fvcc fire rescue nozzles and fire streams. objectives 2-13.1identify a fire stream. (3-3.7)...
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FVCC Fire RescueFVCC Fire Rescue
Nozzles and Fire Streams
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
2-13.1 Identify a fire stream. (3-3.7)2-13.2 Identify the purposes of a fire
stream. (3-3.7)2-13.3 Identify the advantages of using
water as an extinguishing agent.2-13.4 Identify the disadvantages of
using water as an extinguishing agent.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
2-13.5 Identify three major types of fire stream patterns. (3-3.6, 3-3.9)
2-13.6 Identify three sizes of fire streams (3-3.6, 3-3.9)
2-13.7 Identify the design of the three major types of fire stream nozzles and tips (3-3.6, 3-3.9)
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
2-13.8 Identify the required nozzle pressure of fire streams. (3-3.6, 3-3.9)
2-13.9 Identify the major parts of a fog nozzle (3-3.7)
2-13.10 Identify the water flow through various types of fog nozzles. (4-3.1)
2-13.11 Identify the operations of fire stream nozzles. (3-3.6, 3-3.9)
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
2-13.12 Identify the nozzle pressure effects and the flow capabilities of fire stream nozzles. (3-3.9)
2-13.13 Identify nozzle reaction (3-3.6, 3-3.9)
2-13.14 Identify water hammer and one method of its prevention. (3-3.9)
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
2-13.15 Identify three observable results that are obtained when the proper application of a fire stream is accomplished (3-3.9)
2-13.16 Identify the safe procedures in the handling of fire hose and associated equipment. (3-3.9)
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
2-13.17 Identify methods of preventing damage to a nozzle and associated equipment. (3-3.9)
2-13.18 Identify the types of ground cover fires. (3-3.8)
2-13.19 Identify the procedures for extinguishing ground cover fires. (3-3.8)
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
2-13.20 Identify the procedures for extinguishing ground cover fires (3-3.8)
2-13.21 Identify the equipment necessary for foam application. (3-3.15)
2-13.22 Identify the following methods of water application. (3-3.7)◦2-13.22.1 Direct◦2-13.22.2 Indirect◦2-13.22.3 Combination
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
2-13.23 Identify the use of nozzles carried on a pumper as required by Section 3-8 of NFPA1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus, 1996 ed, (3-3.9)◦2-13.23.1 Open and close a fog nozzle.◦2-13.23.2 Adjust the stream pattern on a fog
nozzle◦2-13.23.3 Adjust the flow setting on an
adjustable gallonage fog nozzle◦2-13.23.4 Open and close a solid stream
nozzle.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
2-13.24 Identify the use of adapters carried on a pumper as required by Section 3-8 of NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus.
2-13.25 Identify the procedures for inspecting nozzles for damage. (3-3.6, 3-3.9)
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
2-13.26 Identify the procedures for cleaning and maintaining nozzles. (3-3.6, 3-3.9)
2-13.27 Identify the procedures for extinguishing or controlling the following live fires working as a member of a team and using appropriate protective equipment, firefighting tools, and extinguishing agents:◦2-13.27.1 Piles/stacks of Class A combustible
materials (exterior)
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
◦2-13.27.2 Open pans for combustible liquids (exterior)
◦2-13.27.3 Vehicle fires◦2-13.27.4 Storage containers (exterior
dumpster/trash bin)◦2-13.27.5 Class A combustible materials
within a structure (interior attack)◦2-13.27.6 A hidden fire within a structure◦2-13.27.7 Ground cover fire
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
2-13.28 Identify assembling the components of a foam fire stream. (3-3.15)
2-13.29 Identify the application technique of Class B foam. (3-3.15)
2-13.30 Demonstrate the following methods of water application: (3-3.7(b), 3-3.9(b))
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
2-13.30.1 Direct 2-13.30.2 Indirect 2-13.30.3 Combination
◦Demonstrate the use of nozzles carried on a pumper as required by Section 3-8 of NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus, 1996 ed. (3-3.9(b)) 2-13.31.1 Open and close a fog nozzle. 2-13.31.2 Adjust the stream pattern on a fog
nozzle 2-13.31.3 Adjust the flow setting on an adjustable
gallonage fog nozzle. 2-13.31.4 Open and close a solid stream nozzle
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
2-13.32 Demonstrate the use of adapters carried on a pumper as required by Section 3-8 of NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus.
