colonial empires and revolution in the western hemisphere focus question: – how did spain and...
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Colonial Empires and Revolution in the Western Hemisphere
• Focus Question:– How did Spain and Portugal administer their
American colonies, and what were the main characteristics of Latin American society in the 18th C?
– What characterized revolution? How “free” were the free states?
The Society of Latin America
• 16th Century Latin America– Portugal: Brazil– Spain: Central America, most of South America
• Multiracial society/Racial Caste System– Mestizos: Intermarriage between Spanish and
indigenous peoples– Mulattoes: Intermarriage between Europeans and
Africans– Zambos: indigenous and African descent
The Society of Latin America
• The Economic Foundations– Gold and Silver– Agriculture
• Estates & Peons
– Trade• Colonies a source of
raw materials for exports
– Gold, silver, diamonds, sugar, animal hides
Aboriginal Slavery
Mines of Potosi, Peru, 1590
Pack train of llamas
African Slavery
• Middle Passage• or System of Asiento• 16th C 75,000 Africans
– 18th C 9.5 million enslaved
Palenques & Quilombos• La Republica de Zambos, 1599• 16th C portrait of Don Francisco de Arobe,
black ruler of an Ecuadorian province
Commerce, Smuggling, Piracy• Casa de Contratacion (house of trade)
• est. 1503 in Seville
• Wealthier merchants of Seville and Cadiz– Maintained trade monopoly
• Seville Merchant oligarchy or guilds– kept the colonial markets under stocked – forced colonists to pay exorbitant prices for all
European goods acquired through legal channels. • generated colonial discontent and stimulated the
growth of contraband trade.
England’s Challenge to Spain
• England’s Challenge to Spain: Piracy:• Queen Elizabeth
– Sir Francis Drake,1577 • “singe the King of Spain’s beard”
– seized treasure ships – ravaged colonial towns
• Treaty of Madrid in 1670 between England and Spain.
1573 Spanish Inquisition
• Persuasion• Coercion• Natives that
practiced tradition were charged with heresy
• punished– Hanged or
burned at the stake
Legacy of Inquisition? • Methods of repression continued by Totalitarian Regimes &
Police States– Creation of racial & religious Ghettos– Forcible wearing of badges of shame– Formal state & religious propaganda– Spying– Seizure of property– Intimidation & torture– Sexual humiliation– Good cop/bad cop routine– Physical restraint– Separation of families
• No recognition of natural or civil rights• Threat and repression of Humanity
New Laws of the Indies (1542)
• Dominican bishop Antonio de Valdivieso of Nicaragua– tried to enforce the abolition of indigenous slavery
by the New Laws (assassinated 1550) • Franciscan Toribio de Benavente or Motolinia
(Realist or moderate)– Believed the encomienda was necessary for the
prosperity and security of the indies
Institutions of Conquest
• Mission, Presidio, Pueblo, Rancho• Encomienda• Repartimiento or mita• Slavery
– New political climate marked by a growing belief in the constitutional inferiority of indigos peoples
The Mission
• The Mission– The Franciscans and Other
Mendicant Orders– Salvation in return for
labor
The Mission (1986)
–The Jesuit missionary Father Gabriel (Jeremy Irons) with the Guaraní´ Indians of Paraguay before their slaughter by Portuguese troops.
© Warner Brothers/Courtesy Everett Collection
Wards of the Friars
• Francis Guest– As is commonly known, Spanish law made the
missionaries the legal guardians of their Indian converts.
– In virtue of their conversion and baptism the neophytes became the wards of the friar
• Lands confiscated• Neophytes became property of the friars
Components of the Mission System: the Pueblo
• The Pueblo– Agricultural Towns– Indian Labor– Hope to Decrease
Reliance on Mexico and Missions
Components of the Mission System: the Presidio
The Presidio• Forts to Protect the
Mission• Garrisons Return
Fugitives• Garrisons Capture New
Neophytes• Four Built• Weak Militarily
Components of the Mission System: the Rancho
The Rancho– Mission Herds– Use Indian Labor– Major Source of
Wealth in Mission System
– Give Missions Power over Spanish Government
Forced System of Labor
• Excessive confining work– Brick Manufacture
• Men made adobe bricks • Women aided in transporting bricks & tiles
– Weaving lucrative for the mission• Women & Children employed in processing wool and
weaving– Evidence of piece rate system, paid “in kind”
18th C Perspectives
• French Explorer Jean Francois Galaup Comte de La Perouse– Likened the Indians of Mission San Carlos in 1786
to the Slaves of Santo Domingo• Descriptions lf serious charges of cruelty
– George Vancouver Expeditions– Naturalist Archibald Menzies, 1792– Documents & letters authored by military
authorities in 1785 & cited by George Bancroft
Native Resistance
“Cooperation”Passive ResistanceFugitivismActive ResistanceRevoltHomicideRaids on livestock Revitalization
Resistance• Indigenous Women
– They enjoyed economic importance as producers and traders of goods
– countered male abuse– played leading roles in
the organization o resistance
Theodor de Bry (1528 – 1598)
Impact of the Mission System and Spanish Settlement
Land
Population
Culture
Mission Santa Barbara
Latin America: 19th & early 20th C
• Q: What role did liberalism and nationalism play in Latin America Between 1800 and 1870?
