compounds composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen. carbon takes on a -4 charge with hydrogen being a...
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Compounds composed mainly of Carbon and Hydrogen. Carbon takes on a -4 charge with Hydrogen being a +4.
H-C-H
H
H
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In anything that is/was
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Carbon can chemical bond with another Carbon, which is a very unusual capability! Carbon can make long chains of carbon atoms “hooked” together.
H-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-H H H H H H H H H
H HHHH HHH
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Notice that each Carbon has FOUR lines surrounding it.
Each lines represents one pair of shared electrons, one from the carbon atom and
one from the hydrogen atom.
Carbon has an s2p2 electron configuration.
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Carbon Chains are found in nature in many different arrangements……….
Some are straight chains ……..
H- C - C - C - C - HH H H H
H H H H
Some are BRANCHED…..
H H HH - C - C - C - H C H
HH H
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C C C C C C
H
H
H
HH H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Some are in rings…….
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Are NAMED by the type of bond between the Carbons: Carbons can share MULTIPLE number of electrons BETWEEN each atom……..
C C C C
C C
DOUBLE BOND
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Hydrocarbons
Aromatic Aliphatic :
1. Alkanes2. Cycloalkanes
3. Alkenes4. Alkynes
Benzene
“Ringed” compounds
“Chain” compounds
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Straight and Branched carbons with ONLY single bonds between the carbons.
*Named with prefixes and suffixes
Suffix name = ane (ending)
Prefix name ?…………………...
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Prefixes : 1 carbon meth 8 carbons oct 2 carbons eth 9 carbons non 3 carbons prop 10 carbons dec 4 carbons but 5 carbons pent 6 carbons hex 7 carbons hept
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So …..
Methane is
Ethane is
Propane is
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Carbon compounds with single bonds that are arranged in a circle (cycle).
H - C C -HH - C C -H
Cyclobutane
H
H H
H
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Carbon compounds with a double bond between one or more carbons.
H - C = C - C - HHH H
H
Propene
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Write Structure for:
2-pentene
2,3-pentadiene
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Naming Hints
Count from either left or right of compound, that will give the double bond the LOWEST number.
Assign number to the double bond. Place numbers in front of compound name, separating using commas. Place a hyphen between numbers and name.Add a numerical prefix BEFORE the ending
suffix.
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Carbon compounds with a triple bond!
H - C = C - C- H
Propyne
H
H
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Draw Structure for
2-pentyne
1,3-hexadiyne
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“ringed” hydrocarbons that MUST contain alternating double bonds
CH - C C - HH - C C - H C
H
H
BENZENE Not named with prefixes!
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Most of the time, the letters are not written in aromatic structures:
A carbon is present at each point
BENZENE
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Alternating double bonds form SPECIAL arrangements called a PI bond. That is written as a circle…...
BENZENE BENZENE
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Two “benzenes” stuck together is a NEW compound……...
Naphthalene
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The way to name a hydrocarbon
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Steps to naming a carbon compound…...
1. Find the longest chain of connected Carbons!
2. Decide on the prefix by the carbon #
3. Decide the suffix by looking at the kind of bonds between the carbons4. Circle any branches or special groups
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5. Name each branch, separately. Add -yl to ending of prefix.
One carbon in branch = methyl prefix
6. Place the branch names IN FRONT of the prefix, having the least complex written FIRST !!!!!
7. Assign numbers to the branches, having the lowest total possible.
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Look at examples on the Handout!
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Isomers are hydrocarbon compounds that have the SAME empirical formula but DIFFERENT structures!
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Easiest Isomer is Butane and iso-butane (isomer of butane)
C-C-C-C Butane ( no H’s)
C-C-C C
Methylpropane or Iso-butane
C4H10
C4H10
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There may be several isomers that can be written for one formula!
Try writing some isomers for pentane……….
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C-C-C-C-C-C
C-C-C-C C
CC-C-C C
Pentane
methylbutane
Dimethylpropane
C5H12
C5H12
C5H12
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What are these structures isomers of ?
C-C-C-C-C-C C C
C C C C-C-C-C-C-C-C
Octane
Decane
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A. Hydrocarbons with a Halogen ( family 17)
B. Hydrocarbons with Oxygen: 1. Alcohols
2. Ethers3. Aldehydes4. Ketones5. Acids6. Esters
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C. Hydrocarbons with Nitrogen:1. Amines2. Amides3. Amino Acids4. Nitriles5. Nitro compounds
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Remove a hydrogen and replace it with chlorine, flourine, iodine or bromine.
H Cl-C-Cl Cl
methane
H H-C-Br H
Trichloromethane
H H-C-H H
bromomethane
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General Formula = R-OH
NOT a Base! OH is a hydroxyl group, not a Hydroxide group. The Hydrogen gets removed only by strong metals.Alcohols with 1,2, and 3 Carbons dissolve in water, others do NOT.
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CH3OH Methanol
CH3CH2OH Ethanol
Suffix = - ol
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Gen. Formula = R - O - RSuffix = - oxy
CH3OCH2CH3 methoxyethane
CH3CH2OCH2CH2CH3
ethoxypropane
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Gen. Formula = O
=
R- C - HSuffix = - al
CH3CH2C - H
O
= Propanal
3 carbons, single bonds!
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Gen. Formula = R - C - R
O
=CH3CH2CCH2CH3
O
=
3-Pentanone
Suffix = - one
CH3CH2CH2CCH3
O
= 2-pentanone
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Gen. Formula = O
R - C- O - H
=
Suffix = - noic acid
CH3CH2COOH Propanoic acid
CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH
Pentanoic Acid
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Gen. Formula =
R - C - O - R
O
=
Suffix = - yl & -oateName the two R groups with separate words
CH3CH2COOCH3
Propyl methanoate
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Gen. Formula = R - NH2
Suffix = amine
CH3CH2CH2NH2 Propanamine
CH3CHCH3 _
NH22- propanamine
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Gen. Formula =
R - C - NH2
O
=
CH3CH2CH2CONH2Butanamide
Suffix = amide
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Gen. Formula =R(or G) - CH - COOH
NH2-
CH3CH2CH(NH2)COOH
(NH2) means attached on
top of previous carbon
2-aminobutanoic Acid
Suffix = amino & noic
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Gen. Formula = R - C = N_
Suffix = nitrile
CH3CH2CN Propanenitrile
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Gen. Formula = R - NO2
Prefix = Nitro
CH3NO2Nitromethane
CH3CH2CH(NO2)CH3 2-nitrobutane
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Also called Phenyl group!
OH
Phenol
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When is benzene labeled like a branch?
When you can’t name the “attachment” as one branch…… it has too many other items…..
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C – C – C – C – C Cl Br
CC
C
1-phenyl-2-chloro-2-methyl-3-bromo-3-ethylpentane