Communications

FVCC Fire Rescue

FIRE DEPARTMENT COMMUNICATIONS

All methods by which the public notifies the communication center of any emergency

All methods by which the center notifies proper fire fighting forces

All methods by which information is exchanged at the scene

Routine communications

IMPORTANCE OF FIRE DEPARTMENT COMMUNICATIONS

The expedient and accurate handling of fire alarms or calls for help is a significant factor in the outcome of any incident.

Failure to quickly communicate the need for help can result in large and tragic losses.

Fire department communications play a critical role in the successful outcome of an incident.

TS 18–2

ROLES/RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE TELECOMMUNICATOR

Processing calls from unknown and unseen individuals, usually calling under stressful conditions

Obtaining complete, reliable information from the caller

Prioritizing requests for assistance

Dispatching emergency responders

TS 18–3

• Staying in contact with the incident commander to receive requests for information and/or additional resources

• Keeping records of each request for assistance and how each one was handled

CUSTOMER SERVICEProving professional and nonjudgmental

service to the general public

Handling a variety of local calls seeking assistance or information

Referring non-emergency callers to the appropriate person or agency

TS 18–4

REFERRALSVS 18-1

Domestic Abuse

Shelters

AmericanRed Cross

Emergency HousingShelters

UtilityCompanies

Food Pantries

Telecommunicator

TELECOMMUNICATOR SKILLS & TRAITS

Maintaining a positive attitude

Working with team members

Adjusting to various levels of activity

Handling multi-tasking Making decisions and

judgments based on common sense and values

Maintaining composure

Forming conclusions from disassociated facts

Handling criticism Remembering and

recalling information

Dealing with verbal abuse

Functioning under stress

Maintaining confidentiality

TS 18–5

TELECOMMUNICATOR COMMUNICATION SKILLS

Basic reading skills

Basic writing skills

Ability to speak clearly

Ability to follow written and verbal instructions

TS 18–6

TELECOMMUNICATOR MAP READING SKILLSComputer-Aided Dispatch (CAD)

Automatic Vehicle Locating (AVL)

X, Y, and Z coordinates

TS 18–7

Homework1. What are the three phases of a tele-communicator’s role in an emergency

response?a. Receive the request, determine the required resources, request the required

resourcesb. Receive the request, relay the request, monitor the responsec. Prepare to receive the request, receive the request, relay the requestd. Receive the request, relay the request, record information about the request,

response, and results2. Which of the following is not a part of fire department communications?a. Methods by which the public can notify the communications center of an

emergencyb. Methods by which the center can notify the proper fire fighting forces and relay

information between all personnel involved at the scenec. Routine communications, such as telephone calls for business purposesd. Personal two-way radio communications with fire service personnel over a

designated fire department radio channel3. What important customer service or public relations function should a tele-

communicator try to achieve with each call?a. Evaluate the worthiness of the individuals for assistance.b. Project a sense of competence to the caller.c. Transfer the caller to someone else as soon as possible so that the tele-

communicator is available for other calls.d. Impress the caller with the various services provided by the municipality.4. What standard defines the minimum job performance requirements for public

safety tele-communicators?a. NFPA 1106 b. NFPA 1160 c. NFPA 1610 d. NFPA 10615. As applied to telecommunications, what does the abbreviation CAD stand for?a. Computer-aided dispatch b. Communications attention deficiencyc. Communications and dispatch d. Computer-alerted departments

“NERVE CENTER” OF EMERGENCY RESPONSE

Point through which nearly all information flows, is processed, and is then acted upon

Houses personnel and equipment to receive alarms and dispatch resources

May be remote from primary location

May be located in the fire station

May be part of a larger, joint communications center for all community emergencies

TS 18–8

COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT

Alarm Receiving Equipment

Telephones

Fax Machines

Radios

TS 18–9

ALARM RECEIVING EQUIPMENT

Public Alerting System

Private Alerting System

TS 18–10

TELEPHONES Commercial phone

systemsOffer access to

multiple phone linesProvide features such

as hold, conference calling, and speaker phones

Direct lines — Are directly connected between point A and point B so that when one party picks up phone it immediately rings at other end

