components of a simple pc - ulb sibiuweb.ulbsibiu.ro/laurean.bogdan/html/monitoring2017.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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Components of a simple PC
Hard driveVideo USB Network
Outside
world
Hard drive
controller
Video
controller
Memory
USB
controller
Network
controller
CPU Computer internals
(inside the “box”)
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"von Neumann" ArchitectureMemory
Input ALU Output
Control
Unit
Data Flow
Address Flow
Control Flow
CPU Mikro Computer,
Single Chip Computer
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Minimal Configuration of a Microcomputer System
MemoryClock Power
Supply(ROM, RAM)Generator
InputCPU Output
(I/O)
Address Bus
Data Bus
Control Bus
Out
In
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I/O Bus
mainmemory
I/O bridge
bus interface
ALU
register file
CPU chip
system bus memory bus
memorybridgebus interface
disk controller
graphicsadapter
USBcontroller
mouse keyboard monitor
disk
I/O bus Expansion slots forother devices suchas network adapters.
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Moore’s LawMoore’s Law
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START
ECHIVALENTA FUNCTIONALA
SISTEM CU
CIRCUITE IN
LOGICA CU L
+ 24 V
START
SISTEM IN
LOGICA CU FUNCTII
PORT
INTRARI
PORT
IESIRI
STOP
LOGICA CU
FUNCTII CABLATE
L
STOP
L
LOGICA CU FUNCTII
PROGRAMATEPORT
INTRARI
PORT
IESIRI
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History Of Microcontrollers
• Microprocessors came before Microcontrollers
• November 1971– Intel introduced the world's first single chip microprocessor, the Intel
4004 4004
• April of 1972– First 8-bit microprocessor appeared on the market under a name 8008
• April of 1974– 8080 became available– Addressed 64Kb of memory, had 75 instructions, and cost $360
• MOS Technology - WESCON exhibit ( 1975)– a pivotal event in the history of microprocessors – Announced the 6501 and 6502 at $25 each
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What Are Microcontrollers?
• Microprocessor – Microcontroller what's the diff?
• Microprocessors can not stand alone
– instruction decoder, ALU, address/data/ctl. busses, timing logic, (CPU)
– Has no capability to interact with the outside world– Has no capability to interact with the outside world
• memory, I/O ports, UARTS, etc. must be added to make it useful
• Microcontrollers are small computing systems on a single chip
– Central Processing Unit (CPU)
– Program memory
– Random Access Memory (RAM)
– EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
– A variety of peripheral devices
• USARTs, Timer/Counters, ADC, DAC, I/O Ports, CANs, SPIs, etc., etc.
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What Are Microcontrollers?So, what’s all the excitement about?
• They are inexpensive- even in single pieces• You can design complex functionality in a small
package• Microcontrollers can be viewed as a universal • Microcontrollers can be viewed as a universal
building block• There are a lot of free tools to work with
Microcontrollers• And – The thing I like the best - Next Slide!
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Microprocessors:
• CPU for Computers
• No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself
• Example:Intel’s
Many chips on mother’s board
General-purpose microprocessor
CPU
General-
Purpose
Micro-
processor
RAM ROM I/O
PortTimer
Serial
COM
Port
Data Bus
Address Bus
General-Purpose Microprocessor System
Many chips on mother’s board
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• A smaller computer
• On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
• Example:Motorola’s, Intel’s, Zilog’s and PIC 16X
Microcontroller:
RAM ROM
I/O
PortTimer
Serial
COM
PortMicrocontroller
CPU
A single chip
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Microprocessor
• CPU is stand-alone,
RAM, ROM, I/O, timer
are separate
• designer can decide on
the amount of ROM,
Microcontroller
• CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O
and timer are all on a
single chip
• fix amount of on-chip
ROM, RAM, I/O ports
Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller
the amount of ROM,
RAM and I/O ports.
