common gi problems for board examinationreviews.berlinpharm.com/20171125/handout gi-1 common...
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Common GI Problems
for Board Examination
Supot Pongprasobchai
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine,
Siriraj Hospital
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Topics
Basic skills for GI examination
Long case/ASCE
Abdominal CT
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I. Basic Skills
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General Techniques
Good light but private
Good exposure: xiphoid to pubic symphysis
Warm hands and stethoscope
Avoid long fingernails
Approach calmly, avoid quick unexpected
movement
Watch patient face
Examine pain area last
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Special Techniques
To relax patient’s abdomen
Drawing up patient’s knees
Deep breathing
Engaging patient with conversation
To deal with ticklish patient
Self palpation, patient’s hand under yours
Use diaphragm of the stethoscope as
palpating instrument
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Liver Palpation
Middleton
or
Hooking
Parallel to
rectus M.
Parallel to costal
margin
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Location of the Spleen
Just posterior to the midaxillary line
9th-11th ribs (“3 ribs - 2 spaces”)
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Supine Decubitus Middleton
or Hooking
Palpation of the Spleen
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Percussion of the Spleen
Percussion
11th ICS, midaxillary line
Castell’s method
Nixon’s method
Traube’s space
Castell Nixon Traube’s space
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Shifting Dullness
X
XX
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Cirrhosis
Eyes Anemia
Jaundice
Kayser-Fleischer’s rings
Signs of chronic liver disease
Flapping tremor
Liver
Spleen
Ascites
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Eyes
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Signs of Chronic Liver Diseases
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Steven McGee Evidence-based Physical Diagnosis 2001
Flapping Tremor (Asterixis)
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Flapping Tremor (Asterixis)
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II. Long Case/ASCE
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Common Topics to be Approach
Jaundice
Dysphagia
Dyspepsia
Chronic diarrhea
Ascites
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
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1. Jaundice
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Define the severity
Define the cause
Define the type
History Taking of Jaundice Patients
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History Taking of Jaundice Patients
Anemia hemolytic
Malaise, fatigue, N-V, dark urine
hepatocellular
Pruritus, pale stool, dark urine
cholestasis
Jx only hepatocellular or
cholestasis wait for LFT
Define the severity
Define the cause
Define the type
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History Taking of Jaundice Patients
Hemolytic Onset since childhood
Thalassemia, HS
Recent onset AIHA
Hepatocellular Prodomes (flu-like) VH
Drugs & herbs DILI
Alcohol AH
No clues DILI, AIH, WD
Cholestasis Pain, wt loss, mass obstructive jx
Pruritus precedes jx, no pain, intrahepatic cholestasis
Drugs
PBC (fatigue, pruritus for years)
Sepsis
Thyrotoxicosis
Congestive hepatopathy
Define the severity
Define the cause
Define the type
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History Taking of Jaundice Patients
Somnolence, day-night reversal
Bruise, ecchymosis
Hypoglycemia
Define the severity
Define the cause
Define the type
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Physical Exam of Jaundice Patients
GA Jaundice, pallor, edema
Signs of CLD CHB, AIH, WD, cirrhosis
Flapping tremor
Hepatomegaly Soft hepatitis, congestive hepatopathy
Firm cirrhosis, infiltrative liver disease
Hard malignancy, amyloidosis
Left lobe hypertrophy cirrhosis
Splenomegaly cirrhosis, thalassemia, HS
Ascites With edema cirrhosis
No edema malignant biliary obstruction + carcinomatosis peritonei PR for rectal shelf
PR for rectal shelf and stool color
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LFT of Jaundice Patients
Hemolytic Hepatocellular Cholestasis Inherited
IB >70%DB >50%
ALT >5x
DB >50%
ALT <5x
Elevated
bilirubin only
ALP
>3xALP
normal
EHC
or IHCIHC
US
IB DB
Gilbert
or
Crigger-
Najja
Dubin-