TS 18–11

• TDD/TTY/Text phones Visually display text

Allow the hearing- or speech-impaired to communicate over telephone system

• Wireless — Are basically sophisticated two-way radios

FAX MACHINESConvert an image to digital signals, which

are transmitted and converted back to an image

Are stand-alone machines but often double as telephones or are built into computers

TS 18–12

RADIOSTie together all elements of organization

Can convey task-related information or direct orders

Can be monitored by the news media and the public

Should never be used to transmit a message that may bring liability or embarrassment to the department

TS 18–13

COMPUTER-AIDED DISPATCH (CAD) SYSTEMS

Can shorten response time

Can enable dispatchers to handle a greater volume of calls

Can reduce voice com-munications between telecommunicators and responding units

Come in various designs and sizes

TS 18–14

• Can be as simple as a system that retrieves run card information

• Can be complex Selecting and dispatching units

Determining quickest route to the scene

Monitoring the status of units

Transmitting additional information via mobile data terminals

VOICE RECORDERSDocument radio traffic and telephone calls

on emergency lines

Document dispatching information and provide an accurate account of operations

Protect the department and its members if questions are raised about communications and operations or in case of litigation

Allow retrieval of alarm information if caller hangs up

TS 18–15a

VOICE RECORDERS (cont.)Are important when callers are so excited that

they cannot be understood or when they speak a foreign language

Run either continuously or intermittently

Should be capable of instant playback

Should automatically record the time of the call

TS 18–15b

RADIO LOGSRecord the incident and location of each

activity performed by a public safety unit

Generally include entries on the location and the nature of the incident, along with a notation of which unit(s) responded to the call

Manual system entered onto paper

TS 18–16

Homework Select facts about fire department telecommunications

equipment. Write the correct letters on the blanks.6. Firefighter A says that the communications center is always

located in a fire station.Firefighter B says that NFPA requirements determine what equipment should be available at the communications center.Who is right?

a. Firefighter A b. Firefighter B c. Both A and B d. Neither A nor B7. To what part of the human anatomy is the communications

center often compared?a. Heart b. Brain c. Nerve center d. Auditory system (ears)8. What does the abbreviation AVL stand for in terms of

telecommunications?a. Automatic vehicle locating b. Audio-visual loggingc. Automatic voice logging d. Automated victim locator9. What is the most widely used method for transmitting fire

alarms?a. Municipal alarm systems b. Proprietary alarm systemsc. Public telephone systems d. Remote station alarm systems

Homework10. Firefighter A says that tele-communicators are often required to

determine the response unit nearest an incident and to determine the best route for the unit to use in responding.Firefighter B says that advances in technology have not reduced the need for tele-communicators to be able to read maps.Who is right?

a. Firefighter A b. Firefighter B c. Both A and B d. Neither A nor B

11. What is a direct telephone line?a. A public telephone line that serves only one numberb. A private telephone line that connects one phone directly to another phonec. A public telephone line that does not allow dialing of long-distance numbersd. A private telephone line from communications between telecommunications

consoles within a dispatch facility

12. Commercial phone systems provide access to ___.a. Pay telephones only b. Wireless telephones onlyc. Business telephones only d. The public switch network

13. TDD, TYY, and Text Phones are primarily for ___.a. Transmitting audio messages b. Transmitting and displaying video imagesc. Transmitting Internet messages d. Transmitting and displaying multimedia

messages

Homework17. Which of the following is essential in the development of a fire service

communications center?a. Tape-recording equipmentb. A reliable secondary source of powerc. Noncombustible floor coveringd. Computers to handle incoming alarms

18. Which of the following is not a common piece of equipment in a communications center?

a. Two-way radio equipment for communicating with line personnelb. Satellite communications uplinks for communicating with federal authorities during

major emergenciesc. Tape-recording equipment to record phone calls and radio trafficd. Computer equipment for dispatch information and communications to line personnel

19. Wireless telephones are similar to ___ in message transmission.a. Conventional telephones b. Two-way radiosc. TDD, TYY, and Text Phones d. Direct telephones

20. Fax machines allow the transmission of ___.a. Rapidly encoded textb. Images, including pictures, documents, and diagramsc. Vital signs of victims from accident sites to medical facilitiesd. Equipment status from remote sites