• expansive
• versatility
• general-purpose
ROM, RAM, I/O ports
• for applications in which
cost, power and space are
critical
• single-purpose
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Block Diagram
On-chip
RAM
On-chip
ROM for
program
code Timer 0
Interrupt
Control
External interrupts
Timer 1
Timer/Counter
Counter
Inputs
CPU
4 I/O PortsSerial
PortOSCBus
Control
TxD RxDP0 P1 P2 P3
Address/Data
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Microprocessor – Basic concept
CPU
containsCCUALU
data registers
CONTROLADDRESS
BOOTROM
Used at
Instruction(program)
ROMTransducers
KeyboardScreenUART
Parallelinterface
DataRAM
data registersand
pointer registers
DATA
Microprocessor, by-itself, completely useless – must have external peripherals toInteract with outside world
Used at startup
ROMinterface
etc
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Microcontroller – Basic concept
CPU
containsCCUALU
data registers
CONTROLADDRESS
BOOTROM
Used at startup
Instruction(program)
ROMTransducers
UARTParallelinterface
Etc
DataRAM
data registersand
pointer registers
DATA
Microcontroller – put a limited amount of most commonly used resources “inside” the chip
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What is a PLC?
• PLC is a digitally operating apparatus
which uses a programmable memory for the
internal storage of instructions for
CONTROLERELE LOGICE PROGRAMABILE
implementing specific functions such as
logic, sequencing, timing, counting and
arithmetic to control, through digital or
analog input/output modules, various types
of machine or processes.
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PLC History• More recently electricity has been used for control and early electrical control was based on relays.
• These relays allow power to be switched on and off without a mechanical switch.
• It is common to use relays to make simple logical control decision.
• The development of low cost computer has brought • The development of low cost computer has brought the most recent revolution the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC).
• PLC was developed to replace relays in 1960s. Cost dropped and became popular by 1980s.
• The advent of PLC has become the most common choice for manufacturing controls.
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How does PLC differs from a personal computer?
• A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a
specialized computer, designed to be used for
industrial control.
• Programmable Logic Controllers are sometime
called programmable controllers (PC) but are more
commonly called PLCs.commonly called PLCs.
• A PLC looks different from a standard personal
computer.
• For a start, a PLC doesn’t have a keyboard or a
monitor.
• The following pictures show several PLCs.
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Advantages of Using PLCs in Automated Food Industrial
• PLCs have been gaining popularity on the factory floor
and will probably remain predominant. Most of this is
because of the advantages they offer.
• Cost effective for controlling complex system.
• Flexible and can be reapplied to control other systems
quickly and easily.
• Reliable components make these likely to operate for • Reliable components make these likely to operate for
years before failure.
• Troubleshooting aids make programming easier and
reduce downtime.
• Ease to setup and program.
• PLC are tough enough to keep working in even the
dirtiest production environment.
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Advantages of Using PLCs in Automated Food Industrial
• Programming the PLC is easier than wiring the relay
control panel.
• The PLC can be reprogrammed (conventional
controls must be rewired).
• Computational abilities allow more sophisticated
control.
• PLCs take less floor space than relay control panels.• PLCs take less floor space than relay control panels.
• Maintenance of the PLC is easier, and reliability is
greater.
• The PLC can be connected to the plant computer
systems more easily than relays can.