Johnson
orRotor
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2. Dysphagia
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Dysphagia
Difficult in initiating swallowing & Choking
Solid only
Peptic
stricture
IntermittentProgressive
Oropharyngeal Esophageal
Cancer Achalasia
Solid & liquid
IntermittentProgressive
Age >50
wt loss
Heartburn Regurgitation Heartburn
Scleroderma Other
motility
disorders
EE
Ring
Web
Yes No
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3. Dyspepsia
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Dyspepsia
Jaundice, wt. loss
(Biliary colic)
Meal-related
Improved by N-V
Burning
Gastroduodenal
NSAID/night pain/UGIB
wt. loss/UGIB
Back pain/wt. lossAlcoholic/steatorrhea
EGD LFT + US
Hepatobiliary Pancreatic
HB tumors
Hepatomegaly
(GS)
Pancreatic CA
CP
US/CT
Anemia,
Epigastric tenderness,
Mass (CA)
NoneJaundice,
Signs of CLD,
Hepatomegaly
FD, PU, Gastric CA
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4. Chronic Diarrhea
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Definition of Chronic Diarrhea
Diarrhea
– Loose or watery ≥ 3 times/day
– Mucous bloody once
Persists >4 weeks
1 wk 2 wk 3 wk 4 wk
Acute diarrhea
Chronic diarrhea
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Etiology of
Chronic Diarrhea
Colon
IBS-D
Colonic cancer
Infectious (CMV, Eh, Cd, Cj/Ye, TB)
IBD (UC, CD)
Microscopic colitis
Small bowel
Parasitic and protozoan infection
TB
Crohn’s disease
NHL
Other small bowel enteropathies:celiac sprue, Whipple’s disease, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, SLE amyloidosis, intestinal lymphangiectasia
Small bowel bacterial overgrowth
Mesenteric ischemia
Radiation enteritis
Pancreatobiliary
Bile salt diarrhea
Chronic pancreatitis
Endocrine
Hyperthyroidism
DM
Hypoparathyroidism
Addison’s disease
NET (VIPoma, carcinoid, gastrinoma)
Others
Drugs
Surgical (short bowel, fistula)
Factitious diarrhea
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Common Causes of Chronic Diarrhea
Western
– IBS
– IBD
– Celiac disease
– Chronic infections
– Idiopathic secretory diarrhea
Thailand
– IBS
– Parasites
– IBD
– TB
– Idiopathic
Board exam
– IBD
– TB
– Lymphoma
– SLE
– Thyrotoxicosis
– Parasites
– AAD
– EoGE
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Functional VS Organic
Small bowel VS Large bowel
Watery VS Fatty VS Inflammatory
Clinical hints
Approach to Chronic Diarrhea
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Fine KD. Gastroenterology 1999;116:1464-86
290- 2 (Na + K) < 100
+WC/RC Stool fat >7 g/day
290 - 2 (Na + K) > 100
No WC/RC
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Functional VS Organic
Small bowel VS Large bowel
Watery VS Fatty VS Inflammatory
Clinical hints
Approach to Chronic Diarrhea
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Stool exam, SBFT, enterocopy
Chronic diarrhea
Large volume diarrhea(Small bowel / Rt-sided colon)
Colonoscopy
Small volume diarrhea(Lt-sided colon)
Functional Rome IV IBS-D
Any hints?
Organic
Colon Ca Colitis/Ulcer
UC/CDTB
InfectiousIschemic
Radiation
Watery
NETParasites
TBNHLCDSLE
EoGE
Focused
work-up
Steatorrhea
CPSIBO
CT, H2BT
Malabsorption Dehydration
Hypo K+
CT
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Chronic diarrhea
FunctionalOrganic
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Organic & Functional Diarrhea
Organic Functional
Duration < 3 mo > 3 mo
Course of diarrhea Progressive Wax & wane
Nocturnal diarrhea + Rare
Constitutional Sx + -
Wt loss + -
Bloody/mucus bloody Probably present Absent
CBC/ESR/albumin Abnormal Normal
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Chronic diarrhea
FunctionalOrganic Rome IV IBS-D
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Rome IV Criteria for IBS
Recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort
at least 1 day per week for 3 months
Associated with 2 or more ofAssociated with defecation
Onset associated with a change in frequency of stool
Onset associated with a change in form of stool
• Constipation-predominant IBS (IBS-C)
• Diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D)
• Mixed type IBS (IBS-M)
Lacy BE. Gastroenterology 2016;150:1393-407
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Chronic diarrhea
Large volume diarrhea(Small bowel / Rt-sided colon)
Small volume diarrhea(Lt-sided colon)
FunctionalOrganic
Steatorrhea
Rome IV IBS-D
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Steatorrhea
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Chronic diarrhea