2-13.33 Demonstrate the procedures for inspecting nozzles for damage (3-3.6(b), 3-3.9(b))
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
2-13.34 Demonstrate the procedures for cleaning and maintaining nozzles. (3-3.6(b), 3-3.9(b))
2-13.35 Demonstrate extinguishing or controlling the following live fires working as a member of a team and using appropriate protective equipment, firefighting tools, and extinguishing agents:◦2-13.35.1 Piles/stacks of Class A combustible
materials (exterior)
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
◦2-13.35.2 Open pans for combustible liquids (exterior)
◦2-13.35.3 Vehicle fires◦2-13.35.4 Storage containers (exterior
dumpster/trash bin)◦2-13.35.5 Class A combustible materials
within a structure (interior attack)
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
◦2-13.35.6 A hidden fire within a structure◦2-13.35.7 Ground cover fire
Demonstrate assembling the components of a foam fire stream (3-3.15)
Demonstrate application technique of Class B foam (3-3.15)
IFSTA, Essentials, 4th ed, Chapters 12-13 Delmar, Firefighter’s Handbook, copyright 2000,
Chapters 10-11
IDENTIFY A FIRE STREAMIDENTIFY A FIRE STREAM
A stream of water or other extinguishing agent, after it leaves the fire hose and nozzle until it reaches the desired point.
PURPOSES OF A FIRE STREAMPURPOSES OF A FIRE STREAM
Applying water or foam directly to burning material to reduce its temperature.
Applying water or foam over an open fire to reduce the temperature so firefighters can advance hand lines closer to effect extinguishment.
Reducing high atmospheric temperature.
PURPOSES OF A FIRE STREAMPURPOSES OF A FIRE STREAM
Dispersing hot smoke and fire gases from a heated area by using a fire stream.
Creating a water curtain to protect firefighters and property from heat.
Creating a barrier between a fuel and a fire by covering with a foam blanket.
EXTINGUISHING EXTINGUISHING PROPERTIES OF WATERPROPERTIES OF WATER
Is readily availableIs inexpensiveHas great heat-absorbing capacityAbsorbs a large amount of heat when
converting to steamThe greater its surface area, the greater
the heat absorption◦Chipped ice vs. single ice cube◦Fog stream vs. solid stream◦Steam vs. liquid
TS 13–2a
EXTINGUISHING PROPERTIES OF EXTINGUISHING PROPERTIES OF WATER (cont.)WATER (cont.)
Is unique in that it expands both upon freezing and upon changing into its vapor state
◦Water in pipes subject to freezing may rupture Undrained automatic sprinkler piping in unheated
buildings Wet barrel hydrants Shallowly buried underground pipes
◦Its 1700:1 expansion ratio during vaporization allows it to absorb more heat
TS 13–2b
PHYSICAL STATES OF WATERPHYSICAL STATES OF WATERVS 13-2
Solid Ice
Liquid Water
Gas Invisible Water Vapor
32°F (0°C) 32°F to 212°F (0°C to 100°C)
Above 212°F (100°C)
Increasing Temperature
WATER AS STEAMWATER AS STEAMVS 13-3
• At 212ºF (100ºC) water expands to approximately 1,700 times its original volume.
• Steam absorbs more heat faster, cooling fuel below ignition temperature.
• Steam displaces hot gases, smoke, and other products of combustion.
• In some cases, steam may smother fire by excluding oxygen.
20 cubic feet (0.57 m3) of water @ 500°F (260°C)
converts to 48,000 feet (1 359 m) of steam
96 feet (29 m)
10 f
eet
(3 m
)
50 fe
et (1
5 m
)
FRICTION LOSSFRICTION LOSSVS 13-4
Velocity: Rate of motion of particle in a a given direction; speed
Friction Loss: Pressure lost while forcing water through pipe, fittings, fire hose, and adapters.
Critical Velocity: Turbulence caused when a stream is subjected to excessive velocity
ADVANTAGES OF USING WATERADVANTAGES OF USING WATER
Greater heat absorbing capacity than other common extinguishing agents◦One BTU is the amount of heat required to raise
the temperature of one pound of water one degree F.