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The use of PLC in manufacturing
Timer and Timer and CounterCounter
Switches and Switches and SensorsSensors
ProcessesProcesses
PLCPLC
SoftwaSoftwarere
Motor Motor ControlControl Field I/OField I/O
Operator Operator InterfaceInterface
CommunicationCommunication
ConnectoConnectorr
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PLCs
Keyence, Keyence, JapanJapan Omron, JapanOmron, JapanMitsubishi, Mitsubishi,
..\P L C\Carte net\eBook_PLC.exe ..\..\..\KIT\PLC Sim\PLCAutomationTrainer\PLC Automation Trainer\PLCTrainer Demo.exe
JapanJapan Omron, JapanOmron, JapanMitsubishi, Mitsubishi, JapanJapan
Allen Bradley, Allen Bradley, USAUSA
Siemens AG, Siemens AG, GermanyGermany
Schneider, Schneider, GermanyGermany
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Location of the PLC in the control architecture
Entreprise Network
Control Bus(e.g. Ethernet)
Engineerstation gateway
Control Station 2
CO
M1
CO
M 2
CP
U
Operatorstation
PLC PLCPLC
CO
M1
1
SupervisorStation
directly connectedI/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
CP
U
Sensor Bus (e.g. ASI)
Field Bus (proprietary)
Field Stations
Control Station with Field Bus
direct I/O
I/O
Field DevicesFB
gateway
gateway
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
CP
U
CO
M
I/O
I/O
I/O
CO
M
CP
U
CO
M
CO
M
CO
M
I/O
Field Bus (standard)
CP
U
CO
M 2
I/O
I/O
I/O
CP
U
CO
M
CO
M
I/OCP
UPLC
small PLClocal intelligence
PLC
CO
M
CO
M1
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ANSI/ISA 95 standard
the ANS/ISA standard 95 defines terminology and good practices
Enterprise Resource PlanningBusiness Planning & LogisticsPlant Production Scheduling
Operational Management, etc.
ManufacturingOperations & Control
Level 4
Level 3
Source: ANSI/ISA–95.00.01–2000
Manufacturing Execution System
Control & Command System
Operations & ControlDispatching Production, Detailed Product
Scheduling, Reliability Assurance,...
Levels2,1,0
BatchControl
ContinuousControl
DiscreteControl
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Busses and processors in industrial plants
Operator panelMimic boarddisk
process bus (500m .. 3 km)
Process pictures
Process Data Base
Logging
workstation bus
instrument bus(mimic board)
open network:TCP/IP, ...
stationstation
PLC nodes(multi-processors)
fieldbus
plant (Werk, usine)
Ppool
transducers
controlstations
valve thermo-couple motorposition
station bus
(0,5.. 30 m)
node bus
sensor bus
directly coupled input/output
P P C
I/O MEM I/O
P P C P
MEM BC
M
sensor bus
(30m..2 km)
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Example: Production management system
transportation manufacturing
scheduling maintenance quality control
plant network
productionplanning
enterprise network
celltransportationcell control
manufacturingcell control
floor network
robotcontrolle
r
millingmachine
rail-guidedvehicle
cell
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Example: ABB Industrial IT (redundant system)
engineeringworkplace
Firewall
Plant Network / Intranet
Client/server Network
3rd party
applicatio
n server
applicationserver
aspectserver
Workplaces(clients)
Enterprise Optimization
(clients)
MobileOperator
connectivityserver
Control Network
3rd party
controllers,
servers etc
Serial, OPCor fieldbus
Field Bus Field Bus
ProgrammableLogic ControllerAC 800C
Redundant
AC 800M
touch-screen
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Decentralized Control System (DCS)
engineeringworkstation
operatorworkstation
data logger
controller controller controller controller
control bus
plant
field bus
all controllers can communicate as peers (without going through a central master), restricted only by throughput and modularity considerations.
Note: Honeywell's "DCS™" stands for "Distributed Control System", it is not a decentralized control system, but a control system for the process industry.
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General PLC architecture
CPUReal-Time
Clockflash
EPROMROM
buffers
serial portcontroller
Ethernet
parallel bus
ethernetcontroller
RS 232
analog- digitalfieldbus external
extensionbus
signal conditioning
power amplifiers
relayssignal
conditioning
analog-digital
converters
digitalanalog
convertersDigital Output
DigitalInput
fieldbuscontroller
externalI/Os
field bus direct Inputs and Outputs
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PLC’s Component
• Many PLC configurations are available, even from a
single vendor.
• But, in each of these are common components and concepts.
• The most essential components are:
• CPU Module:
• Input Modules:
• Output Modules
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PLC Operation
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CONSOLA DE
PROGRAMARE
MEMORIA
PROGRAM
UNITATEA CNTRALĂ MODULE
DE
IEŞIRE
MODULE DE
INTRARE
MODULE
SPECIALE
Trad. MAŞINA ELECTRICĂ Contactoare
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