compost production and utilization
TRANSCRIPT
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Backyard CompostingBackyard Composting
Addy ElliottAddy ElliottDepartment of Soil and Crop SciencesDepartment of Soil and Crop Sciences
Colorado State University Colorado State University [email protected]@ColoState.edu
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Whether you have one horse...
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many cows,
a few goats,
or kitchen waste…
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Organic matter is a resource!!
Don’t waste it!
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Methods of CompostingMethods of Composting
Active windrows: This presentation
Bins: This presentation
Passive windrows
Worms: (vermicomposting)– Fort Collins Worm Exchange
(http://www.fcgov.com/recycling/worm_exchange.php)– Earthworm Digest
(http://www.wormdigest.org/)
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What Are the Benefits of What Are the Benefits of Composting?Composting?
Reduces volume of material by approx. 30%Minimizes pathogen, weed, odor, and insect problemsStabilizes nitrogen and phosphorus compounds which minimizes water pollutionProduces a useful and marketable soil amendmentSequesters carbon into a stable form that can be put back into the soil (instead of in a landfill)
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What is Composting?What is Composting?
Composting is the – managed, – biological, – oxidation process that converts – heterogeneous organic matter into a more – homogeneous, fine-particle humus-like material.
from the from the On Farm Composting HandbookOn Farm Composting Handbook (Cornell Composting)(Cornell Composting)http://compost.css.cornell.edu/OnFarmHandbook/onfarm_TOC.htmhttp://compost.css.cornell.edu/OnFarmHandbook/onfarm_TOC.htm
ll
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MANAGED: MANAGED: what YOU do!what YOU do!
Provide carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in 30:1 ratio– Carbon: ‘brown’ and ‘benign’– Nitrogen: ‘green’ and ‘active’
Provide oxygen for oxidation process at 5-50%
Provide water to keep moisture at 50%
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BIOLOGICAL:BIOLOGICAL:what microorganisms (MOwhat microorganisms (MO’’s) dos) do
Many species of bacteria and fungi metabolize the C and N to grow and multiply, using oxygen and water in the process
Composting is farming MO’s, which are present in the soil!
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OXIDATIONOXIDATION
“In the presence of air”
Used by MO in respiration
Oxygen is in pore space in compost windrow
Use bulking material and turn to maintain pore space for air
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A variety of initial materials creates lots of air pockets, or pore space.
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Heterogeneous Organic Matter / Heterogeneous Organic Matter / FeedstockFeedstock
Kitchen scraps (no meat, cheese or bones)BeddingWaste haySpoiled feed or grainLeaves, grass clippings, yard trimmings (non-woody)Horse manure
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Homogeneous, FineHomogeneous, Fine--particle Humusparticle Humus--like Materiallike Material
This is the final product that you are aiming for at the end of a successful composting process.
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How to Make Compost!How to Make Compost!
For any scale that you choose
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Choose a siteChoose a site
Mowed area, smooth, slightly slopingNear feedstock sourceNear water tap and at least 100 ft. from “waters of the state” or wellsControl run-on and run-off
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This is a bad location for manure or compost. Keep them 100 feet away from open water or wells.
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Building the Pile
Layer nitrogen source loosely with bulking Layer nitrogen source loosely with bulking material (C), adding water to 50%material (C), adding water to 50%Add new material in same ratio of C, N, and Add new material in same ratio of C, N, and water in the futurewater in the future
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What happens inside the pile?
3-6’tall
HOT AREA
Height and width depend on your feedstock volumes and equipment
END VIEW OF COMPOST WINDROW/PILE
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Monitor the PileMonitor the Pile
Check temperature with compost thermometer (www.reotemp.com) or your hand
Heat is an indicator of biological activity
Graph heating cycle: increase then decrease
After decrease, turn to aerate and add water, use graph to help with timing
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Insert a thermometer into center of pile to monitor temperature, which is an indication of biological
activity.
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Even in winter composting organisms metabolize enough to produce substantial heat.
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Relationship of Time and Temperature to Compost Turning
0
20
40
60
80
1 00
1 20
1 40
1 60
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4
Days from First Building or Turning
Tem
pera
ture
(Deg
. F)
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Continued MonitoringContinued Monitoring……
After turning, monitor heat cycle again
Turn when temperature decreases
Check water; Add if necessary
Repeat turnings until temperature ceases to rise (about 4 turning cycles)
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Curing PhaseCuring Phase
When temperature curve flattens, mesophilic (mid-temperature) MO’s take over to finish process
Keep windrow moist, less than 50%
Takes 1-2 months (if you stop adding new material and let pile cure)
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Why cure?Why cure?
Assures highest quality productpH shifts to neutralSoil MO’s re-colonize compost, impart disease suppressing qualities to compostIf too much C left, use of this compost as a soil amendment may cause a temporary N deficiency, just the opposite of what you want!Makes compost optimum for plant growth
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When is my compost done?When is my compost done?
After heating cycles stopAfter curingCheck for homogenous, fine-particle humus-like appearanceEarthy smellMaturity tests: Solvita test (recognized by states as a maturity test), and others, experience!– www.woodsend.org
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When is my compost done (if I to add kitchen scraps weekly?)The whole pile will never be finished if you keep adding fresh feedstock. So, here are some ways to access the good stuff and not throw your scraps in the landfill: – Make a 2nd bin and switch between the two.– After making the initial pile only add to the top
using ‘lasagna system’.Bottom of pile will compost and be ready in a few months (depending on season). Be sure to fork air into bottom area and manage moisture. This system will require a harvest to separate the finished material and continue composting the unfinished material.
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Now what??Now what??
Useful soil amendmentContains N,P, K, micronutrients, and live microorganisms, amounts varyN is released slowlyTopdressing with ½-1 inch is usually OKSend compost sample to soil lab with soil sample to correctly determine how much to apply
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Compost UtilizationCompost Utilization
How much nitrogen is available from applied compost in year 1, year 2, …?
Research suggests that 20-40% of the nitrogen is available the first year and 50% of the remaining nitrogen is available in year 2 (personal communication. L. Cooperband, February 27, 2005).
Different composts mineralize at different rates!!!Soil sample every year!
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TroubleshootingTroubleshooting
No heatingSmells: rotten smell or like ammoniaEtc, Etc! See troubleshooting handout from On-Farm Composting Handbook, http://compost.css.cornell.edu/OnFarmHandbook/onfarm_TOC.html
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QUESTIONS?
Happy Composting!