Comparative AnalysisCase Studies of Tunisia, Turkey,Yemen and Egypt

Decentralization and Participatory Irrigation Management

Dr. Bayoumi AttiaConsultant to IDRC

Water Demand Management ForumCairo (Feb. 2-4, 2003)

Presentation Outline

Challenges in Water Management Decentralization Concepts Case Studies Basic Data Water Resources and requirements Best Practices Comparative Analysis General Overview

Lack of awareness of

regional experiences

Lack of necessary information

Lack of Government

Financial Support

Lack of Involvement

Of Private Sector

Misuse of resources

through lack of awareness

Lack of appreciation of

consumer capacity in decision-making

Inappropriate and unapplied planning and policy making

Lack of links to international

expertise

Lack of Investment in Sector

Low Involvement of Consumer level and other stakeholders

Centralized but fragmented planning and

decision-making

Difficulty to apply good management practices

and principles

Ineffective local integrated water resource management

High water wastageFrequent Contamination of water resources by sewage,

fertilizers & pesticides

Water Shortage in some irrigation areas

Stalinization &declining crop yields from rising

water levels

Low access to safe reliable piped water and safe

sanitation

Cau

seE

ffec

tProblem Tree

Lack of necessaryinformation

Decentralization!!!

• Decentralization in the water sector occurs in the form of creating autonomous and financially self-dependent utility type organizations for the provision of water services.

• Urban water sector decentralization have often taken the form of privatization while user participation is linked to decentralization in irrigation sector.

While

WHILE all countries are actively promoting user organization as indispensable necessity for improving their water sector performance…..

only a few countries have developed the incentive structures and the institutional structures and the institutional mechanisms essential for sustaining user participation.

WHILE the paradigmatic change in water sector logically leads to decentralization

the latter opens the door for privatization and user participation.

Case Studies Basic Data

Egypt Tunisia Turkey Yemen

Total area of the country (ha)

100,145,000 16,361,000 77,945,000 52,797,000

Total cultivable area (ha)

4,435,000 8,700,000 28,054,000 3,617,753

Total agricultural area (ha)

3,246,000 4,254,000 20,480,000 1,199,104

Irrigation potential (ha)

1,200,000 4,435,000 4,435,000 659,507

Total Population (inhabitants)

62,931,000 8,896,000 67,800,000 14,501,000

Water Resources

Egypt Tunisia Turkey Yemen

Conventional Resources

Annual rainfall 18.10 35.00 501.00 89.80

Surface runoff 55.50 1.40 95.00 1.50

Deep GW 0.50 1.70 9.40 1.00

Non-conventional Resources

Shallow GW 5.00

Drainage reuse 4.50

Treated wastewater

0.70 0.02 33.5

Desalinated water

0.03 0.008 10.00

Per capita share (m3/yr)

926 460 2967 140

Egypt

Municipal(3.17)(5.7%)

Agriculure(47.4)(86%)

Industrial(4.6)

(8.3%)

Tunisia

Municipal(0.261)(7.5%)

Agriculture(3.17)

(90%)

Industrial(0.086)(2.5%)

Turkey

Municipal(5.8)

(14.8%)

Agriculture (29.3)

(74.6%)

Industrial(4.2)

(14.8%)

Annual Water Annual Water Requirement in BCMRequirement in BCM

Annual Water Annual Water Requirement in BCMRequirement in BCM

Yemen

Municipal(0.21)(6%)

Agriculture(3.15)(93%)

Industrial(0.045)

(1%)

Case Studies Countries Best Practices in Participatory Water Management

Turkey Accelerated Transfer Program

• Before1993, The focus was on transferring only small scale projects• DSI encouraged farmers to form WUGs for minor O&M• In 1993, DSI started the accelerated transfer program• Considerable training in-shore and offshore was made• Stimulate friendly competition among various regions• Total area transferred to WUOs increased from 0.062 M ha in 1992 to 1.67 M ha in 2002• Total number of WUOs increased since 1993 to reach 697 organization in 2002• in 1992 DSI was operated 96% of the irrigation system while in 2002 it only operated 13.4%

Irrigaion Area Operated by WUOs

0200

400600800

100012001400

16001800

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Are

a in

100

0 h

a

Distribution of the Irrigation areas developed between DSI and WUOs

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

%

of

the

area

DSI WUOs

Tunisia Structural Adjustment Program

• Up to 1970, Management of irrigation areas was undertaken by two gov. bodies• In 1986, the Structure Adjustment Program was launched including the Water Sector• In 1989, merger of the two gov. bodies managing irrig. areas in one single body• The idea of CIA/AIC was reactivated and institutional organization was adopted• Law 87-35 and its three supporting decrees issued to officially denomination of CIA/AICs• in 1990, a national strategy for the establishment and follow up of CIA/AICs was laid down and implemented in 8 Governorates with assistance from KFW•By 2006, all irrigated areas should be under community management

