communication what is communication? – an action on the part of one organism that alters the...
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Communication
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Communication• What is
Communication?– An action on the part of
one organism that alters the probability pattern of behavior in another organism in a fashion adaptive to either one or both of the participants (Wilson 1975)
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Communication (Wiley 1983)
Sender Valueof
Information
Positive Zero (ornegative)
PositiveTrue
Communication Manipulation
Zero (ornegative) Eavesdropping Ignoring
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Communication (Wiley 1983)• True Communication – Both Sender and
Receiver benefit• Manipulation – Sender benefits / Receiver is
unaffected or harmed• Eavesdropping – Sender is unaffected or
harmed / Receiver benefits• Ignoring – neither Sender or Receiver is
harmed
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Alarm CallsVocalizations - Vervet Monkeys
Different CallsSnake = ChutterLeopard = BarkingEagle = Cough
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How do they Signal?
Discreteear position
Pointed Up – greetingLaid back - threat
GradedMouth
Closed – mildOpen – More intense
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Pseudopenis of the Female Spotted Hyena
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Pseudopenis of the Female Spotted Hyena
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Proximate Causes
• Stephan J. Gould– Pseudopenis due to
proximate cause• High levels of
androgen during development
– Suggests proximate cause outweighs adaptive significance (ultimate cause)
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Other Causes
• John Alcock– Suggests proximate
cause may not be as strong a Gould suggests
– Contends Gould is against Sociobiology
– Adaptationist Hypothesis
• (Ultimate Cause)
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Pseudopenis of the Female Spotted Hyena
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Dominance of the Female Spotted Hyena
• Adaptive Behavior – more androgen / more aggression
• By-product is pseudopenis
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Honest Signals
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Honest Signal
• How much food do I need?
• Brood Parasites (European Cuckoo)– Increase amount of
food by tricking parents
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Illegitimate Receivers
• Tungara Frog– Whine-chuck– Whine only
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Illegitimate receivers
• Mobbing CallAttract other mobbers if
hawk is perched
• Seet CallWarning sound if hawk is
in the air• doesn’t travel as far• Range of sound hard
for hawk to hear
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Illegitimate Signalers
• Femme fatales
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Illegitimate Signalers
• Angler Fish
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Solving Problems – Group Foraging
• Food Bonanzas– Yell for others
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Solving Problems – Group Foraging
Honeybees– Round Dance– Sickle Dance– Waggle Dance
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Solving Problems – Group Foraging
Ants– Recruitment
Pheromones– Stridulating
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Solving Problems – How to Secure a Mate
• Bird Song– Cowbird
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Solving Problems – How to Secure a Mate
• Bird SongBlackbirds
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Solving Problems – Warn Others about
Predators• Meerkats
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Solving Problems – Warn Others about Predators
• Deception– Low ranking Males
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Solving Problems – Warn Others about Predators
• Deception– Barn Swallows
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Talking Animals
• Nim Chimpsky– Talking Chimp
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Talking Animals
• Alex– Talking Parrot
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Talking Animals
• Koko– Talking Gorilla