Homework21. What is the primary purpose of radios used by fire departments?a. Eliminating the dependency on commercial power and transmission linesb. Providing a safe and secure means of communicating confidential information quicklyc. Tying all elements of the organization together so that each element can perform its task in an

efficient, informed mannerd. Obtaining inexpensive, portable communication systems that are not subject to disruption by

natural or man-made sources of energy22. Firefighter A says that one of the disadvantages of CAD systems is that they require additional

time for each response.Firefighter B says that one of the advantages of CAD systems is that they increase the number of calls that each tele-communicator can handle.Who is right?

a. Firefighter A b. Firefighter B c. Both A and B d. Neither A nor B23. An important consideration in the use of radios for communications is that ___.a. Telephone transmissions travel at the speed of light while radio transmissions travel at the speed of

sound, resulting in delaysb. Radio transmissions can be monitored by the public and the news mediac. Communications beyond approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) is not practicald. Personnel must remain with response vehicles in order to continue communications24. Firefighter A says that the voice recorders used in all telecommunications centers record

continuously so that no telephone conversation will be missed.Firefighter B says that voice recordings provide records of the events and can be helpful when played back to obtain information that was not clear.Who is right?

a. Firefighter A b. Firefighter B c. Both A and B d. Neither A nor B25. The first entry on a written radio log is generally ___.a. The name of the person speaking b. The name of the person receiving the reportc. The time of the event d. The channel being used

GUIDELINES FOR RECEIVINGNONEMERGENCY CALLS

Answer promptly.

Identify yourself and the department.

Be prepared to take accurate messages.

Do not leave line open or caller on hold for long.

Post message or deliver it promptly.

Write down all pertinent information: Date Time Caller’s name Caller’s number Message Your name

End call courteously.

Always hang up last.

TS 18–17

RECEIVING EMERGENCY REPORTS FROM THE PUBLIC

Identify the agency.

Ask if there is an emergency and, if so, ask about the problem.

Have questions organized to control the conversation to get the information needed.

Get information that details the emergency:Exact location of incidentType of incident/situationWhen the incident occurred

TS 18–18a

RECEIVING EMERGENCY REPORTS FROM THE PUBLIC (cont.)

Get information about the caller: Name Location if different from the incident location Callback phone number Address

Do not let caller off the phone until all information necessary to dispatch responding units has been obtained or until it is certain there is no emergency.

Ask questions in an assertive voice.

Follow the department’s SOPs.

TS 18–18b

Homework Select from a list proper etiquette for receiving a non-emergency

call vs. an emergency call. Mark an “A” for each that relates to a non-emergency call, mark a “B” if it relates to an emergency call and a “C” if it does not apply to either correct action.

26. __ Answer after the third ring.27. __ Identify yourself and your department.28. __ Be prepared to take messages.29. __ Write down the caller’s location and place of employment.30. __ Place the caller on hold while you input data on the computer.31. __ Write down the message and post it or deliver it promptly.32. __ End the call courteously.33. __ Always hang up first. 34. __ Identify the agency.35. __ Ask if there is an emergency and, if so, ask about the problem.36. __ Have questions organized to control the conversation to get

the information needed.

Homework

37. __ Get information that details the ______________:Exact location of incidentType of incident/situationWhen the incident occurredGet information about the caller:NameLocation if different from the incident locationCallback phone numberAddress

38. __ Do not let caller off the phone until all information necessary to dispatch responding units has been obtained or until it is certain there is or is not an emergency.

39. __ Ask questions in an assertive voice.

40. __ Follow the department’s SOPs.

PUBLIC ALERTING SYSTEMS

Telephone Emergency Number

Two-way Radio

Wired Telegraph Circuit Box

Telephone-telegraph Fire Alarm Box

Radio Fire Alarm Box

Walk-ins

TS 18–19

TELEPHONE EMERGENCY NUMBERS

9-1-1

Enhanced 9-1-1 (E 9-1-1)

Seven-digit number

“0” for the operator

Star + a two- or three-digit number (cellular phone)

TS 18–20

TYPES OF 9-1-1 TELEPHONE EMERGENCY NUMBERS

Basic

Called Party Hold

Forced Disconnect

Ringback

TS 18–21

ENHANCED 9-1-1 (E 9-1-1)Combines telephones and computers

Uses Automatic Location Identification (ALI)

Provides telecommunicator with instant informationCaller’s locationCaller’s phone numberDirections to the locationOther information about the address

TS 18–22

HomeworkSelect facts about public alerting systems. Write the correct letters on the blanks.

41. Who is most likely to use a two-way radio to report an emergency?

a. Truck driver b. Average citizen c. Firefighter d. City official

42. What is the universal citizen’s band emergency radio channel?

a. CB channel 9 b. CB channel 5 c. CB channel 8 d. CB channel 3

43. What information does the operator who receives a report via CB radio request instead of a callback number?

a. Caller’s social security number b. Caller’s license numberc. Caller’s code password d. Caller’s radio handle

44. Some fire departments require the person taking a walk-in report to ___.

a. Notify the communications center by telephone before respondingb. Notify the company officer before responding to the reportc. Notify the fire chief before respondingd. Leave at least two people at the station while responding to the report

Homework

45. Why have wired telegraph circuit box alerting systems been eliminated in many locations?

a. The transmitted codes often crossed, leading to incorrect location information.b. They transmitted only the location of the box, and false alarms were a problem.c. The signal was dependent on overhead wires that cost too much to maintain.d. Dampness or extreme cold would often render the system inoperable.

46. Which of the following is not a way that firefighters are alerted through a radio alarm box?

a. Vocally through P.A. system c. Red light indicatorb. Audible signal d. Printed record of location

47. Firefighter A says that callers using a radio alarm box can select ambulance, police, or fire service options on some boxes.Firefighter B says that radio alarm boxes are nothing more than a radio transmitter with battery or wound-spring alternator power supply.Who is right?

a. Firefighter A c. Both A and Bb. Firefighter B d. Neither A nor B

TWO-WAY RADIOVS 18-2

TWO-WAY RADIOUsed most often by fire department

personnel

Uses CB channel 9, the universal citizen’s band (CB) radio frequency

Uses radio handle instead of a callback number

TS 18–23

WALK-IN REPORTVS 18-3

WALK-INSSome departments may take immediate

action and then radio the dispatcher from the scene

Other departments may first notify the dispatch center by phone before taking any action

TS 18–24

WIRED TELEGRAPH CIRCUIT BOX

VS 18-4

WIRED TELEGRAPH CIRCUIT BOXHave been eliminated in many localities

due to vandalism and false alarms

OperationPressed lever activates a wound-spring

mechanism that transmits a code by opening and closing the circuit

Each box transmits a different code to specify its location

TS 18–25

COMBINATION TELEGRAPH/TELEPHONE ALARM BOX

VS 18-5

TELEPHONE-TELEGRAPH FIRE ALARM BOX

Pull-down hook sends coded location signal, so caller does not need to know his or her exact location

Telephone can be used for additional information through direct voice contact

RADIO ALARM BOXVS 18-6

RADIO FIRE ALARM BOX

Has independent radio transmitter with battery power supply that may be solar recharged

May contain wound-spring alternator to provide power when handle is pulled

Alerts F.D. with audible signal, red light indicator, and printed record, or a display panel number, indicating location

May have an additional test or tamper light indicator signal

TS 18–27a

RADIO FIRE ALARM BOX (cont.)Has a time clock within the box that allows

system to test itself every twenty-four hours

May have feature that allows caller to select fire, police, or ambulance service

May have two-way communications capabilities

TS 18–27b

REPORTING AN EMERGENCY FROM A TELEPHONE

Dial the appropriate number:9-1-1Fire department 7-

digit number “0” for the operator

Give address, with cross streets or landmarks if possible.

State your name and location.

TS 18–28

• Give the telephone number from which you are calling.

• State the nature of the emergency.

• Stay on the line if requested to do so by the telecommunicator.

REPORTING AN EMERGENCY FROM A TELEGRAPH BOX

Send signal as directed on the box.

Stay at the box until fire personnel arrive so that you can provide them with the exact location of the emergency.

TS 18–29

REPORTING AN EMERGENCY FROM A LOCAL ALARM BOX

Send signal as directed on the box.

Notify the fire department by telephone using the guidelines given earlier.

TS 18–30

ALERTING STAFFED STATIONS

Computerized line printer or terminal screen with alarm

Vocal alarm

Teletype

House bell or gong

House light

Telephone from telecommunicator on secure phone line

Telegraph register

Radio with tone alert

TS 18–31

ALERTING UNSTAFFED STATIONSPagers

Home electronic monitors

Telephones

Sirens

Whistles or air horns

TS 18–32

INFORMATION SHEET ASSIGNMENTVS 18-7

GUIDELINES FOR TWO-WAY RADIO USE

Follow the five communication Cs.