Development of Total No. of Irr & DWS CIG

0

500

1000

1500

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

To

tal

Nu

mb

er o

f C

IG

DWS CIG Irrig. CIG

Distribution of Total Area run by CIG by end of 2001

TUW1%

Spreading10%

GIPA45%

PMH27%

Oasis17%

Formalization of User Participation in Egypt

• In 1981, MWRI initiated the IMS project• In 1987, IIP project was added as component to the IMS project• IIP established WUAs on Mesqa Level• Establishment of the Irrigation Improvement Sector (IIS)• Issue Law 12 in 1994 to provide Legal framework for WUAs• In 1995, Establishment the First experimental WB at Branch Canals• Establishment the Water Boards project to develop a viable national policy and Legal framework for WB development• Establishment of Collectors Users Associations (CUAs) for O&M the tile drainage networks.

Yemen Irrigation Improvement Project

•Yemen has a long tradition of community managed spate irrigation

• The gov. adopted the concept of Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) in Spat Irrigation

• in Jan 2001, the IIP launched phase 1 and IDA Credit N0. 3412-YEM become active to ensure the sustainability of spate irrigation scheme

• The Regional Development Authorities (RDAs) was established as fully authorized planning and implementing agency

• Two committees were established recently to participate in planning and implementing drinking water supply and irrigation projects

• Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation authorizes some of its responsibilities to its branches

• In Feb. 2000, the Local Authorities Law no 4/2000 has been enacted

• The Water Law has been issued by mid 2002 which is support the establishment of WUAs

Comparative Analysis

Participation ApproachIn Water Management

TechnicalImplication

InstitutionalImplications

LegalAspects

SocialImpacts

EconomicImpactsHealth and

Environment

Implications of User Participation in Irrigation Management

Technical Aspect

Egypt Tunisia Turkey Yemen

Size of area served by WUO

10-100 feddans (mesqa)

 

1000-12000 feddans (branch

canal)

1000 ha 1,523,395 ha (Total area for

297 WUAs)

10-1500 ha

Efficiency increase

Raised by 30%-40%

Raised by about 48%

Hydraulic works One lifting point

Elevated or piped mesqa

Energy consumption

Pumping hours reduced by 50%-60%

Energy price reduced by 25-

45%

Technical implication of users participation

Technical implications of Users participation

Mostly operation and maintenance activities Improved irrigation systems Small or medium size area Irrigation (water use) efficiency increases significantly Energy consumption decreases

Economic impacts of users participation

Farmers share O&M cost Reduced operational costs mainly energy costs Reduced maintenance costs Farmers are charged for the irrigation service not for

the water except in Tunisia Governments pay costs for O&M of the main irrigation

system and major structures

Social impacts of users participation

Sense of responsibility in all O&M activities Cooperation instead of conflict Task schedule according to chairman’s decision Higher agricultural productivity result in better living

standards

Institutional and administrative implications

WUAs are established for areas with similar characteristics (one canal, one well, etc.)

Members are elected not appointed A chairman is elected to administer WUA and an

accountant to supervise the financial activities of WUA Specific link has to be established with the government

through the chairman to raise questions and inquiries and ask for advice from technical staff (e.g. IAS, Egypt, ADRC/CRDA, Tunisia, DSI, Turkey)

Activity Egypt Tunisia Turkey Yemen

Water policy formulation

Planning

Design

Implementation

Operation

Maintenance

Monitoring and evaluation

Fund raising

Institutional and administrative implications

Typically, monitoring and evaluation is carried out by the government agencies only

Legal aspects of users participation

Laws for establishment of WUAs in Egypt (1994), Tunisia (1999), Yemen (1998)

In Turkey, Municipal Act 1580 for WUAs establishment Regulation of WUAs functions are provided through

other laws, regulations and decrees Penalties are charged for improper system operation

Health and environmental impacts of WUAs

Water savings as a result of higher use efficiency Resource protection and conservation It is expected that higher production leads to higher

farmer income and better health service (not documented)

There are General consensus of the importance of the Participatory Approach in water management.

There are different forms of Decentralizations have been implemented with different level of success

There are economical and social benefits resulted from the participatory approach in water management

General Overview

Issues Need Further Improvement

Lack of proper information

Lack of Legal Framework to organize the establishment and operation of the WUOs

The role and responsibilities of the different stakeholders

Lack of Monitoring and Evaluation Procedures

The relation between the WUOs and the Governmental Authorities

The adaptation of the government authorities to cope with Decentralized water management

Thank you

Dr.Bayoumi Attia