◦Cools fuel below ignition temperatureA relatively large amount of heat is
required to vaporize liquid water to steam – 970 BTU’s are required to vaporize water, changing it to steam.
ADVANTAGES OF USING WATERADVANTAGES OF USING WATER
The greater the surface area of the water exposed, the more rapidly heat will be absorbed
Water converted to steam occupies 1700 times the original volume occupied by the liquid◦Displaces hot gases, smoke and other products
of combustion.
DISADVANTAGES OF USING DISADVANTAGES OF USING WATERWATER
Water has a considerable amount of surface tension◦Will not readily penetrate certain porous
materials.◦Will react with combustible materials
Certain metals◦Freezing will occur at 32 degrees F (0 degrees
C)◦Water has low viscosity; it will not cling or
readily coat materials◦May conduct electricity under certain
conditions
CAUSES OF FRICTION LOSSCAUSES OF FRICTION LOSS
Rough hose lining
Damaged couplings
Sharp bends/kinks in hose
Adapters
Partially closed valves/nozzles
Wrong size gasket
Excessive hose length
Excess flow for hose size
TS 13–3
CAUSES OF PRESSURE LOSS CAUSES OF PRESSURE LOSS OTHER THAN FRICTION LOSSOTHER THAN FRICTION LOSS
Broken hoseline
Mechanical problem due to poor water supply
Error in hydraulics calculation
Obstructions from the pump or water main
Elevation of nozzle above pump
TS 13–4
SOME REASONS FOR PRESSURE SOME REASONS FOR PRESSURE LOSSLOSS
VS 13-5
DamagedCouplings
Kinks or Sharp Bends
Adapters
Hose Length
ElevationLoss
Hose Diameter/Length
1 ½ 2 ½
30 psi Lossper 100 ft.
3 psi Lossper 100 ft.
100 gpm 100 gpm
GUIDELINES FOR GUIDELINES FOR REDUCING FRICTION LOSSREDUCING FRICTION LOSS
Check for rough linings in fire hose.
Replace damaged hose couplings.
Eliminate sharp bends in hose when possible.
Use adapters to make hose connections only when necessary.
Reduce amount of flow.
TS 13–5
• Keep nozzles and valves fully open when operating hoselines.
• Use proper size hose gaskets for hose selected.
• Use short hoselines as much as possible.
• Use larger hose or multiple lines when flow must be increased.
ELEVATION LOSS/GAINELEVATION LOSS/GAIN
Nozzle above Fire Pump = Pressure Loss
Nozzle below Fire Pump = Pressure Gain
TS 13–6
WATER HAMMERWATER HAMMERVS 13-6
Water hammer hits everything
Pump Piping
Hose
Hydrant
Coupling
Main
Open and close all nozzles and valves slowly.
WATER HAMMERWATER HAMMER
Is surge created by suddenly stopping the flow of water through fire hose or pipe
Is often heard as a distinct clank, much like a hammer striking pipe
Causes a change in direction of energy and multiplies the energy many times
TS 13–7
• Can damage pumps, hoselines, water mains, couplings, nozzles, and hydrants
• Can be prevented by operating nozzle controls, hydrants, valves, and hose clamps slowly
FIRE STREAM PATTERNSFIRE STREAM PATTERNS
Solid streams◦Designed to produce a stream as compact as
possible with little shower or spray◦Produced from a fixed orifice◦Longer reach than other types of streams◦Reduced problem of steam burns to firefighters
and trapped civilians as a result of disturbance to the normal thermal layering of heat and gases during interior structural attack
◦Operating pressures (2-3.9(a)) 50 psi on handlines 80 psi on master stream devices
FIRE STREAM PATTERNSFIRE STREAM PATTERNS
Fog streams◦A fog stream is a patterned stream composed
of fine water droplets◦Variable stream patterns can be produced
Wide angle fog Narrow angle fog Straight stream
◦Greater heat absorption due to more surface area of water exposed
◦May be used in close proximity to energized electrical equipment
FIRE STREAM PATTERNSFIRE STREAM PATTERNS
◦Have less reach than solid streams◦Less penetrating power than solid streams◦Susceptible to wind currents◦Improper use during interior attacks can