• Q: What were the major economic, social and political trends in Latin American in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries.
Challenge to Spanish & Portuguese Colonialism
• Influence of Enlightenment ideals & upheavals in the Napoleonic era– The Wars for Independence
• Creole Elites: descendants of Europeans• Simon Bolivar of Venezuela• Jose de San Martin of Argentina
– Principle of Equality of all people under law– Free trade– Free press
» Did not apply to everyone
Toussaint L’Ouverture,Haiti, 1804© North Wind Picture Archives
Nationalistic Revolts
• Mexican Independence, 1810– Miguel Hidalgo Y Costilla– Represented a peoples revolution
• September 16, 1910 crushed
• Creoles & Peninsulars united to defeat the popular revolution– Augustin de Iturbide, first emperor of Mexico,
1821• No political or economic changes
“Liberator” of South America
• Venezuela (1819)•Colombia•Ecuador•Perus•Simon Bolivar leading his troops across the Andes in 1823 to fight in Peru
© SuperStock
“Liberators” of South America
•San Jose Martyn is shown leading his troops at the Battle of Chacabuco, Chile, 1817.
• Latin America in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century
By1824:“Free States”: Uruguay, Paraguay, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, Bolivia Chile
Nation Building
• The Difficulties of Nation Building (1830-187)– Consequences of Wars for independence
• Loss of population, property and livestock• Boundary disputes• Poor transportation and communication challenged
unity and fostered regionalism
• European & American intervention• Monroe Doctrine, 1823
Political Obstacles
• Different types of leadership• Caudillos (leaders) of New Republics
– National Caudillos• Autocrats: Supported elites and controlled state
revenues, favored centralized power and unity of states
– worked against the majority’s interests– Sometimes were modernizers in that they build
infrastructure, canal, ports, schools,
Economic Patterns
• Great Britain & America dominated Latin American economy – Raw materials & new Markets
• Incredible disparity of wealth– Landed elite
• Land basis of wealth, social prestige, political power• Controlled government, courts• Maintained system of debt peonage
Foreign Investments
• 1870 – 1913 foreign investments boomed– British investment:
• Growth from 85 to 757 million pound, 2/3 of all foreign investments
– Railroads– Mining– Public utilities
• Slavery technically abolished in 1888• Most people remained subservient and
dependent on elite and foreigners
Catholic Church
• Enormous land holdings-Exercised great power
• Clerics took position in new governments following independence– Considerable influence
• Conflict of church & state– Liberals wanted to curtail powers of church– Conservatives hoped to maintain privileges and
power of church
Working Class
• Growth of labor unions– Radical unions advocated use of the general strike
as an instrument for change• Lack of suffrage• Political Change after 1870
– Landed Elite• Controlled government• produced constitutions similar to those of the US and
Europe• limited suffrage maintained concentration of power
Dictators
• Some landowners made use of dictators to maintain the interests of the ruling elite.– Porfirio Diaz , Mexico, Ruled 1876 – 1910,
• established a conservative, centralized government
– support of the army, foreign capitalists, large landowners, and the catholic church.
• Consequences of Dictatorship:– real wages of working class declined,– 95% of rural population owned no land, – 1000 families owned the land.
Economy after 1870
• Growth of economy– Modernization & wealth a veneer– Enjoyed by the wealthy minority
• Rural elites dominated workers– Indians impoverished– Debt servitude– Dependent on foreigners
Emiliano Zapata
•Liberal landowner Francisco Madero, forced Diaz from power•Madera’s ineffectiveness to carry out sufficient reform triggered a demand for agrarian reform led by Zapata
© Snark/Art Resource, NY
Mexican Revolution, 1910
• He aroused the revolutionary impulse of landless– Seized the haciendas (plantations) of the wealthy
• Impact of revolution– destroyed the economy– new constitution in 1917
United States Intervention• United States emergence as a world power
– interfered into the economies of Latin America• The Spanish American War 1898
– Platt Amendment (1901) Cuba– Foraker Act (1900) Puerto Rico
• Between 1898 – 1934 – sent military forces to Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Columbia, Haiti, and the Dominica Republic
• Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-- Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child..."
• Rudyard Kipling - McClure's Magazine 12 (Feb. 1899).
Imperialists
Zionsim
Palestine in 1900