COMPRESSORSINTRODUCTION TOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTEngineering for the Petroleum and Process Industries

WHAT ARE COMPRESSORS ?Compressors are machines used to increase the total energy level of a compressible fluid (either gas or vapor).

Molecular weight of compressed gas vary from 2 (Hydrogen) ~ 352 (uranium hexafluoride)

WHAT ARE COMPRESSORS APPLICATIONS ?Compressors applications vary from home refrigerator to large complex petrochemical plantsCompressors can be used for:Gas transmission through pipelinesStorage and transmission of energy (e.g. shop air compression)Volume reduction for storage or transportation (e.g. LPG, LNG) Process requirements (e.g. chemical reactions)Energy conversion (e.g. Ref. system, heat pumps)

SELECTION OF COMPRESSORS

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSORSRECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSORSPositive Displacement Compressors, are machines in which successive volumes of gas are confined within a closed space where the pressure is increased as volume of the closed space is decreased.

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORSReciprocating compressors are positive displacement machines that compress and move gases by using a combination of Rotational and Linear (Reciprocating) motion

HOW RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS WORK ?Reciprocating compressors are positive displacement machines that compress and move gases by using a combination of Rotational and Linear (Reciprocating) motion Ideal Reciprocating Compressor cycle as following:

SuctionCompressionDischarge Expansion

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS CLASSIFICATIONReciprocating compressors are available in:-CrankPiston RodCross HeadTrunk PistonPistonConnecting RodCylinder VolumeRod PackingHead-End Cylinder VolumeCrank-End Cylinder VolumeSingle Acting (Trunk or automotive piston Type)Double acting (Cross Head Type)

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS CONSTRUCTIONCRANK SHAFT

Small BorePiston & Step LinerMedium Bore Piston & LinerVariable VolumeHead Common To 3 DiametersCylinder Body &Piston Rod CommonTo 3 DiametersLarge Bore Piston & Stub Liner

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS VALVES CONSTRUCTIONPlate valve

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS VALVES CONSTRUCTION

Frame & Cylinder LubricationPre-lube PumpLubricatorOil-level Controller (option)Oil Filter MountDigital No-Flow TimerDivider BlockOil Pressure GaugesPlate-type Oil Cooler

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS CONSTRUCTIONPISTON ROD PACKING

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS CONSTRUCTIONCROSS HEAD

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS CONSTRUCTIONCONNECTING ROD

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS CONSTRUCTIONCRANK SHAFT

Locking CollarVariable Volume Clearance Pockets

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS PULSATION DAMPENER

RECIP. COMPRESSORS GAUGE BOARD

RECIP. COMPRESSORS DRIVE METHODSElectric Motor

RECIP. COMPRESSORS DRIVE METHODSInternal Combustion Gas Engine

CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS

HOW CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS WORK?1- GAS INITIAL CONDITION AT INLET2- GAS AFTER ACCELERATION3- GAS AFTER DECELERATIONFROM BENOLLI EQUATION:P3+RV3/2+RGZ3 = P2+RV2/2+RGZ2

CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS IMPELLER TYPES

HORIZONTALLY SPLIT COMPRESSORS TOP NOZZLES

HORIZONTALLY SPLIT BACK TO BACK ARRANGEMENT COMPRESSORS

HORIZONTALLY SPLIT HIGH FLOW COMPRESSORS

VERTICALLY SPLIT COMPRESSORSTOP NOZZLES

VERTICALLY SPLIT VERY HIGH PRESSURE COMPRESSORS

VERTICALLY SPLIT PIPELINE COMPRESSORS

HIGH SPEED INTEGRALLY GEARED CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS