communicable diseases: pneumonia, diarrhea, and measles

7/29/2019 Communicable Diseases: Pneumonia, Diarrhea, and Measles

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Communicable Diseases:Pneumonia, Diarrhea, and Measles

Pneumonia- is an inflammation of the lungs caused by infection. Bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites can

cause pneumonia. Pneumonia is a particular concern if you're older than 65 or have a chronic illness or

weak immune system.

General Danger signs:

1. Unable to drink or breastfeed2. Vomiting3. Convulsions4. Abnormally sleepy or difficult to awaken

Main symptoms:

1. Fast breathing2. Chest indrawing3. Stridor4. Wheeze

PREVENTION

Vaccines

Haemophilus Pertussis

Form: Pentavalent

Dosage: 0.5 mL

Route: IM

Site: L or R upper thighs

TREATMENT

Give medications on time Monitor temperature twice (once in the morning and once in the evening) Assess lips and fingernails making sure that they are rosy and pink

Classify COUGH OR DIFFICULT BREATHING

Any generaldanger sign, or

Chestindrawing, or

Stridor in acalm child

SEVERE

PNEUMONIA OR

VERY SEVERE

DISEASE

Give first dose of an appropriate antibiotic. Give Vitamin A. If chest indrawing and wheeze, go directly to

treat wheezing.

Treat the child to prevent low blood sugar. Refer URGENTLY to hospital.

Fast breathing PNEUMONIA Give an appropriate antibiotic for 3 days. If wheezing (even if I disappeared after rapid-

acting bronchodilator), give an inhaled

bronchodilator for 5 days.

Soothe the throat and relieve the cough with asafe remedy. If coughing for more than 3 weeks or if having

recurrent wheezing, refer for assessment for TB

or asthma.

Advise the mother when to return immediately. Follow up in 2 days.

No signs andof pneumonia

or very severe

disease

NO PNEUMONIA:

COUGH OR COLD

If wheezing (even if I disappeared after rapid-acting bronchodilator), give an inhaled

bronchodilator for 5 days.

Soothe the throat and relieve the cough with asafe remedy.

If coughing for more than 30 days, refer forassessment.

Advise the mother when to return immediately. Follow up in 2 days.


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Diarrhea- frequent runny or watery bowel movement (poop) is usually brought on by gastrointestinal

(GI) infections caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites.

Common Causes:

o Viruses, such as rotavirus which cant be treated with antibioticso Bacteria such as campylobacter, salmonella, shigella, and E. Colio Food poisoningo Parasites, such as giardia


1. Unable to drink or breastfeed2. Vomiting3. Convulsions4. Abnormally sleepy or difficult to awaken

PREVENTION

Proper hand washing and safe food handling are the most important ways to prevent the spread of

germs that cause diarrhea.

Foods to avoid

Do not give your child sugary drinks such as: fruit juice or sweetened fruit drinks, carbonated drinks

(pop/soda), sweetened tea, broth or rice water. These have the wrong amounts of water, salts and

sugar and can make your childs diarrhea worse.

TREATMENT

Oresol (Oral Rehydration Solution):

1 liter of safe drinking water 8 teaspoon sugar 1 tsp salt

Classify DIARRHEA For DEHYDRATION

Two of the following

signs: Abnormally

sleepy or

difficult to

awaken

Sunken eyes Not able to

drink or

drinking poorly

Skin pinch goesback very

slowly

SEVERE

DEHYDRATION

If child has no other severe classification: Give fluid for severe dehydration (Plan

C). OR

If the child also has another severe classification:

Refer URGENTLY to hospital, with mothergiving frequent sips of ORS on the way.

Advise the mother to continuebreastfeeding.

If child is 2 years or older and there is cholera inyour area, give antibiotic for cholera.

Two of the following

signs:

Restless,irritable

Sunken eyes Drinks eagerly,

thirsty

SOME

DEHYDRATION

Give ORS, zinc supplements and food for somedehydration (Plan B).

