common cardiac problems in pediatric practice
DESCRIPTION
The ppt. presentation describes the various cardiac issues commonly encountered in pediatric practiceTRANSCRIPT
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Common Cardiac Problems in Pediatric Practice
Dr. Pravin Asir Abraham.
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DISCLAIMER: This lecture is based on
generalizations and common cases presented at the pediatrics dept, AMH.
There are many more CHDs than what I’ve listed and I hope you can use these principles to help you out with those.
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Cardiac cases at AMH Newborn referrals- Cardiac murmurs. Cyanosis. Respiratory symptoms.
Pediatric referrals-Cardiac murmurs. Chest pain evaluation. Palpitation evaluation. Syncope evaluation. Evaluation of genetic syndromes. Pre-operative evaluation. Evaluating cardiac involvement in systemic
diseases.
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NEWBORN REFERRALS
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Fetal Circulation For the fetus the placenta is the
oxygenator so the lungs do little work RV & LV contribute equally to the
systemic circulation and pump against similar resistance
Shunts are necessary for survival ductus venosus (bypasses liver) foramen ovale (R→L atrial level shunt) ductus arteriosus (R→L arterial level shunt)
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Transitional Circulation With first few breaths lungs expand
and serve as the oxygenator (and the placenta is removed from the circuit)
Foramen ovale functionally closes Ductus arteriosus usually closes
within first 1-2 days
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Neonatal Circulation Pulmonary resistance (PVR) is high;
so initially RV pressure ~ LV pressure
RV pumps to pulmonary circulation and LV pumps to systemic circulation
By 6 weeks pulmonary resistance drops and LV becomes dominant
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Normal Pediatric Circulation LV pressure is 4-5 x RV pressure
(this is feasible since RV pumps against lower resistance than LV)
RV is more compliant chamber than LV
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Normal cardiac findings in newborns- HR range 100-180. Varying degrees of acrocyanosis. Maximal cardiac impulse at LLSB- RV
hyperactive. S2 may be single for first few days of
life. An ejection click representing
pulmonary hypertension heard in first hours of life.
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Normal cardiac findings in newborns- contd. Pulmonary flow murmur-grade 1-2/6
systolic ejection murmur(innocent murmur)-characteristically radiates to sides and back of the chest. This prevalence and loudness increased in preterms.
Peripheral pulses are bounding due to lack of subcutaneous tissue.
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Congenital Heart Disease (CHD)
Occurs in 0.5-1% of all live births Simple way to classify is:
L→R shuntsCyanotic CHD (R→L shunts)Obstructive lesions
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L→R Shunts (“Acyanotic” CHD) Defects
1. VSD
2. PDA
3. ASD
4. AVSD (or complete atrioventricular canal)
May not be apparent in neonate due to high PVR (ie- bidirectional shunt)
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L→R Shunts –General Points
PDA /VSD(5-10/15-20) Presents in infancy w/
heart failure, murmur, and poor growth
Left heart enlargement (LHE)
Transmits flow and pressure
ASD(5-10) Presents in childhood
w/ murmur or exercise intolerance (AVSD or 1o ASD presents earlier)
Right heart enlargement (RHE)
Transmits flow only
AVSD can present as either depending on size of ASD & VSD component
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Increased PBF
Left Heart Overload
Right Heart Overload
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Pulm vasc markings equal in
upper and lower zones
Cardiomegaly
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Eisenmenger’s Syndrome A long standing L→R shunt will
eventually cause irreversible pulmonary vascular disease
This occurs sooner in unrepaired VSDs and PDAs (vs an ASD) because of the high pressure
Once the PVR gets very high the shunt reverses (ie- now R→L) and the patient becomes cyanotic
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R→L Shunts (CCHD)
↑ PBF Truncus arteriosus Total anomalous
pulmvenous return (TAPVR)
Transposition of the great arteries (TGA)
↓ PBF Tetralogy of Fallot Tricuspid atresia Ebstein’s anomaly
• “Blue blood bypasses the lungs”• Degree of cyanosis varies• Classify based on pulmonary blood flow (PBF)
Please note: This is a generalization. In reality most of these defects can present with low or high PBF (eg- ToF with little PS acts more like a VSD with high PBF)
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R→L Shunts
↑ PBF Presents more often
with heart failure (except TGA)
Pulmonary congestion worsens as neonatal PVR lowers
Sats can be 93-94% if there is high PBF
Equal pressures here too
There is unimpeded PBF; thus, extreme
pulmonary overcirculation.
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R→L Shunts
↓ PBF Presents more often
with cyanosis See oligemic lung
fields Closure of PDA may
worsen cyanosis
Dynamic subvalvular obstruction here
causes “Tet spells”
Why are pressures
equal?
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70%
70%
99%
99%
90%
60%
60%
99%
99%
70%
Pulmonary overcirculation Too little
PBF
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Different amounts of PBF(Truncus vs ToF)
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Obstructive Lesions
Ductal Dependent
1. Critical PS/AS(8-12/3-6)
2. Critical CoA/IAA(8-10/1)
3. HLHS Presents in CV shock at
2-3 days of age when PDA closes
+/- cyanosis Needs PGE1
Non-Ductal Dependent1. Mild-moderate AS2. Mild-moderate CoA3. Mild-moderate PS Presents in older
child w/ murmur, exercise intolerance, or HTN (in CoA)
Not cyanotic
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Without a PDA there is no blood flow to the abdomen
and lower extremities.
(Blue blood is better than no blood.)
