colonization and slavery in the americas ap world history mr. charnley
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COLONIZATION AND SLAVERY IN THE AMERICASAP World History
Mr. Charnley
Age of Exploration
The Columbian Exchange Disease Agriculture Livestock
European Commercialism Battle of Lepanto (1571): Europeans
became dominant naval power Europeans set up coastal trading posts in
Africa and Asia
Spain
Iberia Urban Patriarchal Slavery Bureaucratic theocratic
New World Social stratification
Economically based Ethnically based Plantation-style
agriculture
Spain
Caribbean Hispaniola (1493) Puerto Rico (1508) Cuba (1511) Template for future
conquest and colonization
Depopulation due to slavery, epidemics, and harsh labor conditions weakened Spanish Caribbean
Expansionism
Spain Late 15th century: West Indian
Islands (Caribbean) Panama
Vasco de Balboa Mexico
1518 - 20 Hernan Cortes conquered Aztec Empire
South America 1532 Francisco Pizarro conquered Incan
Empire in Peru
Spain
Hernan Cortes (1519) Led 600 men into
Mexico Used native allies
to destroy Aztec Empire
Replaced Tenochtitlan with Mexico City
By 1535 Mexico had been brought under Spanish control = New Spain
Spain Francisco Pizarro (1532-
1533) Led 200 men into Peru Captured Cuzco in 1533,
but moved capital to Lima By 1540 most of Peru was
under Spanish control
Spain
Encomienda Grant of native forced laborers
to European settlers Imported African slaves to
replace depopulated native laborers
Spanish women emigrated to New World
Hacienda Large rural estates Used native laborers who had
left their communities Basis of wealth and power in
New Spain
Spain
Sociedad de Castas Peninsulares Creoles Mulattoes Mestizos Natives African slaves Also based on
gender, age, and social class
Spain
Social Effects Spanish government
banned all conquering expeditions
Outlawed enslavement of natives
Discontinued encomienda system
Bartolome De Las Casas Argued natives were
humans Criticized Spanish
colonial treatment of native laborers
Spain
Political Effects Rivalries with France, Netherlands, and
England Lost many Caribbean Islands to rival
nations Continental wars with other European
powers
Spain
Economic Effects 50% of silver from Americas went to Spain Silver made up 25% of Spain’s revenues Most silver went to paying debts or
supplying colonies
Portugal
Brazil Settled between 1500-
1549 Government issued
feudal grants to landowners
Mainly a sugar plantation colony
Leading producer of sugar in world
Large scale slavery-based plantation colony
Social system based on race
Portugal
Decline 1695 Gold Rush
Overspent on trade goods from England No domestic manufacturing
Age of Exploration
World Economy Mercantilism Shift from Trans-Saharan and
Indian Ocean trade routes to Trans-Atlantic trade
Asia China only participated in
international trade secondhand; resisted new technologies
Japan after initial openness returned to isolationist policy
North American Colonization
North American Colonization European expeditions
led by enterprising adventurers
Loose imperial control over colonies
Tributary system with local native rulers
Christian missionaries Colonial administrators
North American Colonization
British North America 17th Century Religious
refugee colonies Massachusetts:
Calvinists Pennsylvania: Quakers Maryland: Catholics
Royal land grants encouraged recruitment of settlers
English captured New Netherland from Dutch in 1664 New York
North American Colonization British North America
Modeled after European society Self sufficient
Local government Local manufacturing and trade
Society structured around family Southern colonies modeled after West Indies
colonies Slave labor Cash crops = tobacco, sugar, cotton plantations
North American Colonization
French North America New France Manorial estates
Landowner elitePeasantry
Quebec Strong Catholic
influence Jesuit missionaries
North American Colonization
International Conflict Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) French and Indian War (1754-1763) France lost Canada and Mississippi
possessions
North American Colonization Atlantic colonies
Secondary in importance to European powers More interested in Caribbean and African
outposts Society
Strong merchant class Western European culture
Ideals of political, religious, and economic freedom
Segregated from native population ¼ population African slaves
European Colonization
African colonies Restricted to coastal outposts Portugal sent expeditions to
capture slaves Netherlands colonized Cape
of Good Hope Cape Town Boers = Dutch farmers
Asian colonies Spain settled Philippine
Islands Dutch East India Company
settled Indonesia and Taiwan
EuropeanColonization
India Mughal Empire weakened British and French built
fortified outposts along Indian coast
British East India Company Calcutta Naval supremacy
Seven Years’ War removed French influence
from India British allied with local
Hindu princes
European Colonization
Global Impact Western Europe
Extended international conflicts Colonial trade goods
Sugar Salt
Domestic manufacturing and industrialization Colonies provided raw materials and markets for goods
Social Inequality North American Slavery Latin American Serfdom African diaspora
TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADEAP World History
Mr. Charnley
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Europeans Established trading
posts and military bases along west coast of Africa
Transitioned from attempting to capture slaves to trading with African kingdoms for captives
Demand increased when sugar plantations were established in New World
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Data 12 million Africans exported to Americas
from 1450-1850 6 million Africans died during slave raids or
forced marches to coastal ports 2 million Africans died on Middle Passage Made up 25% of North American population
and 80% of Caribbean population 42% of Africans were shipped to Brazil
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Demographics Majority of imported slaves were men
Decreasing population caused high demand Only form of population control was to increase
imports
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Africans Kingdoms close to the west
coast became more powerful due to ties with European traders
Waged wars to meet high demand for slaves
Middle Passage Journey from Africa to
Americas 18% mortality rate
West Africans highly sought due to job specialization
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Social Effects Social Hierarchy
Creole and mulatto slaves given more freedoms than Africans
Segregated based on tribal affiliations Political Effects
England banned slave trade and used navy to enforce
African kingdoms exported alternate trade goods