5 points food5 points card5 points explanation

EFFECTS? •Demographic (+)/ Migrations of Populations (+)(-)•Economic Growth/ Creation of First Global Trading System (+)•Creation of New Business Opportunities (+)•Global Diffusion of Food and Domestic Animals(+)•Increased Health and Nutrition (+) Permanent Alteration of Earth’s Cultural Exchange (+) Environment (-)(+)Devastating Spread of Disease Pathogens (-)

1450- 1750 CE: The “Early Modern” Period

• The two hemispheres are joined in sustained contact AND so world trade networks flourish- fewer people remain outside of its influence- process of real GLOBALIZATION begins

• Balance of power in the world shifts in favor of Western Europe

• Land based empires retain control and power through use of gunpowder (Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals)

• Labor systems transformed: slavery becomes central to world economy and expands to New World/ social systems established in Americas based on race

• Previously held belief systems are challenged (Reformation) while in some places reaffirmation of traditional beliefs=stability

• Population compositions change world wide (plague, contact with Americas, reconfiguration of family, role of women)

The Ambassadors (1533) is a painting by

Hans Holbein the Younger

Anatolian carpetClerical and secularCelestial globeSun dialCompassOpen bookAnamorphic skullTelescope Three levels??

Chapter 22: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

1. What are the preconditions for exploration in the 15th C?

We have seen Transoceanic Encounters Before- EXAMPLES??

We have seen Global Connections Before-EXAMPLES?

Political Stability Economic strength and wealth (government taxes or investors)Willingness to take risksSkilled and educated workersTechnological Innovation 1. Why the West?

Why the West?:Answers lie in:

geography political and economic

pluralism military inventions

empowerment of middleclass

spirit of invention andfree enterprise

(By 1900, Europe controlled 85%Of the globe)

Mixed Motives:

New technologies used in navigation:

Chapter 22: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

Ptolemy’s View of the World (from Geographia c: 150 CE)- allowed European cartographers to reconstruct Ptolemy's world view when an ancient Greek manuscript was translated into Latin around 1300.

Psychological and physical obstacles impededearly explorationThought there was a vast southern land mass that wouldblock travel to the East around AfricaThought the earth was 7/8 land, underestimated size of earth

“good voyage” = scurvy claimed the lives of only 20% of the crewDa Gama lost 126/170 men

Chinese and European Exploration: 1405-1498• motives = profit (sugarcane, slavery, gold) trade, missionary activity, show of power• Portuguese excel: Prince Henry the Navigator (Gibraltor 1415)• wanted to avoid Muslim “middlemen” in trade with the East• (collapse of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 affected the trade routes… )• 1488: Bartolomeu Dias sailed around Cape of Good Hope• 1497-1499 Vasco de Gama : sailed to India and back• 1492: Columbus: sailed to the “Indies” (a.k.a San Salvador)

Why did England get involvedIn exploration so late?

Wind and Current Patterns in the World’s Oceans

______________________________________________________________________1400 1500 1600 1700

1800 CEPrince Henry (P) Alfonso English East James Cook (GB)Motives? d’Albuquerque (P) India Co (GB) Vitus Bering (Russia)Effects? Effects? United East Seven Year’s War

India Co (VOC) 1756-1763Bartholomeu Dias (P) (Dutch) Effects? GLOBAL COMPETITIONVasco de Gama (P) MERCANTILISM (Dutch kick out Portugal,Motives? Ferdinand Magellan (S) FR and GB compete for India,Effects? Effects? FR, GB and SP in Americas)

Christopher Spain capturesColumbus(S) PhilippinesMotives ? Sir Frances Drake (GB) Russia expands into SiberiaEffects? Effects?

WHY Portugal And Spain first?

(From your homework questions…….)How were the English and Dutch trading companies organized and administered? How were these companies able to establish themselves in Asia?

Effects:FR out of IndiaGB got FR colonies in CanadaFR kept Caribbean postsSP kept CubaGB took FloridaGB wins: British hegemony

Martin Behaim: creator of the first spherical globe of the Earth

Used Ptolemy’s calculations for circumference = 16,000 miles (9000 miles short)Insisted until the day he died (1504)that he reached Asia

Spain

Portugal

Treaty of Tordesilla 1494

Pope Alexander VI issued a “Line of Demarcation” in 1493…

Spanish in the Philippines

Vs.Dutch in Indonesia?

(Direct vs. Indirect rule)

Establishment of Trading Post Empires

• Portuguese first (economic reasons)

• Alfonso d’Alboquerque(safe conduct passes?)

• Portuguese control declinesby end of 16th C (WHY?)

English and Dutch Trading PostsEnglish East India Trading Co

Dutch United East India Co (VOC)

How were these trading companies organized and administered?

How were they able to establish themselves in Asia?

Roald Amundsen1872-1928

Waldeseemuller’s world map 1507

Jan Stobnicza 1512

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Macau_Trade_Routes.png

Social:Development and Transformation of social structures  

            

Political:State-building, expansion and conflict  

           

InteractionBetween humans and the environment  

        

S

P

I

C

E

Loss of status for noble class/ rise of the peasants as consumers and a growing middle class/ middle class assuming larger role in government

economic power rests with family (cottage industries form to replace guilds)

World Population rose: 400 million (1500) to 900 million (1800)State sponsored exploration (Portugal and Spain first)/ helped fuel economy

Empire building (trading posts, colonies) tied to missionary and economic efforts

Exploration as source of identity and power in W Europe

Seven Year’s War (1756-1763)- power shift away from Ming, Abbasid, Byzantine, Mongols..

European geography facilitated the building of nation-states

Volta do Mar, knowledge of wind currents

North Star, knowledge of latitude

Culture:Development and interaction of cultures  

           

Economic:Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems  

   

       

S

P

I

C

E

Adopt sternpost rudder, compass, lateen sail, gunpowder, mapmaking, Exploration (Manila Galleons 1565-1815)

Renaissance as a foundation for this period

Primacy of the Roman Christian Church is fading in Western EuropeRole in political affairs is weakeningStill subject of art, missionary movement still strong, Crusades, Reconquista

Nation states are tied to the church

Wanted to circumvent Muslim intermediaries- find new route to the EastLand routes not as safe with fall of Mongols – need to find a sea routeCash crops – mining and trade of silver (Role of the Chinese here?)Trading post empires, banking, adoption of Arabic numerals, safe conduct passesEnglish East India Co 1600, United East India Co (VOC) 1602New business practices: joint stock companies, banking, birth of Capitalism (explore for profit, supply and demand control the marketplace)

Improvement in mining techniques, Improvements in military technology, printing press