If the child also has another severe classification: Refer URGENTLY to hospital, with mother

giving frequent sips of ORS on the way.

Advise the mother to continuebreastfeeding.


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Skin pinch goesback slowly

Advise the mother when to return immediately. Follow up in 5 days if not improving.

Not enoughsigns to classify

as some or

severedehydration

NO DEHYDRATION Give ORS, zinc supplements, and food to treatdiarrhea at home (Plan A).

Advise the mother when to return immediately.

Follow up in 5 days if not improving.

Classify DIARRHEA if 14 days or more

Dehydrationpresent

SEVERE

PERSISTENT

DIARRHEA

Treat dehydration before referral unless thechild has another severe classification.

Give Vitamin A. Refer to hospital.

No dehydration PERSISTENTDIARRHEA

Advise the mother on feeding a child who hasPERSISTENT DIARRHEA.

Give Vitamin A. Give multivitamins and minerals (including zinc)

for 14 days.

Follow up in 5 days. Advise the mother when to return immediately.

Classify if there is blood in the stool

Blood in thestool

DYSENTERY Give Ciprofloxacin for 3 days. Follow up in 2 days.

Advise the mother when to return immediately.

Measles- Measles, also called rubeola, is a highly contagious respiratory infection that's caused by a

virus. It causes a total-body skin rash and flu-like symptoms.


1. Unable to drink or breastfeed2. Vomiting3. Convulsions4.

Abnormally sleepy or difficult to awaken

Signs and Symptoms:

clouding of cornea Mouth ulcers Pus draining from the eyes Koplik's spots hacking cough runny nose high fever

Prevention:

Vaccines

MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, and rubella)

First dose: 12 to 15 months old Second dose: 4 to 6 years old

TREATMENT

1. Use liquid baby paracetamol or ibuprofen to relieve fever, aches and pains.2. Closing curtains or dimming lights can help reduce light sensitivity.3. Gently clean the eye from inner to outer lid.4. Cough medicines are of little help and should not be given to children under the age of six.


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5. Children over 12 months old may benefit from a teaspoon of lemon juice and two teaspoons ofhoney in a glass of warm water.

6. Placing a bowl of water in the room will make the atmosphere more humid.7. Children should drink regularly to prevent dehydration.

Classify MEASLES

Any generaldanger sign, or

Clouding ofthe cornea, or

Deep orextensive

mouth ulcers

SEVERE

COMPLICATED

MEASLES

Give Vitamin A. Give first dose of appropriate antibiotic. If there is clouding of the cornea or pus is draining

from the eye, apply tetracycline eye ointment.

Refer URGENTLY to hospital.

Pus drainingfrom the eye,

or Mouth ulcers

MEASLES WITH

EYE OR MOUTH

COMPLICATION

Give Vitamin A. If pus is draining from the eyes, apply tetracycline

eye ointment.

If mouth ulcers are present, teach the mother totreat them with gentian violet.

Follow up in 2 days. Advise the mother when to return immediately.

Measles nowor last 3 mon.

MEASLES Give Vitamin A. Advise the mother when to return immediately.

References:

Wongs Pediatric Nursing IMCI Chart Booklet Integrated Management of Childhood Illness 2011 Edition http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/lung/measles.html http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Measles/Pages/Treatment.aspx http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002026.htm http://www.news-medical.net/health/Measles-Prevention.aspx http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/lung/pneumonia.html http://www.freece.com/Files/Classroom/ProgramSlides/74e8eb83-3951-476c-87c9-

ce00afb7e3b6/Diarrhea%20Homestudy.pdf

http://www.caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/dehydration_and_diarrhea http://children.webmd.com/guide/diarrhea-treatment http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_FCH_CAH_06.1.pdf http://www.101healthportal.com/illness-disease/pneumonia-types.php http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/pneumonia/DS00135

communicable diseases: pneumonia, diarrhea, and measles

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