Large volume diarrhea(Small bowel / Rt-sided colon)
Small volume diarrhea(Lt-sided colon)
FunctionalOrganic
Steatorrhea
CPSIBO
CT, H2BT
Rome IV IBS-D
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Small- & Large Volume Diarrhea
Small volume Large volume
Site of lesions Left ½ colon Small bowel or
right ½ colon
Amount Small Large
Frequency Frequent Not frequent
Characteristic of stool Watery or
mucous-bloody
Watery
Urgency/tenesmus + -
Abdominal pain Lower abdomen Periumbilical
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Chronic diarrhea
Large volume diarrhea(Small bowel / Rt-sided colon)
Colonoscopy
Small volume diarrhea(Lt-sided colon)
FunctionalOrganic
Colon Ca Colitis/Ulcer
UC/CDTB
InfectiousIschemic
Radiation
Steatorrhea
CPSIBO
CT, H2BT
Rome IV IBS-D
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Pseudomembranous
colitis
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Ulcerative Colitis
Rectal involvement
Normal mucosa above colitic
segment
Prolonged colitis (>3 mo) with
history of unresponsive to
antibiotics
Exclude shigella, amoebiasis
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Normal intervening mucosa
Cobble stone appearance
Ileal involvement
Anorectal lesions
Crohn’s Disease
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Tuberculosis
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Normal Colonoscopy
Always taking random
biopsy to rule out
microscopic colitis
If normal IBS
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Chronic diarrhea
Large volume diarrhea(Small bowel / Rt-sided colon)
Colonoscopy
Small volume diarrhea(Lt-sided colon)
FunctionalOrganic
Colon Ca Colitis/Ulcer
UC/CDTB
InfectiousIschemic
Radiation
Watery
Steatorrhea
CPSIBO
CT, H2BT
Malabsorption Dehydration
Hypo K+
Rome IV IBS-D
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Stool exam, SBFT, enterocopy
Chronic diarrhea
Large volume diarrhea(Small bowel / Rt-sided colon)
Colonoscopy
Small volume diarrhea(Lt-sided colon)
FunctionalOrganic
Colon Ca Colitis/Ulcer
UC/CDTB
InfectiousIschemic
Radiation
Watery
ParasitesTB
NHLCDSLE
EoGE
Steatorrhea
CPSIBO
CT, H2BT
Malabsorption Dehydration
Hypo K+
Rome IV IBS-D
![Page 53: Common GI Problems for Board Examinationreviews.berlinpharm.com/20171125/Handout GI-1 Common Problems.pdf · Common GI Problems for Board Examination ... History Taking of Jaundice](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022006/5ac5d16d7f8b9a2b5c8dd434/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Malabsorption
Anemia
Edema
Hypoproteinemia
Glossitis
Angular stomatitis
Hair color change
Nail change
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Flocculation of barium
Luminal dilatation
Loss of normal folds
Malabsorption
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TB
Crohn’s Disease
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Hidebound Sign
Sclerdoderma
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Stool exam, SBFT, enterocopy
Chronic diarrhea
Large volume diarrhea(Small bowel / Rt-sided colon)
Colonoscopy
Small volume diarrhea(Lt-sided colon)
FunctionalOrganic
Colon Ca Colitis/Ulcer
UC/CDTB
InfectiousIschemic
Radiation
Watery
ParasitesTB
NHLCDSLE
EoGE
Steatorrhea
CPSIBO
CT, H2BT
Malabsorption Dehydration
Hypo K+
Rome IV IBS-D
![Page 59: Common GI Problems for Board Examinationreviews.berlinpharm.com/20171125/Handout GI-1 Common Problems.pdf · Common GI Problems for Board Examination ... History Taking of Jaundice](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022006/5ac5d16d7f8b9a2b5c8dd434/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Stool exam, SBFT, enterocopy
Chronic diarrhea
Large volume diarrhea(Small bowel / Rt-sided colon)
Colonoscopy
Small volume diarrhea(Lt-sided colon)
FunctionalOrganic
Colon Ca Colitis/Ulcer
UC/CDTB
InfectiousIschemic
Radiation
Watery
NETParasites
TBNHLCDSLE
EoGE
Steatorrhea
CPSIBO
CT, H2BT
Malabsorption Dehydration
Hypo K+
CT
Rome IV IBS-D
![Page 60: Common GI Problems for Board Examinationreviews.berlinpharm.com/20171125/Handout GI-1 Common Problems.pdf · Common GI Problems for Board Examination ... History Taking of Jaundice](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022006/5ac5d16d7f8b9a2b5c8dd434/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Pancreatic VIPoma
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Stool exam, SBFT, enterocopy
Chronic diarrhea
Large volume diarrhea(Small bowel / Rt-sided colon)
Colonoscopy
Small volume diarrhea(Lt-sided colon)
Functional
Any hints?