Ductal-DependentLesion
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Physical Exam Heart sounds
Ejection click = AS or PS Mid-systolic click = MVP Loud S2 = Pulmonary HTN Single S2 = one semilunar valve
(truncus), anterior aorta (TGA), pulmonary HTN
Fixed, split S2 = ASD, PS Gallop (S3) – may be due to cardiac
dysfunction/ volume overload Muffled heart sounds and/or a rub =
pericardial effusion ± tamponade
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COMMON PEDIATRIC REFERRALS
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Innocent murmurs
Still’s murmur Classic innocent murmur Heard most commonly in young children (3-
5 yrs of age) but can be heard in all ages “Vibratory” low-frequency murmur often
heard along LSB and apex Positional – increases in intensity when pt is
in supine position Also louder in high output states (i.e.
dehydration, fever) Need to differentate from VSD
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Innocent murmurs
Pulmonary flow murmur Often heard in older children and adolscents Soft SEM at ULSB, little radiation; normal
second heart sound Not positional Need to differentiate b/w mild PS and
especially an ASD Hint: ASD would have a fixed split second
heart sound
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Innocent murmurs Venous hum
Often heard in toddlers, young children Low pitched continuous murmur often
heard best in infraclavicular area, normal heart sounds
Positional – diminishes or goes completely away when pt in supine position or with compression of jugular vein
Need to differentiate between a PDA
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CHEST PAIN IN CHILDREN Idiopathic(12-45)-precordial
catch,mastalgia Costochondritis(9-22) Musculoskeletal trauma(21) Lung(15-21) Psychogenic(5-9) GI(4-7) Sickle cell crisis(2) Cardiac(0-4)
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Cardiac pains Severe AS. Severe PS. Mitral Valve prolapse. HOCM. CAD(ALCAPA or kawasaki disease
sequelae) Cocaine abuse. Pericarditis-pericardiotomy
syndrome)/Myocarditis. Arrhythmias(WPW syndrome,LQT)
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Palpitations in children
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Syncope in children Vasovagal syncope- with prodrome-
dizziness, pallor, palpitation, nausea, diaphoresis, hyperventilation followed by LOC.
Orthostatic hypotension- No prodrome-light headedness.
CVOD. Cardiac causes- AS, PS, HOCM,
Myocardial dysfunction, arrhythmias(WPW, LQTS,RV dysplasia,SVT,VT, CHB,SSS)
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Syndrome Associations
Down – AV canal and VSD Turner – CoA, AS Trisomies 13 and 18 – VSD, PDA Fetal alcohol – L→R shunts, ToF CHARGE – conotruncal (ToF,
truncus)
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Hereditary Diseases Marfan (AD)– aortic root aneurysm ± dissection,
MVP, MR, AI HCM (AD) – outflow tract obstruction, arrhythmias Noonan (AD) – HCM, PS DMD/BMD (X-link) – DCM (>12 y.o.) Williams (AD) – supravalvar AS Tuberous sclerosis – rhabdomyoma Romano-Ward – AD LQTS Jervell & Lange-Nielsen – AR LQTS & deafness
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Pre-operative evaluation Indications for prophylaxis
- High risk- prosthetic cardiac valve, previous bacterial endocarditis, CCHD, Surgically constructed systemic to pulmonary artery conduits.
- Moderate risk- Other CHD, Acquired Valvular disease, HCM, MVP with MR or thickened leaflets.
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IE prophylaxis for DORE procedures Oral- Amoxicillin 50mg/kg 1 hr
before Sx. Inj- Ampicillin 50mg/kg IM or IV
within 30 minutes before Sx. Allergic to PCN- Cephalexin or
Cefadroxil 50mg/kg/ Azithromycin 15mg/kg 1 hr before Sx.
Allergic to PCN and unable orally-Clindamycin 20mg/kg or Cefazolin 25mg/kg within 30mts.
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IE prophylaxis for GI and GU High risk-Ampi 50mg/kg IM or
IV(2g)+genta 1.5mg/kg within 30mts, Ampi 25mg/kg IM or IV 6hr(OR)Vanco 20mg/kg IV over 1-2 hr+genta 1mg/kg IM or IV.
Moderate risk-Amox 50mg/kg orally 1hr or ampi 50mg/kg IM or IV within 30mts(OR)Vanco 20mg/kg IV over 1-2hr.
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Kawasaki Disease (KD) Now the #1 cause of acquired heart
disease.A systemic vasculitis (etiology-unknown)
Tests – CBC, CMP, CRP, ESR, EKG, ECHO
Rx – IVIG at 2g/kg and high-dose ASA Prognosis – Coronary artery
dilatation in 15-25% w/o IVIG and 4% w/ IVIG (if given within 10 days of fever onset). Risk of coronary thrombosis.
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Kawasaki – Clinical criteria
Fever for at least 5 days AND 4 of the following 5 criteria:
Eyes - conjunctival injection (ie- no exudate) Lips & mouth - erythema, cracked lips,
strawberry tongue Hands & feet - edema and/or erythema Skin - polymorphous exanthem (ie- any rash) Unilateral, cervical lymphadenopathy
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Rheumatic Fever
A post-infectious connective tissue disease Follows GAS pharyngitis by 3 weeks (vs.
nephritogenic strains of GAS) Injury by GAS antibodies cross-reacting with tissue Dx – JONES criteria (major and minor) Tests – Throat Cx, ASO titer, CRP, ESR, EKG, +/-
ECHO Rx – PCN x10 days and high-dose ASA or steroids 2o Prophylaxis – daily po PCN or monthly IM PCN
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Rheumatic Fever – organs affected
1. Heart muscle & valves – myocarditis & endocarditis (pericarditis rare w/o the others)
2. Joints – polyarthritis
3. Brain – Sydenham’s Chorea (“milkmaid’s grip” or better yet, “motor impersistance”)
4. Skin – erythema marginatum (serpiginous border) due to vasculitis
5. Subcutaneous nodules – non-tender, mobile and on extensor surfaces
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HEART-FELT THANKS