Know your department’s radio operating procedures.

Do not transmit until you have determined that the air is clear.

Think about what you are going to say before transmitting.

Use only your assigned frequency.

TS 18–33a

GUIDELINES FOR TWO-WAY RADIO USE (cont.)

Hold the microphone 1 to 2 inches (25 mm to 50 mm) from your mouth at a 45-degree angle.

Know that any unit working at a fire or rescue scene has priority over any other transmission.

Use the radio only for fire department business.

Avoid unnecessary transmissions.

Transmit only essential information: Be brief, accurate, and to the point.

TS 18–33b

GUIDELINES FOR TWO-WAY RADIO USE (cont.)

Transmit complete information.

Transmit only one task at a time.

Identify yourself in every transmission according to your department’s policies and procedures.

Speak at a moderate rate, slightly louder than normal but in a calm, clear manner.

Do not eat or chew gum while using the radio.

TS 18–33c

GUIDELINES FOR TWO-WAY RADIO USE (cont.)

Make the message impersonal.

Acknowledge every message by repeating it to the sender.

Avoid laying the microphone on the vehicle seat because the switch may be pressed and cause interference.

Avoid radio frequency burns by not touching the antenna when transmitting.

Be polite and professional.

TS 18–33d

FIVE COMMUNICATION Cs

Conciseness

Clarity

Confidence

Control

Capability

TS 18–34

RADIO OPERATING PROCEDURESDepartment codes

Test procedures

Transmission time limits

TS 18–35

TWO-WAY RADIO ETIQUETTE Never transmit a message that could bring

liability or embarrassment to the department.

Do not use profane or obscene language on

the air.

TS 18–36

ARRIVAL REPORTAddress, particularly if

other than the one initially reported

Building and occupancy description

Nature and extent of fire

Attack mode selected

Rescue and exposure problems

Instructions to other responding units

Location of incident command position

Establishing command

TS 18–37

PROGRESS REPORT

Transfer of command

Change in command location

Progress (or lack of) in situation control

Direction of fire spread

Exposures by direction, height, occupancy, and distance

Any problems or needs

Anticipated actions

TS 18–38

TACTICAL CHANNELSLarger incidents may require using several

channels to allow for clear and timely exchanges of information

Telecommunicator’s responsibilitiesAssigning operational frequencyEnsuring current response of additional units

is acknowledgedNotifying other agencies and servicesProviding updated information

TS 18–39

EMERGENCY RADIO TRAFFICWeak signals from portable and mobile

radios

Firefighters in distress

TS 18–40

EVACUATION SIGNALSMay be a broadcast radio message ordering

evacuation

May be an audible warning sounded on apparatus for an extended time

TS 18–41

HomeworkSelect facts about tactical channels, emergency radio traffic, and evacuation signals. Write the

correct letters on the blanks.

48. Which of the following statements about using radio channels to support tactical operations is not true?

a. Large incidents may require the use of several radio channels.b. Separate channels may be needed for command, tactical, and support functions.c. The incident commander should notify other agencies and services of the need to respondd. Dispatch units on one channel and then switch to a tactical channel upon arrival at the

scene.

49. Who should assign an operational frequency for the management of an incident?

a. The fire marshal c. The telecommunicator b. The operations officer d. The command post driver

50. Which of the following statements is true with regard to emergency radio traffic?

a. Personnel on the scene are in a better position to pick up emergency traffic than are telecommunications centers.

b Because emergency transmissions are brief, it is not necessary for the telecommunicator to advise other units to stand by in order to receive emergency transmissions.

c. The telecommunicator is helpless to aid firefighters in distressd. The sender should announce that the transmission is an emergency message at the

beginning of the transmission.