Spread fire Create heat inversion Cause steam burns to firefighters and trapped
civilians◦Operate at designed pressure
FIRE STREAM PATTERNSFIRE STREAM PATTERNS
Broken Stream◦Solid stream broken into coarsely divided water
droplets◦Droplets are larger than fog stream droplets
and have better penetration
THREE SIZES OF FIRE STREAMSTHREE SIZES OF FIRE STREAMS
Fire streams are identified by size and type◦ The size is the amount of water in gallons per minute
that will flow at a specified pressure.◦ The type of fire stream is the pattern
Booster lines◦ Low-volume stream: Discharge is generally less than 40 GPM◦ Handline stream: Generally range from 40-350 GPM
½” to 2” diameter handlines (small):40-100 GPM 2 ½” – 3” diameter handlines (medium large) 165-350 GPM
◦ Master stream: Discharge is greater than 350 GPM
DESIGNDESIGN
Solid stream nozzles◦Shape of the stream in the nozzle is gradually
reduced until it is a short distance from the outlet
◦Has a smooth finished waterway one to one and one-half times its diameter
◦Discharge orifice should be no greater than one-half the diameter of the hoseline supplying the nozzle.
DESIGNDESIGN
Fog stream nozzles◦Set or constant gallonage nozzles
One flow rate at a given discharge pressure◦Adjustable gallonage nozzles
Allows one of several preset gallon settings to be selected
◦Automatic nozzles Discharge a wide range of flows depending on the
pressure being supplied to the nozzle
NOZZLE CONTROL VALVES ROTARY NOZZLE CONTROL VALVES ROTARY CONTROL VALVECONTROL VALVE
VS 13-22
A screw guidesan exterior barrel
around an interior barrel.This valve also
controls the stream discharge
Pattern.
Set or constant gallonage nozzles
Adjustable gallonage nozzles
Automatic nozzles
DESIGNDESIGN
Broken stream nozzles◦Limited to special applications◦Designed for a specific use◦Types are:
Water curtain◦Designed to produce a fan-like pattern that is most
effective if sprayed directly upon the exposure being protected
Cellar or distributor nozzle◦Designed to be raised or lowered through holes in floors
or ceilings Piercing nozzle
◦Designed with a hardened steep tip that can be driven through a wall or partition
◦Can be used on truck or engine compartment of a vehicle
NOZZLE PRESSURENOZZLE PRESSURE
Smooth bore handline: 50 PSIFog handline, normal 100 PSIFog handline, mid-pressure 75 PSIFog handline, low pressure 50 PSISmooth bore master stream 80 PSIFog master stream 100 PSI
FOG NOZZLEFOG NOZZLE
Nozzle control valve◦Permits regulation of the flow◦Types:
Ball valve Slide valve Rotary control
FOG NOZZLEFOG NOZZLE
Exterior barrel◦Body of nozzle◦Rotating changes stream pattern
Deflecting stem◦Position in relation to barrel determines shape
of streamGallonage adjustment ring (on variable
gallonage nozzles)◦Used to select gallons per minute desired
FOG NOZZLEFOG NOZZLE
Rubber bumper/guard◦Located on barrel of nozzle
Provides solid grip for adjusting stream pattern Protects nozzle if dropped
◦Play pipes Tapered pipe used to accelerate flow Usually found on 2 ½ inch nozzles
◦Stream straightness Used to prevent the twisting motion of a fire stream
FOG NOZZLEFOG NOZZLE
Accessories◦Pistol grips (Throw them away!)◦Large double handles (usually 2 ½ inch
nozzles)Identify the water flow through various
types of fog nozzles 2-13.10 (4-3.1)
WATER FLOW THROUGH FOG WATER FLOW THROUGH FOG NOZZLESNOZZLES
Periphery – deflected◦Produced by deflecting water from the
periphery of an inside, circular stem and then again by the exterior barrel
◦Position of exterior barrel determines shape of stream
WATER FLOW THROUGH FOG WATER FLOW THROUGH FOG NOZZLESNOZZLES
Impinging jet◦Developed by driving several jets of water
together at a fixed angle◦Usually produces wide fog patterns