, materials

• Bulk storage• An energy capacity issue• Pumped storage, compressed air, heat, other novel approaches• A control and coordination problem



25



26

#2. Develop economically-attractive methods to accom-modate increased variability and uncertainty introduced by large wind penetrations in operating the grid.• Increase geodiversity• Improve forecasting/handling uncertainty in dispatch• Increase gas turbines• Wind turbine control• Load control• Storage

• A power capacity issue• Pumped storage, compressed air, batteries, flywheels• A control and coordination problem



27

#3. Improve wind turbine/farm economics (decrease investment and maintenance costs, increase operating revenues).• Improve manufacturing and supply chain processes• Enhanced energy extraction from wind per unit land area

• Improved turbine siting• Inter-turbine and inter-farm control• Increased efficiency of drive-train/generator/converters• Lighter, stronger materials and improved control of rotor blades• Taller turbines

• Improve monitoring and evaluation for health assessment and prediction



28

#4. Address potential concerns about local siting, including wildlife, aesthetics, and impact on agriculture.• Migratory birds and bats: mainly a siting issue• Aesthetics: a sociological issue• Agriculture: Agronomists indicate wind turbines may help!

These issues have not been significant yet. Today, in Iowa, there are 2100 turbines, with capacity 3700 MW. At 2 MW/turbine, a growth to 60 GW would require 30000 turbines, and assuming turbines are located only on cropland having class 3 or better winds (about 1/6 of the state), this means these regions would see, on average, one turbine every 144 acres.

college of engineering discovery with purpose january 24, 2011 introduction to wind energy james...

Documents