Homework

51. The two most common ways for command personnel to signal firefighters that they should evacuate a burning building are to transmit an evacuation signal on the two-way radio and to ___.

a. Sound the audible warning devices on the on-scene apparatus for an extended period of time

b. Personally contact each firefighter at the scene

c. Provide visual and audio withdrawal signals

d. Pass the word to evacuate down the attack line

52. Firefighter A says that all radio equipment will automatically stand by when a radio message that carries emergency traffic is initiated.Firefighter B says that first-arriving companies should use the radio to provide communications with a size-up report of the conditions observed on arrival at the scene.Who is correct?

a. Firefighter A c. Both A and B

b. Firefighter B d. Neither A nor B

RESPONSIBILITIES IN SUMMONING ADDITIONAL RESPONSE

Incident commanderCalling for additional

responses Ordering multiple

alarms Each communications

team supervisor

Maintaining constant contact with the team

Following local IMS and SOPs for communication with IC and telecommunications center

TS 18–1

• All firefighters Knowing procedures for

requesting additional alarms

Knowing signals used for multiple and special alarms

Knowing number and types of units that respond to alarms

LOCAL PROTOCOL IN SUMMONING ADDITIONAL RESPONSE

Requesting additional alarms

Multiple and special alarm signals

Numbers and types of units that respond to various alarms

How teams request assistance

TS 18–2

HomeworkSelect facts about making calls for additional response. Write the correct letters on the blanks.

53. Who normally calls for additional responses or orders multiple alarms?a. The first team member to recognize the need b. The supervisor of the team needing assistance c. The incident commander

d. The dispatcher

54. All firefighters should know the local procedures for requesting ___.a. Transfer to another department b. Incident termination c. Additional alarms d. All-clear signals

55. Firefighter A says that firefighters need not know the number of units that respond to alarms.Firefighter B says that firefighters need not know the types of units that respond to alarms.Who is right?

a. Firefighter A b. Firefighter B c. Both A and B d. Neither A nor B

56. Firefighters need to know the signals for ___.a. Breaks and lunch b. Multiple and special alarms c. Turning and backing apparatus d. Speeding up or slowing down a response

57. Each response team should have a supervisor who is in constant contact with the team and who can ___.

a. Follow local IMS and SOPs for communication with the IC and telecommunications centerb. Terminate the incident on his or her own authority c. Sound the evacuation alarm if requiredd. Evaluate the team’s compliance with local IMS and SOPs

REASONS FOR INCIDENT REPORTS

Providing data on types of emergencies

Providing data on the economic impact of emergencies

Providing information about the health and safety impact of emergencies

Helping evaluate department preparedness

Helping evaluate response effectiveness

TS 18–3a

REASONS FOR INCIDENT REPORTS (cont.)

Providing information on the status and condition of equipment

Assisting with legal issues and insurance claims

Justifying budget requests, code enforcement, and resource allocations

Evaluating needs of department and community in order to improve department’s level of service

TS 18–3b

HOW INCIDENT REPORTS MAY BE REPORTED

Handwritten

Directly entered into computer in state/ departmental format by officer in charge

Input into computer using National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) uniform data collection system format

TS 18–4

INFORMATION IN AN INCIDENT REPORTIdentifying information

Fire department nameIncident numberDistrict name/numberShift numberNumber of alarms

Names and addresses of the occupant(s) and/or owner(s)

TS 18–5a

INFORMATION IN AN INCIDENT REPORT (cont.)

Information about structure

Type

Primary use

Construction type

Number of stories

TS 18–5b

• How the emergency was reported

9-1-1

Walk-in

Radio

Alarm box

INFORMATION IN AN INCIDENT REPORT (cont.)

Type of call

Fire

Rescue

Medical

Haz Mat

TS 18–5c

• Action taken

Investigation

Extinguishment

Rescue

Mitigation

INFORMATION IN AN INCIDENT REPORT (cont.)

Property use information Single-family dwelling Paved public street

Number of injuries and/or fatalities

Number of personnel who responded

Type of apparatus that responded

TS 18–5d

• How and where fire or incident started

• Method used to extinguish fire or mitigate situation

• Estimated cost of damage

• Remarks/comments

RESULTS OF INACCURATE REPORTSUnfavorable legal decisions

Incorrect methods, which endanger firefighters

Departmental failure to obtain required resources or develop required procedures

Unprepared department that poses a threat to public safety

TS 18–6

SOURCES OF REPORTINFORMATION

Incident Commander

Dispatch Log

Hospital Records

Interview with Property Owner

Investigation Report

Pre-incident Survey

TS 18–7

REPORT CODESLocal Codes

State Codes

National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) Codes

TS 18–8