Organic
Colon Ca Colitis/Ulcer
UC/CDTB
InfectiousIschemic
Radiation
Watery
NETParasites
TBNHLCDSLE
EoGE
Focused
work-up
Steatorrhea
CPSIBO
CT, H2BT
Malabsorption Dehydration
Hypo K+
CT
Rome IV IBS-D
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Clinical Hints to Dx Chronic Diarrhea
Flushing carcinoid syndrome
Tachycardia thyrotoxicosis, carcinoid syndrome
Aphthous ulcers IBD, Behcet’s disease
Arthritis IBD, SLE, Whipple’s disease
Lymphadenopathy lymphoma, TB, AIDS, Whipple’s disease
Peripheral neuropathy amyloidosis
Proteinuria amyloidosis, SLE
Dermatitis herpetiformis coeliac disease
Peptic ulcer ZE syndrome
Ataxia Abetalipoproteinemia
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Chronic Diarrhea with Fever
Infectious diarrhea
Amoebiasis
TB enteritis
CMV colitis
C. difficile -associated diarrhea
IBD
Lymphoma
SLE
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IBD
IPSID
Coeliac disease
Cystic fibrosis
Whipple’s disease
Malignancy (paraneoplastic)
Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome
Sarcoidosis
Long standing chronic diarrhea
Chronic Diarrhea with
Clubbing of Fingers
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Chronic Diarrhea with Eosinophilia
Parasites
Eosinophilic
gastroenteritis
Lymphoma
SLE
Drugs-induced
Food allergy
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5. Ascites
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Ascites
Leg edema / Weight
Portal HT or hypoalbuminemia
DOE, PNDJaundice
Cirrhotic risk
Leg edema Wt gain No leg edema Wt loss
Cirrhosis NS
Peritoneal diseases
No feverFever
Signs CLD,
splenomegaly
Hypoalbuminemia - rectal
shelf
TB CARHF
Periorbital edema
+ rectal
shelf
Elevated JVP
hepatomegaly
+ foamy
urine
- foamy
urine
PLE
Hi - SAAGLo - protein
Hi - SAAGHi - protein
Lo - SAAGLo - protein
Lo - SAAGHi - protein
Portal HT
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6. Hepatomegaly
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Fever, malaise, headache
(SI)
Anemia, bleeding (AL)
Anemia, dark urine (HA)
Systemic infection
Leukemia
Hemolytic anemia
Fatty liver
TB
NHL
Amyloidosis
Hepatomegaly
Tumor
Abscess
Alc, metabol synd (FL)
Fever, wt loss, HIV (TB)
LN (NHL)
Edema, NS (A)
Weight loss (T)
Fever (A)
SOL Congestion
CT Biopsy
Congested liver
Edema
DOE, PND
Bulging, hard (T),
soft (A)Firm-smooth
(amyloidosis – hard)
US - SOL US - normal
ILD RE proliferation
Soft-smooth
Splenomegaly
Soft-smooth
High JVP
US - normal US - dilated
hepatic V, IVC
Biopsy
ALP
AST/ALT (FL)
NonspecificAST/ALT (SI)
Others - nonspecific ALP
AST/ALT (HCC)
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Liver Abscess
Amoebic Pyogenic
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HCC
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Cholangiocarcinoma
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Liver Metastasis
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Congestive Hepatopathy
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7. Splenomegaly
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Splenomegaly
NHL
Abscess
Edema, NS
RHF
Fever, wt. loss
Melioidosis risk
SOLCongestion
Portal HT
Hx of alcohol,
cirrhosis
Fever, malaise, headache
Anemia, dark urine
Anemia, bleeding
Appropriate Ix
InfiltrationRE proliferation
Amyloidosis
Storage diseases
Systemic infection
Hemolysis
Hematologic malignancy
Accordingly Hepatomegaly
others
Nodular liver
Signs of CLD
Fever, LN
Hepatomegaly,
Lungs
US